Preliminary studies on the batch-dissolution kinetics of calcite with reactors open and closed to CO2

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Victor W. Truesdale ◽  
Jim Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Dissolution Kinetics ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Calcite Dissolution ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Reliable Solution

Environmental contextThe dissolution of minerals in fresh or sea-waters is a critical environmental process. The rate at which substances dissolve, from the dissolution of calcite crystals to the weathering of mountains, can influence major global issues such as climate change and sea-level rise. This paper explores a new solution-based rate equation for mineral dissolution that has profound environmental consequences. AbstractThis paper continues the search for a reliable, solution-based, rate equation for mineral dissolution, as the one dominant for over 40 years has recently been challenged by the Shrinking Object (SO) model. This study is needed to remedy several major environmental problems of immense social and economic importance including climate change, ocean acidification and industrial waste disposal. This paper describes the preliminary investigation of how reactors open and closed to CO2, which are used to study calcite dissolution, ought to be used with the SO model to gain maximum advantage. The open reactor is re-conceptualised as a constant head device for dissolved inorganic carbon, to give the kineticist a mechanistic description of it, to flesh out the thermodynamic categorisation. Application of this reveals that the recent experiments conducted in a reactor blown with CO2-free N2, which were central to the establishment of the concept of non-ideal dissolution of calcite, would have exaggerated the effect. Although this current study was still unable to determine conditions where the effect was absent, it does seem that it will be possible to skirt around this in the future, by approximating the classic works on the variation with pH of the initial rate of dissolution to full reaction curves from the SO model, which are exponential. To guide workers towards a further round of laboratory investigation on this, practical work on the dissolution of calcite crystallites in 0.311M Tris buffer at pH 8 or 9, under various partial pressures of CO2, in different reactors, and under various stirring and filtration strategies, is presented. Improved data runs, with unparalleled, strategically-spaced samplings, which show up the finer details of dissolution, can now be anticipated.

Latent disciplinal clashes concerning the batch dissolution of minerals, and their wider implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor W. Truesdale ◽  
Jim Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dissolution Kinetics ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Calcite Dissolution ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Made In

Environmental contextMineral dissolution kinetics are important to understand natural processes including those increasingly used to store waste carbon dioxide and highly radio-active nuclides, and those involved in the amelioration of climate change and sea-level rise. We highlight a mistake made in the fundamental science that has retarded progress in the field for over 40 years. Its removal suggests improved ways to approach dissolution studies. AbstractMineral dissolution kinetics are fundamental to biogeochemistry, and to the application of science to reduce the deleterious effects of humanity’s waste products, e.g. CO2 and radio-nuclides. However, a mistake made in the selection of the rate equation appropriate for use at the macro-scale of the aquatic environment has stymied growth in major aspects of the subject for some 40 years. This paper identifies the mistake, shows how it represents a latent disciplinal clash between two rate equations, and explores the misunderstandings that resulted from it. The paper also briefly explores other disciplinal clashes. Using the example of calcite dissolution, the paper also shows how the phenomenon of ‘non-ideal’ dissolution, which is prevalent in alumino-silicate mineral dissolution, as well as with calcite, has obscured the clash. The paper provides new information on plausible mechanisms, the absence of which has contributed to the problem. Finally, it argues that disciplinal clashes need to be minimised so that a rigorous description of dissolution at the large scale can be matched to findings at the atomic, or near-atomic, scale.

Effect of climate change on crustose coralline algae at a temperate vent site, White Island, New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Brinkman ◽  
A. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
Additional Monitoring ◽  
White Island

