Insights into natural organic matter and pesticide characterisation and distribution in the Rhone River

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Slomberg ◽  
Patrick Ollivier ◽  
Olivier Radakovitch ◽  
Nicole Baran ◽  
Nicole Sani-Kast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Allochthonous Species ◽  
Rhone River

Environmental contextNatural organic matter in surface waters is a transport vector for environmental pollutants with both its concentration and composition influencing pollutant fate. Characterisation of organic matter in surface waters, crucial to understanding pollutant transport, should also account for spatial variation along the water source. The present work characterises the natural organic matter in the Rhone River and describes the distributions of various pesticides and metabolites along the river. AbstractThorough characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in natural surface waters remains vital for evaluating pollutant dynamics and interactions with NOM under realistic environmental conditions. Here, we present the characterisation of NOM and pesticide compositions for nine sampling sites over the length of the Rhone River, also evaluating the advantages and limitations of different analytical techniques to determine how they complement one another. Together with dissolved and particulate organic carbon analyses, the dissolved organic matter (DOM, <0.8μm) or NOM (unfiltered organic matter) was characterised with gel permeation chromatography, the polarity rapid-assessment method, excitation–emission matrix fluorescence, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate both composition and distribution. An additional objective was the determination of the NOM degradation state (i.e. constantly produced autochthonous or weakly degraded allochthonous species), an important factor in assessing potential NOM–pollutant interactions. The NOM compositions (i.e. proteins, polyhydroxy aromatics, polysaccharides, amino sugars) and proportions were similar between sites, but variations were observed in the relative proportions of autochthonous and allochthonous material from north to south. Anionic proteins and polyhydroxy aromatics in a molecular weight range of ~1000–1200 Da comprised the majority of the DOM. As a pollutant case study, five pesticides (glyphosate, metalochlor, chlortoluron, isoproturon, propyzamide) and some of their metabolites (aminomethylphosphonic acid, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid and metolachlor oxanilic acid) were measured. Several exhibited trends with the NOM, particulate organic carbon and suspended particulate matter distributions in the Rhone waters, suggesting a significant influence on pesticide fate and transport in the river.

Application of a fractionation technique for better understanding of the removal of natural organic matter by alum coagulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van Leeuwen ◽  
C. Chow ◽  
R. Fabris ◽  
N. Withers ◽  
D. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Alum Treatment ◽  
Hydrophobic Acids

To gain an improved understanding of the types of organic compounds that are recalcitrant to water treatment, natural organic matter (NOM) isolates from two drinking water sources (Mt. Zero and Moorabool reservoirs, Victoria, Australia) were separated into fractions of distinct chemical behaviour using resins. Four fractions were obtained from each water source and were organics absorbed to: (1) XAD-8 (very hydrophobic acids, VHA); (2) DAX-4 (slightly hydrophobic acids, SHA); (3) bound to an anion exchange resin (charged organics, CHAR); and (4) not absorbed or bound to resins (neutrals, NEUT). These fractions were then tested to determine the capacity of alum to remove them from water and to correlate this with the character of each isolate. The fractions were characterised by the application of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), bacterial regrowth potential (BRP), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermochemolysis. The highest removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by alum treatment were in waters spiked with the CHAR fractions while the NEUT fractions were the most recalcitrant. The number average molecular weights (Mn) of DOC of the CHAR fractions before treatment were the highest, whilst those of the NEUT fractions were the lowest. After alum treatment, the Mn of the NEUT fractions were only slightly reduced. Results from Py-GC-MS and thermochemolysis indicate that the NEUT fractions had the highest relative proportion of saccharide derived organic material. Nonetheless, the BRP of waters spiked with the NEUT fractions differed markedly, indicating that organics recalcitrant to alum treatment can vary substantially in their chemical composition and capacity to support microbial growth.

scholarly journals Fluorescence and absorption properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in coastal surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, influence of the Rhône River

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4083-4103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Para ◽  
P. G. Coble ◽  
B. Charrière ◽  
M. Tedetti ◽  
C. Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
River Plumes ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Rhone River ◽  
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Northwestern Mediterranean

