Seasonal changes in chlorine and methoxyl content of leaves of deciduous trees and their impact on release of chloromethane and methanol at elevated temperatures

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Colin McRoberts ◽  
Frank Keppler ◽  
David B. Harper ◽  
John T. G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Norway Maple

Environmental context Chloromethane is the most abundant naturally produced chlorine-containing organic compound, responsible for ~16% of chlorine-catalysed stratospheric ozone destruction. A significant source of this gas is emission from biomass by reaction between chloride ion and methoxyl groups of the biopolymers pectin and lignin. The seasonal changes in the chlorine and methoxyl pools observed in leaves of several deciduous tree species have implications for understanding chlorine volatilisation during biomass burning and estimation of the global chloromethane budget. Abstract Atmospheric chloromethane (CH3Cl) plays a role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Previous studies suggest an important source of this gas is emission from leaves and leaf litter at ambient and elevated (150–350°C) temperatures. In this study, the total chlorine and OCH3 content of leaves of the deciduous temperate tree species ash, beech, Norway maple and oak were measured throughout the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. The total chlorine content increased with leaf age. The overall seasonal accumulation varied between five- and twenty-one fold, dependent on both year and species. Throughout the 2004 growing season, the OCH3 pool and the release of CH3Cl and methanol (CH3OH) from leaves of ash and Norway maple were monitored on heating to 350°C. The amounts of CH3Cl released increased linearly as leaf chlorine accumulated whereas emissions of CH3OH did not substantially change. Conversion of chlorine to CH3Cl was lower in the spring than during the summer and autumnal senescence period, ranging from 22 to 58%. No correlation was found between leaf OCH3 content and either CH3Cl or CH3OH release. The percentage conversion of OCH3 to the summed concentrations of CH3OH and CH3Cl ranged from 41 to 66%. The plant components pectin and lignin were identified as two major sources of the CH3 group in CH3Cl and CH3OH and emissions ceased when the OCH3 pool contributing the methyl moiety was exhausted (>350°C). These findings have implications for estimation of CH3Cl release during biomass burning and for our understanding of chlorine volatilisation during energy production from biomass.

Effects of leaf age on internal CO2 transfer conductance and photosynthesis in tree species having different types of shoot phenology

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko T. Hanba ◽  
Shin-Ichi Miyazawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Kogami ◽  
Ichiro Terashima
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Internal Co2 ◽  
Transfer Conductance ◽  
Shoot Phenology ◽  
Acer Mono

We examined the changes in leaf anatomy and some physiological characteristics during leaf expansion and maturation. Three deciduous tree species having different types of shoot phenology, maple (Acer mono Maxim.; ‘flush’ type), alder (Alnus japonica(Thunb.) Steud.; ‘successive’ type), and Japanese poplar (Populus maximowiczii A. Henry; ‘successive’ type), were studied. Leaf CO 2 assimilation rate at high irradiance (P max) and CO 2 transfer conductance inside the leaf (g i) varied significantly with leaf development. There were strong positive relationships between P max) and g i for all of the species. The variations in g i were partly related to those in the surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular airspaces, while some other factors that related to liquid phase conductance may also contribute to the variation in g i . The developments of mesophyll cells were accompanied by the concomitant increase in chloroplast and Rubisco content in Alnus and Populus (successive types).

Seasonal changes in nutrient content and concentrations in a mature deciduous tree species: Studies in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb)

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Muhammad ◽  
Blake L. Sanden ◽  
Bruce D. Lampinen ◽  
Sebastian Saa ◽  
Muhammad I. Siddiqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Deciduous Tree

scholarly journals New insight into the atmospheric chloromethane budget gained using gained using

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 3899-3919 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Keppler ◽  
D. B. Harper ◽  
T. Röckmann ◽  
R. M. Moore ◽  
J. T. G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Fractionation Factor ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