Natural CO2 vents allow study of the effects of climate change on marine organisms on a different scale from laboratory-based studies. This study outlines a preliminary investigation into the suitability of natural CO2 vents near White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand (37°31.19′S, 117°10.85′E) for climate change research by characterising water chemistry from two vent and three control locations on a seasonal basis, as well as examining their effects on skeletons of the local calcifying crustose coralline algae. pH measurements at vent sites, calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, showed reduced mean pH levels (7.49 and 7.85) relative to background levels of 8.06, whereas mean temperatures were between 0.0 and 0.4°C above control. Increases in sulfur and mercury at sites near White Island were probably a result of volcanic unrest. Crustose coralline algae did not show significant variability in skeletal Mg-calcite geochemistry, but qualitative comparisons of calcite skeletons under scanning electron microscopy saw greater deformation and dissolution in coralline algae calcite crystals from vent sites compared to controls. Although additional monitoring of pH fluctuations and hydrogen sulphides is still needed, the low pH and increased temperatures indicate potential for studying multistressor effects of projected climate changes in a natural environment.

scholarly journals Fears for the future among Finnish adolescents in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lindfors ◽  
L Lahti ◽  
J Kinnunen ◽  
A Rimpelä
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Images Of The Future

Abstract Background Adolescents' images of the future emerge from knowledge built on experiences of the past and present and their age-related developmental tasks. Images of the future direct adolescents' decision-making, choices, and behavior. The images of the future can act as a mirror of our times, reflecting the political values and ethos of society. The aim of this study was to examine the fears for the future among Finnish adolescents in the era of climate change. Methods Data from a nationwide survey on the health and health behavior of 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-year-olds (n = 3520, the response rate 37 %) in 2019 in Finland. An open-ended question on fears for the future was employed as a final question on the survey. The data was analyzed first by inductive content analysis and then by statistical methods. Altogether 7829 fears were reported. These were constructed into 12 main categories. Results Fears for the social relationships and loneliness were the most common (35 %). Fears related to death (33 %), physical health and wellbeing (25 %), life management and success (19 %) and working life (17 %) were next common. Only 9 % of the adolescents reported climate and the environment related fears. In age group comparisons, 12-14-year-olds reported more global and social fears, while 16-18-year-olds reported more personal fears, such as study, working life and relationships. The most common fears among boys and girls were similar in all age groups. Conclusions The most common fears among Finnish adolescents are related to personal life and less to global issues. Against our hypothesis, climate and environmental related fears were not among the top fears, even these topics are figured prominently in media and other research has also reported high proportions of climate change related fears among adolescents. The inconsistencies might be explained by the differences in the research methodologies: whether open-ended questions or structured questions are used. Key messages Most common fears for the future are related to personal issues like relationships, health and work. Fears for climate change were not among the most common ones when open-ended questions were used.

scholarly journals Application of a 1 km2 resolution model for climate change effects upon Benin and Nigeria vegetable agriculture

GEOMATICA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Colin Minielly ◽  
O. Clement Adebooye ◽  
P.B. Irenikatche Akponikpe ◽  
Durodoluwa J. Oyedele ◽  
Dirk de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Climate Change Effects

Climate change and food security are complex global issues that require multidisciplinary approaches to resolve. A nexus exists between both issues, especially in developing countries, but little prior research has successfully bridged the divide. Existing resolutions to climate change and food security are expensive and resource demanding. Climate modelling is at the forefront of climate change literature and development planning, whereas agronomy research is leading food security plans. The Benin Republic and Nigeria have grown and developed in recent years but may not have all the tools required to implement and sustain long-term food security in the face of climate change. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and outputs of a new model that bridges climate change and food security. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 5th Regional Assessment (IPCC AR5) were combined with a biodiversity database to develop the model to derive these outputs. The model was used to demonstrate what potential impacts climate change will have on the regional food security by incorporating agronomic data from four local underutilized indigenous vegetables (Amaranthus cruentus L., Solanum macrocarpon L., Telfairia occidentalis Hook f., and Ocimum gratissimum L.). The model shows that, by 2099, there is significant uncertainty within the optimal recommendations that originated from the MicroVeg project. This suggests that MicroVeg will not have long-term success for food security unless additional options (e.g., new field trials, shifts in vegetable grown) are considered, creating the need for need for more dissemination tools.

scholarly journals Calcite dissolution kinetics at the sediment-water interface in natural seawater

