Haloform formation in coastal wetlands along a salinity gradient at South Carolina, United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Jian Wang ◽  
Yi Jiao ◽  
Robert C. Rhew ◽  
Alex T. Chow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Freshwater Wetland ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Soil And Water

Environmental contextNatural haloform emissions contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion but there are major unknown or underestimated sources of these gases. This study demonstrates that soil and water at tidal wetlands are important haloform sources, and emissions peak at the forest–marsh transition zone. The low-lying forested wetlands of the south-eastern United States that are facing sea-level rise and seawater intrusion may become hotspots for haloform emission. AbstractSoil haloform emissions are sources of reactive halogens that catalytically deplete ozone in the stratosphere but there are still unknown or underestimated haloform sources. The >200000ha of low-lying tidal freshwater swamps (forests and marshes) in the south-eastern United States could be haloform (CHX3, X=Cl or Br) sources because sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion bring halides inland where they mix with terrestrial humic substances. To evaluate the spatial variation along the common forest–marsh salinity gradient (freshwater wetland, oligohaline wetland and mesohaline saltmarsh), we measured chloroform emissions from in situ chambers and from laboratory incubations of soil and water samples collected from Winyah Bay, South Carolina. The in situ and soil-core haloform emissions were both highest in the oligohaline wetland, whereas the aqueous production was highest in mesohaline saltmarsh. The predominant source shifted from sediment emission to water emission from freshwater wetland to mesohaline saltmarsh. Spreading out soil samples increased soil haloform emission, suggesting that soil pores can trap high amounts of CHCl3. Soil sterilisation did not suppress CHCl3 emission, indicating the important contribution of abiotic soil CHCl3 formation. Surface wetland water samples from eight locations along a salinity gradient with different management practices (natural v. managed) were subjected to radical-based halogenation by Fenton-like reagents. Halide availability, organic matter source, temperature and light irradiation were all found to affect the radical-based abiotic haloform formation from surface water. This study clearly indicates that soil and water from the studied coastal wetlands are both haloform sources, which however appear to have different formation mechanisms.

Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch (south-eastern United States) using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
ORSON VAN DE PLASSCHE ◽  
ALEX J. WRIGHT ◽  
BENJAMIN P. HORTON ◽  
SIMON E. ENGELHART ◽  
ANDREW C. KEMP ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tectonic Uplift ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Relative Sea Level ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Cape Fear

Introduction and recent range expansion in the moss Ptychomitrium serratum (Ptychomitriaceae) in the Southern and Eastern United StatesThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norton G. Miller ◽  
Sean C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
New York State ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
East Texas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Selection Of

The moss Ptychomitrium serratum (C. Müll. Hal. ex Schimp.) Besch., is native to Mexico and parts of western Texas and southern New Mexico, and it is a rare adventive in the area from East Texas and Louisiana to Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, and northward to locations near the coast in New York State and Massachusetts. In the adventive part of this calcicole’s range, all collections are from the past 50 years. Concrete, mortar, and rarely asphalt shingle are its only known substrata in this region, which contrasts sharply with its common occurrence on limestone in the native portion of its range. These observations indicate recent, perhaps on-going, immigration into the eastern United States and dispersal from established populations in this region. This monoicous moss commonly produces spores, which are its primary means of spread. Given the low density occurrences in the adventive portion of the range of P. serratum, dispersal may be generally northeastward from Mexico – Texas – New Mexico, following northeastward storm tracks in the southern and eastern United States. The apparently recent spread of this moss does not show obvious reliance on any direct human activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Experimental Broccoli Hybrids Developed for Summer Production in the Eastern United States

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 858-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Farnham ◽  
Thomas Björkman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Bead Size ◽  
Head Development

