Variation among low rainfall white clover (Trifolium repens L.) accessions for morphological attributes and herbage yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZZ Jahufer ◽  
M Cooper ◽  
LA Lane
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
New South ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Passport Data ◽  
Collection Sites

The importance of passport data on rainfall at collection sites of accessions as a guide to identifying germplasm to be used in the genetic improvement was assessed by using 40 white clover accessions from the germplasm collection at Glen Innes, New South Wales. This set together with 2 standard cultivars, Haifa and Huia, were evaluated in the field. The objectives were to: (i) estimate the magnitude of genotypic variation among accessions for morphological attributes and herbage yield in a dryland summer rainfall environment; and (ii) compare estimates of genotypic variation for, and correlations among, the attributes and herbage yield for the 40 accessions with results from a study based on a random sample of accessions from the same collection. Herbage yield was measured in 4 seasons (autumn 1992-summer 1993) together with stolon and other plant attributes which were measured in 1 season (summer 1993). There was significant (P<0.05) variation for herbage yield among accessions. Hierarchical agglomerative classification was used to group the accessions based on herbage yield. This identified a single member group with greater herbage yield than the 2 groups which contained the cultivars Haifa and Huia. There was no association between the composition of the accession groups identified by classification and the passport data on average annual rainfall at the collection sites of accessions. There was some consistency between the estimates of repeatability, genotypic variation and genotypic correlations obtained from the low rainfall set of accessions used in this study and the random sample previously examined. It was concluded that selection of accessions from the collection for use in genetic improvement of herbage yield and the morphological attributes for dryland summer rainfall environments of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. should not be confined to specific groups originating from low rainfall regions.

Genotypic variation for stolon and other morphological attributes of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Populations and their influence on herbage yield in the summer rainfall region of New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
MZZ Jahufer ◽  
M Cooper ◽  
LA Brien
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Active Group ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Plant Attributes

A random sample of 60 germplasm accessions from the Australian white clover germplasm collection was characterized in the field at Glen Innes, N.S.W. Genotypic variation for stolon and other morphological attributes was measured in one season. Herbage yield was evaluated over seven seasons to quantify the magnitude of accession-by-season interaction. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences among accessions, seasons, and accession-by-season interactions for herbage yield. Classification was used to group the accessions on their seasonal herbage yield. A summer active group, a winter active group and a group showing autumn activity for herbage yield were identified. There was significant (P < 0.01) variation among accessions for all plant attributes measured and their accession mean repeatability was moderate to high. There were strong genotypic correlations among the morphological attributes. Five of the morphological attributes (stolon density, stolon branching, plant spread, plant height, stolon thickness and leaf length) expressed a strong genotypic correlation with average herbage yield over seven seasons. The genotypic variation estimated for herbage production and plant attributes signifies the potential of the collection to be used as a source of variation for the genetic improvement of productivity and perenniality of white clover for Australian environments.

Corrigendum - Genotypic variation for stolon and other morphological attributes of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Populations and their influence on herbage yield in the summer rainfall region of New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
MZZ Jahufer ◽  
M Cooper ◽  
LA Brien
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Active Group ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Plant Attributes

A random sample of 60 germplasm accessions from the Australian white clover germplasm collection was characterized in the field at Glen Innes, N.S.W. Genotypic variation for stolon and other morphological attributes was measured in one season. Herbage yield was evaluated over seven seasons to quantify the magnitude of accession-by-season interaction. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences among accessions, seasons, and accession-by-season interactions for herbage yield. Classification was used to group the accessions on their seasonal herbage yield. A summer active group, a winter active group and a group showing autumn activity for herbage yield were identified. There was significant (P < 0.01) variation among accessions for all plant attributes measured and their accession mean repeatability was moderate to high. There were strong genotypic correlations among the morphological attributes. Five of the morphological attributes (stolon density, stolon branching, plant spread, plant height, stolon thickness and leaf length) expressed a strong genotypic correlation with average herbage yield over seven seasons. The genotypic variation estimated for herbage production and plant attributes signifies the potential of the collection to be used as a source of variation for the genetic improvement of productivity and perenniality of white clover for Australian environments.