Abstract. Seawater samples were collected monthly in surface waters (2 and 5 m depths) of the Bay of Marseilles (northwestern Mediterranean Sea; 5°17'30" E, 43°14'30" N) during one year from November 2007 to December 2008 and studied for total organic carbon (TOC) as well as chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence). The annual mean value of surface CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm [aCDOM(350)] was very low (0.10 ± 0.02 m−1) in comparison to values usually found in coastal waters, and no significant seasonal trend in aCDOM(350) could be determined. By contrast, the spectral slope of CDOM absorption (SCDOM) was significantly higher (0.023 ± 0.003 nm−1) in summer than in fall and winter periods (0.017 ± 0.002 nm−1), reflecting either CDOM photobleaching or production in surface waters during stratified sunny periods. The CDOM fluorescence, assessed through excitation emission matrices (EEMs), was dominated by protein-like component (peak T; 1.30–21.94 QSU) and marine humic-like component (peak M; 0.55–5.82 QSU), while terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (peak C; 0.34–2.99 QSU) remained very low. This reflected a dominance of relatively fresh material from biological origin within the CDOM fluorescent pool. At the end of summer, surface CDOM fluorescence was very low and strongly blue shifted, reinforcing the hypothesis of CDOM photobleaching. Our results suggested that unusual Rhône River plume eastward intrusion events might reach Marseilles Bay within 2–3 days and induce local phytoplankton blooms and subsequent fluorescent CDOM production (peaks M and T) without adding terrestrial fluorescence signatures (peaks C and A). Besides Rhône River plumes, mixing events of the entire water column injected relative aged (peaks C and M) CDOM from the bottom into the surface and thus appeared also as an important source of CDOM in surface waters of the Marseilles Bay. Therefore, the assessment of CDOM optical properties, within the hydrological context, pointed out several biotic (in situ biological production, biological production within Rhône River plumes) and abiotic (photobleaching, mixing) factors controlling CDOM transport, production and removal in this highly urbanized coastal area.

scholarly journals Distribution and lability of land-derived organic matter in the surface sediments of the Rhône prodelta and the adjacent shelf (Mediterranean sea, France): a multi proxy study

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3353-3402 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bourgeois ◽  
A. M. Pruski ◽  
M.-Y. Sun ◽  
R. Buscail ◽  
F. Lantoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Degradation Index ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Rhone River

Abstract. The Gulf of Lions is a river-dominated ocean margin (RiOMar) that receives high loads of nutrients, sediments and particulate matter from the Rhône river. Most of the particulate materials from the Rhône settle rapidly on the seafloor, this raises the question of the fate of these large quantities of organic carbon delivered to the benthic boundary layer. Surface sediments (0–0.5 cm) were collected in the Rhône prodelta and its adjacent shelf during a period of low river discharge (April 2007, 16 stations). The sources, distribution and lability of sedimentary organic matter was examined using bulk (organic carbon, total nitrogen, grain size) and molecular-level (pigments, amino acids, fatty acids, δ13C of individual fatty acids) analyses. Our results confirmed previous observations of a southwestward Rhodanian imprint in the nearshore sediments. Fatty acid biomarkers and compound-specific δ13C signatures of most fatty acids clearly indicate that the Rhône inputs consist in a mixture of organic matter (OM) from different sources with a strong contribution from terrestrial plants, and a smaller input from freshwater microalgae, mostly diatoms. The influence of the Rhône River was prominent within the first ten kilometers, but may still be observed in the outer shelf (~21 km) as indicated by the occurrence of long chain fatty acids derived from vascular plants and their δ13C signatures. In the proximal prodelta, bacteria-specific fatty acids were abundant (1.65 mg g−1OC at the mouth site) and were relatively depleted in δ13C confirming that bacteria preferentially utilize terrestrial OM in this area. In the shelf area, the inputs of marine OM and its preferential utilization by the bacteria was confirmed, but the coupling between the pelagic and the benthic compartments appeared limited at this period of the year. Overall, degradation indexes based on amino acids (Dauwe's degradation index) and pigments (ratio of intact chlorophyll-a to the sum of chlorophyll-a + phaeopigment-a), as well as isotopic enrichment of source-specific fatty acids reveal an offshore gradient of OM decay reflecting the rapid deposition of the terrestrial material in the prodelta, the low mixing with OM deriving from marine sources and the efficient degradation of the OM once deposited. Terrestrial OM is usually considered as being refractory due to the presence of structural polymers and its advanced stage of degradation. However, the OM delivered by the Rhône is relatively labile as shown by the intermediary value of Dauwe's degradation index (DI = +0.1), the high proportion of bio-available nitrogen and the occurrence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Deltaic sediments off the Rhône river should thus be of sufficiently high nutritional quality to sustain dense macrofaunal communities.