2017 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 70-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Claire Lix ◽  
Alfonso Mucci ◽  
Bernard P. Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Kinetics ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Calcite Dissolution

scholarly journals Aligning Climate Change and Sustainable Development Goals With an Innovation Systems Roadmap for Renewable Power

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca R. Hernandez ◽  
Sarah M. Jordaan ◽  
Ben Kaldunski ◽  
Naresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Development Goals

Energy development improves quality of life for humans, but also incurs environmental consequences. A global energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy may mitigate climate change but may also undermine the capacity to achieve some or all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, we use an innovation systems approach to construct a comprehensive roadmap for solar and wind energy to anticipate and improve impacts of a transition to a low carbon future in a manner ensuring climate goals and SDGs are mutually reinforcing. Our multidisciplinary approach began with an assessment of public investments in renewable energy followed by a 2-day research prioritization workshop. Fifty-eight expert workshop participants identified six research themes that proactively address the environmental sustainability of renewable energy. Next, we identified linkages between the six research themes and all 17 SDGs. Finally, we conducted a scientiometric analysis to analyze the research maturity of these themes. The results of these efforts elucidated the limits of existing knowledge of renewable energy-SDG interactions, informing the development of a research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RD3) roadmap to a renewable energy future aligned with both climate goals and SDGs. The RD3 roadmap has been designed to systematically develop solutions for diverse actors and organizations. Overall, our findings confer a broad vision for a sustainable transition to renewables to minimize unintended environmental consequences while supporting interoperability among actors particularly poised to influence its magnitude and direction.

scholarly journals Comparing soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching under extreme precipitation events in arid and semi-arid grasslands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Liu ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Xiaojuan Feng ◽  
Jinbo Zhang ◽  
Tian Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Leaching Loss ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Abstract. Respiration and leaching are two main processes responsible for soil carbon loss. While the former has received considerable research attention, studies examining leaching processes are limited especially in semiarid grasslands due to low precipitation. Climate change may increase the extreme precipitation event (EPE) frequency in arid and semiarid regions, potentially enhancing soil carbon loss through leaching and respiration. Here we incubated soil columns of three typical grassland soils from Inner Mongolia and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and examined the effect of simulated EPEs on soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching. EPEs induced transient increase of soil respiration, equivalent to 32 % and 72 % of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in the temperate grasslands (Xilinhot and Keqi) and 7 % in the alpine grasslands (Gangcha). By comparison, leaching loss of soil carbon accounted for 290 %, 120 % and 15 % of NEP at the corresponding sites, respectively, with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as the main form of carbon loss in the alkaline soils. Moreover, DIC loss increased with re-occuring EPEs in the soil with the highest pH due to increased dissolution of soil carbonates and elevated contribution of dissolved CO2 from organic carbon degradation (indicated by DIC-δ13C). These results highlight that leaching loss of soil carbon (particularly DIC) is important in the regional carbon budget of arid and semiarid grasslands. With a projected increase of EPEs under climate change, soil carbon leaching processes and its influencing factors warrant better understanding and should be incorporated into soil carbon models when estimating carbon balance in grassland ecosystems.

scholarly journals The Implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards and the Tumultuous Fight to Implement Climate Change Awareness in Science Curricula

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Christopher Thomas Holland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Next Generation Science Standards ◽  
Change Implementation ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
Climate Change Education ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Science Curricula

The following article examines the implementation and controversy that surround climate change education and the implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). In order to fully understand why NGSS and climate change education continue to generate significant public debate, one must examine the work of both climate advocates and detractors. Therefore, this paper first examines the manner in which climate change continues to remain a debatable topic of discussion throughout American classrooms despite overwhelming scientific consensus. After, it explores how the debate over climate change stems from differing ethical cornerstones. Moreover, it delves into the oppositional perspective on climate change implementation by exploring the work of Truth in Texas Textbooks (TTT). Subsequently, it introduces and analyzes the creation and implementation of NGSS and discusses how adoption of NGSS and stronger levels of opposition to TTT is responsive policy that remains a necessary step to challenging global issues created by climate change.

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