Morphological characteristics and agronomic merit of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from northern New South Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lane ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
J. V. Lovett ◽  
R. D. Murison
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Collection Sites

Aset of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from old pasture sites in northern New South Wales was characterised in situ at the collection sites and under uniform glasshouse conditions, and then evaluated for agronomic merit in the field. The data were examined to determine whether ecotype development through genetic differentiation had occurred in these white clover populations, and to assess their potential value for future breeding. Environmental conditions at the collection sites represented a wide diversity of rainfall, altitude, soil type, companion grass, and grazing intensity conditions. The populations generally were found to be medium-leaf and mid- to late-flowering and derived from early New Zealand introductions to Australia. The populations showed significant (P < 0.05) variation in morphological characteristics (leaf size and stolon characters) and this variation was expressed in all 3 environments. It was concluded that significant genetic differentiation affecting stolon and flowering characteristics had occurred, with implications for agronomic value. A small cluster of the populations was found to possess useful characteristics for white clover breeding where persistence in dryland environments is the primary breeding objective.

Productivity of pasture legumes and chicory in central New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
M. Goodacre
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales

Seven experiments were established across a range of environments (latitude 33°S) in central New South Wales to evaluate 52 legume cultivars and lines against currently recommended cultivars. Plots were grazed by either sheep or cattle after each harvest. Criteria for inclusion were that lines were either commercially available or in the process of being registered. Three experiments also included chicory. Sites had from 600 to 900 mm annual rainfall and were at altitudes of 440–1000 m. The 4-year program included the dry summer of 1990–91. White clover and subterranean clover were the most productive species over time. Among subterranean clovers, the subspecies subterraneum cultivars were more productive than the yanninicum or brachycalycinum subspecies. Other species such as balansa, Persian, strawberry, red and crimson clovers, lotus major and murex medic were more variable in production. These legumes often grew well in the establishment year, but failed to persist. Lucerne was in general, not as productive as white or subterranean clover. Caucasian clover and yellow serradella should be evaluated further as conclusive judgements could not be formed. Chicory was often the most productive species in the experiments, especially over the warmer 6 months of the year. It persisted under a 6-week harvest regime and during the drought year. The newer subterranean clover cultivars, Leura, Goulburn and Denmark all exceeded the production from the previously recommended cultivars, Woogenellup and Karridale, even though no major disease was evident in the later group. The lines 89820D and 89841E were sufficiently productive to warrant further evaluation and possible development as cultivars. In contrast, while Huia, Tahora, Bonadino and Tamar were often as productive as the recommended white clover cultivar Haifa, they were not consistently better. Where summer rainfall occurs and the annual rainfall exceeds 650 mm, the greater potential yield of white clover compared with subterranean clover justifies its use. However, no white clover cultivars survived the summer drought in 1990–91 as intact plants. Further work is needed to develop more drought-tolerant cultivars.

Characterisation of naturalised strains of Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare in northern New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Median Number ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Burrs were collected from paddocks on 3 properties in northern New South Wales where the age of the Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare swards varied from 19 to 28 years. At 1 site burrs were also sampled from swards sown 2 and 10 years previously. Twenty seedlings from these burrs and 20 plants of certified cv. Clare were grown as spaced plants in a nursery. These were assessed for vegetative and floral characters, flowering time, number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and percentage hardseed after storage at 25/25�C for 6 months and 25/45�C for a further 6 months. For most plants the mean number of days from sowing to first flower was similar to that of Clare. Compared with the naturalised strains, Clare had the lowest (P<0.05) mean number of seeds per burr: about 25% below the mean of the strains (2.7 seeds per burr). While the lowest mean seed weights of the strains were not significantly different from those of Clare, the seed weights of plants from 3 sites were higher (P<0.05) than those of Clare. After storage for either 6 or 12 months, hardseed levels were also lowest (P<0.05) for Clare. Plants from the 2-year-old sward had the same median number of seeds per burr (2.0) as Clare. As sward age increased, the median number of seeds per burr increased to 2.8. Hardseed percentages were lowest for plants of Clare and for those from the 2-year-old sward after 6 months, and for Clare after 12 months. These studies indicated the presence of divergent strains in old swards of Clare in a summer rainfall environment. Natural selection among variability within Clare is the most likely reason for the development of these strains in an environment marginal for the long-term persistence of this softseeded cultivar. Although strains had the same vegetative and floral markings as Clare, differences in ecologically important characters such as number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and hardseededness may result in plants that are better adapted to the environment in which they evolved. From these studies 23 plants of T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum were selected for further evaluation.