scholarly journals Fluorescence and absorption properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in coastal surface waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Marseilles, France)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 5675-5718 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Para ◽  
P. G. Coble ◽  
B. Charrière ◽  
M. Tedetti ◽  
C. Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
River Plumes ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Rhone River ◽  
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Northwestern Mediterranean

Abstract. Seawater samples were collected in surface waters (2 and 5 m depths) of the Bay of Marseilles (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea; 5°17′30′′ E, 43°14′30′′ N) during one year from November 2007 to December 2008 and studied for total organic carbon (TOC) as well as chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence). The annual mean value of surface CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm [aCDOM(350)] was very low (0.10 ± 0.02 m−1) with in comparison to values usually found in coastal waters, and no significant seasonal trend in aCDOM(350) could be determined. By contrast, the spectral slope of CDOM absorption (SCDOM) was significantly higher (0.023 ± 0.003 nm−1) in summer than in fall and winter periods (0.017 ± 0.002 nm−1), reflecting either CDOM photobleaching or production in surface waters during stratified sunny periods. The CDOM fluorescence, assessed through excitation emission matrices (EEMs), was dominated by protein-like component (peak T; 1.30–21.94 QSU) and marine humic-like component (peak M; 0.55–5.82 QSU), while terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (peak C; 0.34–2.99 QSU) remained very low. This reflected a dominance of relatively fresh material from biological origin within the CDOM fluorescent pool. At the end of summer, surface CDOM fluorescence was very low and strongly blue shifted, reinforcing the hypothesis of CDOM photobleaching. Our results suggested that unusual Rhône River plume eastward intrusion events may reach Marseilles Bay within 2–3 days and induce local phytoplankton blooms and subsequent fluorescent CDOM production (peaks M and T) without adding terrestrial fluorescence signatures (peak C). Besides Rhône River plumes, mixing events of the entire water column injected humic (peaks C and M) CDOM from the bottom into the surface and thus appeared also as an important source of CDOM in surface waters of the Marseilles Bay. Therefore, the assessment of CDOM optical properties, within the hydrological context, pointed out several biotic (in situ biological production, biological production within Rhône River plumes) and abiotic (photobleaching, mixing) factors controlling CDOM transport, production and removal in this highly urbanized coastal area.

scholarly journals Distribution and lability of land-derived organic matter in the surface sediments of the Rhône prodelta and the adjacent shelf (Mediterranean Sea, France): a multi proxy study

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3107-3125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bourgeois ◽  
A. M. Pruski ◽  
M.-Y. Sun ◽  
R. Buscail ◽  
F. Lantoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Degradation Index ◽  
Rhône River ◽  
Rhone River

Abstract. The Gulf of Lions is a river-dominated ocean margin that receives high loads of nutrients and particulate matter from the Rhône River but most particulate materials settle rapidly on the nearshore seafloor. One question is raised on the fate of these large quantities of organic carbon delivered by the river to the coastal marine environment. Surface sediments (0–0.5 cm) were collected in the Rhône prodelta and its adjacent shelf during a period of low river discharge (April 2007, 16 stations). The sources, distribution and lability of sedimentary organic matter were examined using bulk (organic carbon, total nitrogen, stable carbon isotope ratios, and grain size) and molecular-level (pigments, amino acids, fatty acids, and δ13C of individual fatty acids) analyses. Our results confirmed previous observations of a southwestward Rhodanian imprint in the nearshore sediments, with 97% of terrigenous inputs of organic matter near the river mouth. Isotopic values of bulk organic carbon, as well as fatty acid biomarkers and compound-specific δ13C signatures of most fatty acids clearly indicate that the Rhône inputs consist of a mixture of organic matter (OM) from different origins with a strong contribution from terrestrial sources (soil and plant debris), and a smaller input from freshwater microalgae, mostly diatoms. The influence of the Rhône River was prominent within the first ten kilometers, but may still be observed on the outer shelf (~21 km) as indicated by the occurrence of long chain fatty acids, which are derived from vascular plants, and their δ13C signatures. In the proximal prodelta, bacteria-specific fatty acids were abundant (1.65 mg g−1 OC at the mouth site) and were relatively depleted in δ13C confirming that bacteria mostly utilize land-derived OM. In the shelf area, the inputs of marine OM and its predominant utilization by the bacteria was confirmed, but the coupling between the pelagic and the benthic compartments appeared limited at this period of the year. Overall, degradation indexes based on amino acids (Dauwe's degradation index) and pigments (ratio of intact chlorophyll-a to the sum of chlorophyll-a + phaeopigment-a), as well as isotopic enrichment of source-specific fatty acids reveal an offshore gradient of OM decay reflecting the rapid deposition of the terrestrial material in the prodelta, the low mixing with OM deriving from marine sources and the efficient degradation of the OM. The OM delivered by the Rhône is relatively labile based on the intermediary value of Dauwe's degradation index, the high proportion of bio-available nitrogen and the occurrence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Deltaic sediments off the Rhône River should thus be of sufficiently high nutritional quality to sustain dense macrofaunal communities.