Abstract. Atmospheric chloromethane (CH3Cl) plays an important role in stratospheric ozone destruction, but many uncertainties still exist regarding strengths of both sources and sinks and the processes leading to formation of this naturally occurring gas. Recent work has identified a novel chemical origin for CH3Cl, which can explain its production in a variety of terrestrial environments: The widespread structural component of plants, pectin, reacts readily with chloride ion to form CH3Cl at both ambient and elevated temperatures (Hamilton et al., 2003). It has been proposed that this abiotic chloride methylation process in terrestrial environments could be responsible for formation of a large proportion of atmospheric CH3Cl. However, more information is required to determine the global importance of this new source and its contribution to the atmospheric CH3Cl budget. A potentially powerful tool in studying the atmospheric CH3Cl budget is the use of stable carbon isotope ratios. In an accompanying paper it is reported that the reaction of CH3Cl with OH radical, the dominant sink for atmospheric CH3Cl, is accompanied by an unexpectedly large fractionation factor (Gola et al., 2005). Another recently published study shows that CH3Cl formed by the abiotic methylation process at ambient temperatures has a unique stable carbon isotope signature, extremely depleted in 13C, unequivocally distinguishing it from all other known sources (Keppler et al., 2004). Using these findings together with data existing in the literature, we here present three scenarios for an isotopic mass balance for atmospheric CH3Cl. Our calculations provide strong support for the proposal that the bulk fraction of atmospheric CH3Cl (1.8 to 2.5Tg yr−1) is produced by an abiotic chloride methylation process in terrestrial ecosystems, primarily located in tropical and subtropical areas, where turnover of biomass is highest. Furthermore our calculations also indicate that the microbial soil sink for CH3Cl is likely to be much larger (>1Tg yr−1) than that previously assumed.

Combined effects of rising [CO2] and temperature on boreal forests: growth, physiology and limitations

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Stinziano ◽  
Danielle A. Way
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Northern Forests

Climate change is expected to be most pronounced at high latitudes, but we have little data on how dominant boreal tree species will respond to rising temperatures and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). We review the mechanisms through which elevated growth temperatures and atmospheric CO2 alter tree physiology and growth, focusing on the dominant species in northern forests. Water and nutrient availability, as well as day length, are likely to constrain the ability of these forests to respond positively to warmer, potentially longer growing seasons and higher CO2 levels. We also analyze published tree responses to future climate scenarios for key boreal tree species and show that (i) high [CO2] increases biomass and net photosynthetic rates compared with ambient [CO2], under both current temperatures and warmer climates; (ii) increases in temperature above current levels have little effect on growth or carbon gain; and (iii) the combination of elevated [CO2] and elevated temperatures increases plant biomass, but this effect appears to have a threshold above a 5 °C increase in growth temperatures. While rising temperatures and [CO2], therefore, have the potential to increase the productivity of northern forest species (based on experiments that supply ample water and fertilizer), this response is likely to be limited by these soil resources and the photoperiod in the field, and may not occur under the more extreme warming conditions predicted for the future in this region.

scholarly journals Water Loss Estimates for Five Recently Transplanted Landscape Tree Species in a Semi-Arid Climate

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
Thayne Montague ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Rick Allen ◽  
David Wester
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Site Water ◽  
B Trees ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Over three growing seasons (1994–1996), water loss of five recently transplanted, balled and burlaped (B&B) tree species was investigated using below-ground, electronic weighing lysimeters. For each species, actual tree water loss was correlated with reference evapotranspiration (ETO) to create a water loss multiplier. At the beginning of each growing season a single tree was planted into each lysimeter. Selected species were: London planetree (Platanus x acerifolia ‘Bloodgood’), corkscrew willow (Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’), littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’), Norway maple (Acerplatanoides ‘Emerald Queen’), and green ash (Fraxinuspennsylvanica ‘Patmore’). Throughout each growing season, trees were well-watered and lysimeter mass and meteorological variables were collected on site. Water loss multipliers for each tree species were calculated as the ratio of water loss (based upon total leaf area) to total daily ETO. Results indicate corkscrew willow and littleleaf linden had the greatest daily mean water loss (5.6 and 4.8 mm, respectively) (0.22 and 0.18 in, respectively), while Norway maple had the least (1.1 mm) (0.04 in). Water loss multipliers were greatest for corkscrew willow and littleleaf linden (1.1 and 0.9, respectively) and least for Norway maple (0.2). Regression analysis indicated total daily ETO had limited influence on total daily tree water loss. This suggests factors other than ETO influence water loss of recently transplanted, B&B trees in a semi-arid climate.

Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toll ◽  
Federico J. Castillo ◽  
Pierre Crespi ◽  
Michele Crevecoeur ◽  
Hubert Greppin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Phase Partitioning

Differences between height- and light-dependent changes in shoot traits in five deciduous tree species

Oecologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Osada ◽  
Yoshihiko Okabe ◽  
Daisuke Hayashi ◽  
Tomonori Katsuyama ◽  
Naoko Tokuchi
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Tree
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