The influence of supplementary feeding on growth and fertility of beef heifers grazing natural pastures

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Sparke ◽  
DR Lamond
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Target Weight ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern

This paper reports an experiment examining the effect of age and protein supplementation on growth and fertility of Shorthorn-Devon cross heifers grazing natural pastures in the summer rainfall, subtropical environment of the Upper Clarence valley, north-eastern New South Wales. Heifers born over the period October to January 1963-64 were weaned in June 1964 and allotted at random within age groups (by month of birth) to a supplemented or non-supplemented treatment. The supplemented heifers were given linseed meal during the dry winter period each year from 1964 to 1966 inclusive (May-June to September-October). They were weighed each month and joined with bulls in the early summer of 1965 (2 years) and 1966 (3 years). They were examined for pregnancy in the autumn, and their calves were identified at birth. Supplemented heifers gained weight throughout and non-supplemented heifers generally lost weight in the winter periods. At two years fertility was closely related to liveweight at joining in supplemented heifers, but not in others. Heifers born in January gave the poorest reproductive performance, as the two supplemented ones that became pregnant in 1965 died at calving, and two-thirds of the non-supplemented ones were still empty after joining as 3-year-olds. The advantage of high 2-year-old fertility gained by heifers born in October and November, due to their greater size at joining, was partly offset by low fertility when lactating the following year. It is concluded that a decision as to whether a heifer should be supplemented during a period of nutritional stress prior to joining ought to be based on the probability of her reaching a prescribed target weight at joining as a result of receiving the supplement. The target weight for lactating heifers was at least 100 Ib higher than for dry hdfers. The results also indicate specific areas for further research.

The butterfly fauna of the Griffith district, a fragmented semi-arid landscape in inland southern New South Wales

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Braby ◽  
Ted D. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Butterfly Fauna ◽  
Semi Arid

Thirty-three species of butterflies are recorded from the Griffith district in the semi-arid zone of inland southern New South Wales. The butterfly community comprises the following structure: 19 species (58%) are resident; 7 (21 %) are regular immigrants; 2 (6%) are irregular immigrants; 5 (15%) are vagrants. Except for a few migratory species, most occur in relatively low abundance. Lack of similar studies elsewhere in western New South Wales precludes generalizations regarding the species richness, composition and structure of semi-arid butterfly communities. Comparison of the butterfly fauna with that from five other inland regions on the slopes and foothills of the Great Diving Range, revealed that the Griffith district is most similar in species richness and composition to that of Deniliquin and to a lesser extent Wagga Wagga and Cowra in the south, than with two regions in the higher summer rainfall area of the north of the State (Coonabarabran-Mendooran, Narrabri-Bellata). Overall, the butterfly fauna of inland New South Wales (total of 73 species, of which 49 occur in the southern regions) is depauperate compared with that recorded from the coastal/subcoastal areas east of the Great Dividing Range. Attention is drawn to the conservation significance of several vegetation types and habitat remnants in the Griffith district. Much of the native vegetation in the district has been extensively modified since European settlement due to excessive clearing for agriculture, resulting in a highly fragmented landscape for the conservation of native flora and fauna. With the exception of the lycaenid Candalides hyacinthinus Simplex, which is considered threatened locally, there is a general absence of narrow range endemic butterflies associated with mallee-heathland or mallee-woodland, possibly as a result of widespread land clearing practices of mallee vegetation in the past.

Vegetation changes after fire on two land systems in arid North-west New South Wales.