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) is a vegetable crop requiring relatively cool conditions (e.g., less than 23 °C) to induce and maintain vernalization and to allow normal floral and head development to proceed. In general, this requirement is a major limiting factor to production of broccoli in eastern states where growing seasons are often interrupted by high temperature spikes. The USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL) is conducting a program to breed broccoli varieties adapted to summer conditions of the southeastern United States. The goal of the current study was to compare performance of three experimental broccoli hybrids from that program with some commonly raised commercial hybrids (‘Packman’, ‘Marathon’, ‘Arcadia’, ‘Greenbelt’, ‘Patron’, and ‘Gypsy’) by conducting trials in summer environments as well as in more conventional growing environments (e.g., in fall). All hybrids produced marketable heads with high quality ratings in fall field trials (2006, 2007, and 2008). Under the high temperatures that were characteristic of the summer (2007, 2008, and 2009) trials in South Carolina, the commercial hybrids ‘Marathon’, ‘Greenbelt’, ‘Arcadia’, and ‘Patron’ failed to produce broccoli heads at all. The remaining hybrids produced heads with similar mean head mass, stem diameter, and bead size in South Carolina summer trials. However, the three experimental hybrids produced marketable quality heads, but ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ did not. The primary flaws in ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ heads were increased yellow color, flattening of the dome, increased roughness, and non-uniformity of bead size. In New York trials, all tested hybrids developed heads, but ‘Packman’ and ‘Marathon’ produced relatively poor-quality heads when maturing in summer and better quality heads when maturing in the fall. The experimental hybrids exhibited more consistent quality across different maturity times in the New York tests. Results of this research indicate that broccoli response to summer conditions of the eastern United States is dependent on the cultivar grown. Many cultivars are not adapted to extreme summer conditions of the Southeast because they will not be effectively vernalized and will therefore not head. Others such as ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ will head, but non-uniform bud development results in a rough-appearing curd in which flower buds are at various stages of development. The experimental hybrids that are single crosses of inbreds selected for adaptation to southeastern summer conditions represent a unique class of broccoli hybrids that combine early maturity and the ability to produce heads under summer conditions of South Carolina. Additional tests of these latter hybrids in New York indicate that they may be generally adapted to summer environments of the eastern United States.

scholarly journals Cover Crops of Hybrid Common Vetch Reduce Fusarium Wilt of Seedless Watermelon in the Eastern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Richard L. Hassell ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts ◽  
Xin-Gen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 0, 1, 2, or 3, is found throughout the eastern United States. Most seedless (triploid) watermelon cultivars are susceptible to all races. In previous studies in Maryland, winter cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) reduced Fusarium wilt. The objectives of this study were to compare ‘Cahaba White’ hybrid common vetch (V. sativa × V. cordata) to hairy vetch for suppression of Fusarium wilt in South Carolina and Maryland. Cover crops of the two vetches and rye (the control) were seeded in fall 2006 and 2007 in fields naturally infested with a mixture of races 1 and 2 in South Carolina and Maryland. In the spring after incorporating the cover crop biomass, seedless watermelons cv. Sugar Heart (susceptible) or Revolution (moderately resistant to race 1) were transplanted into subplots within each cover crop whole plot. ‘Cahaba White’ vetch was as effective as hairy vetch in reducing incidence of Fusarium wilt. Both vetch varieties reduced wilt incidence by approximately the same degree with the susceptible as with the moderately resistant cultivar. In general, the moderately resistant cultivar yielded more fruit (by weight) than the susceptible cultivar. Accepted for publication 23 August 2010. Published 14 September 2010.

scholarly journals Concentrations and ratios of Sr, Ba and Ca along an estuarine river to the Gulf of Mexico – implication for sea level rise effects on trace metal distribution

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 18425-18461 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. He ◽  
Y. J. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
South Louisiana