scholarly journals Characterization of Organic Matter of the Laptev Sea Eroded Coastal Sediments: A Case Study from the Cape Muostakh, Bykovsky Peninsula

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Grinko ◽  
Ivan V. Goncharov ◽  
Nikolay V. Oblasov ◽  
Elena V. Gershelis ◽  
Michail V. Shaldybin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Coastal Sediments ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Carbon Structures

The article provides new data about characteristics of the organic matter and mineralogical composition of the Cape Muostakh sediments related to intense permafrost degradation (thermoerosion processes). The sedimentary material has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, GC-MS, IRM-GC-MS, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS), and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Variable distribution of the total organic carbon content over the coast cliff is established. The minimum content of the organic carbon occurs at the cliff level of 5 m above sea level, and the maximum is located on the top of the cape cliff. The practical absence of unsaturated compounds indicates the intense destruction of the ice complex deposits that occurred at the level of 5 m of the Cape Muostakh cliff. The minimum organic carbon, aliphatic compounds, and the increase of the δ13C indicates the loss of hydrogen-enriched organic matter, while condensed carbon structures remain in sediment. Aromatic compounds of both plant and petroleum origin were identified in all sediments, except in the sediment sample collected at the cliff level of 5 m. Unsaturated fatty acids were detected only in the sediments of the upper cliff levels. The novel hopenes and hopane were detected and they predominantly occur in the upper layers of the cape cliff.

CHARACTERISATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) LEACHED FROM LEAVES IN WATER

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Heryanto Langsa
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pinus Radiate

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan senyawa organik khususnya organic karbon terlarut (DOC) dari dua spesies daun tumbuhan (<em>wandoo eucalyptus </em>and <em>pinus radiate, conifer</em>) yang larut dalam air selama periode 5 bulan leaching eksperimen. Kecepatan melarutnya senyawa organic ditentukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif menggunakan kombinasi dari beberapa teknik diantaranya Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyser, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) spektrokopi dan pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS).</p><p>Hasil analisis DOC dan UV menunjukkan peningkatan yang tajam dari kelarutan senyawa organic di awal periode pengamatan yang selanjutnya berkurang seiring dengan waktu secara eksponensial. Jumlah relatif senyawa organic yang terlarut tergantung pada luas permukaan, aktifitas mikrobiologi dan jenis sampel tumbuhan (segar atau kering) yang digunakan. Fluktuasi profil DOC dan UV<sub>254</sub> disebabkan oleh aktifitas mikrobiologi. Diperoleh bahwa daun kering lebih mudah terdegradasi menghasilkan senyawa organic dalam air dibandingkan dengan daun segar. Hasil pyrolysis secara umum menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hidrokarbon aromatic dan fenol (dan turunannya) lebih banyak ditemukan pada residue sampel setelah proses leaching kemungkinan karena adanya senyawa lignin atau aktifitas humifikasi mikrobiologi membuktikan bahwa senyawa-senyawa tersebut merupakan komponen penting dalam proses karakterisasi DOC.</p>

Particulate organic carbon in Atlantic surface waters

Nature ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 266 (5604) ◽  
pp. 713-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KRISHNASWAMI ◽  
D. LAL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Surface Waters
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