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
WE Mulham
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales

Following a sequence of favourable years in which pasture growth over much of the arid zone of Australia reached very high ievels, controlled burns were carried out on two contrasting vegetation types in the extreme north-west of New South Wales. A wheei-point apparatus was used to measure subse- quent changes in botanical composition and foliage cover over a four year period. On a pasture periodically dominated by Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) burning while growing conditions were favourable resulted in only a small long- term decrease in the cover of Mitchell grass. In the short-term all chenopod species were eliminated and a wider range and greater abundance of annual forbs were promoted in the following spring. On a similar area burned by wildfire in a year of low summer rainfall the response from Mitchell grass was much poorer and botanical composition of the pasture present in the following spring differed from that which developed in the spring following the controlled burn. It also differed from that of the unburnt pasture. The major differences were due to the response of forb species and are attributed to variation in seasonal rainfall. On a dune-system pasture the dominant grasses were species of Aristida and Enneapogon. These are relatively short-lived and appear to have little ability to regrow from the butt after fire. Their slow regeneration after the burn was reflected in the substantial increase in relative abundance of perennial forbs in the following autumn, and of annual forbs the next spring. Although fire appeared to have no long-term effect on the pasture it dramatically reduced tree and shrub numbers. It is suggested that during years in which abnormal quantities of Mitchell grass are present in this region, controlled burning could be a useful form of management. A mosaic of patches burnt at different times would reduce the potential for wide-scale wildfires, provide refuge areas for stock and wildlife in the event of wildfire, and promote a wider choice of plant material for grazing animals. However, in dune-systems vegetation, removal of the pasture cover and reduction of the tree and shrub density would constitute an erosion risk.

57. GENOTYPING OF UROGENITAL CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN REGIONAL NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

Sexual Health ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
D. Mossman ◽  
C. Ooi ◽  
M. Loewenthal ◽  
M. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
New South ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Sexual Networks ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Chlamydia Trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in Australia and world wide. This study was undertaken to map the frequency of Chlamydia genotypes in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia, to explore the potential utility of genotype analysis in defining local sexual networks, and to investigate whether patterns of genotype frequency are correlated with demographic factors, including age and gender. Methods: We studied 204 urine samples infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, as determined by PCR analysis using the COBAS Amplicor system. Samples were collected from wide geographic area of regional New South Wales (Hunter, New England, Northern Rivers, South Eastern New South Wales). Sequencing and genotyping were performed after nested PCR of the omp1 gene. Results: Genotype E was found in 42.6% of infections, with genotypes F (23.5%) and G (16.7%) other common causes of infection. Mixed infection occurred in only 3 cases. There was no significant difference in genotype frequency based on gender or geographic location. There was a significant difference in gender frequency based on patient age, with older patients significantly more likely to demonstrate infection with genotype G (mean age (years) 23.7+/-7.29 sd, E: 21.7 +/-5.7 sd; G: 28.9; sd 10.18; p�=�0.022). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in genotype frequency in the various regions of New South Wales, suggesting genotype analysis is of limited use in defining sexual networks in regional NSW. The finding of a higher frequency of genotype G in older patients raises the possibility that genotypic variation may be driven by immune responses to genotypes that occur more frequently at a younger age. These results may have implications for the future design of a chlamydial vaccine.

The ecology of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola) III. The influence ofclimate andl land use on its distribution and that of an important predator, Bdellodea lapidaria (Acari : Bdellidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
MMH Wallace ◽  
JA Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Important Predator ◽  
Distribution Limits

The lucerne flea, S. viridis, is restricted to the southern parts of Australia and, apart from a few isolated occurrences in eastern New South Wales, occurs only in areas with an essentially Mediterranean-type climate. The northern inland limit to its distribution agrees closely with the 250-mm isohyet for the growing season of May-October inclusive. The eastern limit to distribution in New South Wales and Victoria agrees with a December-March isohyet of 225 mm. Areas east of this line receive predominantly summer rainfall, and the pastures contain a high proportion of perennial plants which probably do not provide the nutritional stimulus for the development of aestivating diapause eggs in S. viridis essential for oversummering. The predatory mite B. lapidaria requires slightly moister conditions than S. viridis and the limit of its inland distribution agrees reasonably well with the 260-mm isohyet for the May-October period. Low temperatures (mean maximum < 17.5'C) also seem necessary during this period. The eastern distribution limits in Victoria are similar to those of S. viridis.

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