Abstract. Strontium and barium to calcium ratios are often used as proxies for tracking animal movement across salinity gradients. As sea level rise continues, many estuarine rivers in the world face saltwater intrusion, which may cause changes in mobility and distribution of these metals upstream. Despite intensive research on metal adsorption and desorption in marine systems, knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution of these elements along estuarine rivers is still limited. In this study, we conducted an intensive monitoring of Sr and Ba dynamics along an 88 km long estuary, the Calcasieu River in South Louisiana, USA, which has been strongly affected by saltwater intrusion. Over the period from May 2013 to August 2015, we collected monthly water samples and performed in-situ water quality measurements at six sites from the upstream to the river mouth, with a salinity range from 0.02 to 29.50 ppt. Water samples were analyzed for Sr, Ba, and Ca concentrations. In-situ measurements were made on salinity, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and specific conductance. We found that the Sr and Ca concentrations and the Sr / Ca ratio all increased significantly with increasing salinity. The average Sr concentration at the site closest to the Gulf of Mexico (site 6) was 46.21 μmol L−1, which was about 130 times higher than that of the site furthest upstream (site 1, 0.35 μmol L−1). The average Ca concentration at site 6 was 8.19 mmol L−1, which was about 60 times higher than that of site 1 (0.13 mmol L−1). The average Sr / Ca ratio at site 6 (8.41 mmol mol−1) was about 3 times the average Sr / Ca ratio at site 1 (2.89 mmol mol−1). However, the spatial variation in Ba concentration was marginal, varying from 0.36 μmol L−1 at site 6 to 0.47 at site 5. The average Ba / Ca ratio at site 1 (4.82 mmol mol−1) was about 54 times the average Ba / Ca ratio at site 6 (0.09 mmol mol−1), showing a clear negative relation between the Ba / Ca ratio and increasing salinity. All the elemental concentrations and ratios had considerable seasonal variations, with significant differences among sampling months for the Sr, Ba concentrations and the Ba / Ca ratio (p < 0.01). The results from this study suggest that concentrations of Sr and Ca in the world's estuaries will very likely increase in the future as sea level rise continues. For low-gradient estuarine rivers such as the Calcasieu River in South Louisiana, USA, water chemistry upstream would experience substantial Sr and Ca enrichment, which could affect aquatic environments and biological communities.

Three forgotten earthquakes

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-692
Author(s):  
Gerald R. MacCarthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

Abstract For a given maximum intensity, most earthquakes of the Eastern United States are felt over much wider area than their western counterparts. Several of these eastern shocks, have, because of their relatively low maximum intensities, received little or no attention in seismological literature. Three such earthquakes will be described in terms of contemporary accounts: those of March 9, 1828, April 29, 1852, and of August 31, 1861. In no case did the maximum intensity exceed about VI on the Mercalli Scale, yet each was felt over many thousands of square miles. The 1828 shock affected at least 190,000 square miles, and was reported from Pennsylvania to South Carolina. That of 1852 affected about 187,000 square miles, and was reported from New York to North Carolina. That of 1861 affected at least 280,000 square miles, and was reported from Maryland to the Georgia-Alabama border. All three were felt from the Atlantic Coastal Plain westward into Ohio.

scholarly journals Variability of Winter Storminess in the Eastern United States during the Twentieth Century from Tide Gauges

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 9713-9726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Thompson ◽  
Gary T. Mitchum ◽  
Cedric Vonesch ◽  
Jianke Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Tide Gauge Record

Interannual to multidecadal variability of winter storminess in the eastern United States was studied using water level measurements from coastal tide gauges. The proximity to the coast of the primary winter storm track in the region allows the use of tide gauges to study temporal modulations in the frequency of these storms. Storms were identified in high-passed, detided sea level anomalies in 20 gauges from all coasts of North America to assess variability in winter storminess along particular storm tracks. The primary result is a significant multidecadal increase in the number of storms affecting the southeastern United States from the early to late twentieth century. The authors propose that this change is due to an increased tendency for the jet stream to meander south over the eastern United States since the 1950s. This mechanism is supported by long-term changes in the large-scale sea level pressure pattern over North America. The nature of the multidecadal change in storm frequency is unclear, because limited tide gauge record lengths prevent distinguishing between a trend and an oscillation.

Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Continental Shelf

1966 ◽  
Vol 31 (5Part1) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.O. Emery ◽  
R.L. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Glacial Epoch

AbstractEarly man lived in eastern United States 11,000 years ago when most of the now-submerged continental shelf was exposed. The shelf almost certainly was ranged by nomadic hunters and possibly by marine fish- and mollusk- eaters. As the sea level rose at the end of the latest glacial epoch, the advancing water disrupted and submerged any habitation sites.The oldest radiocarbon dates for kitchen middens of marine refuse along the present shore appear to be younger than the oldest dates for kitchen middens of non-marine content. Older marine middens may be deeply submerged far out on the continental shelf. Greatest success in future exploration for these sites is likely in areas of the shelf which have received little or no cover of postglacial sediment and where rivers formerly crossed the shelf.

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