Assessing sulfur status in lupins and wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
LD Osborne ◽  
K Snowball ◽  
WJ Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Agricultural Regions

The effect of sulfur (S) supply on growth and S distribution within lupin and wheat plants was studied in a glasshouse experiment using pots containing 11 lupin or 15 wheat plants in 6 kg soil. Shoot growth and grain yield increased with increasing S supply, and both species produced maximum grain yield at 60 mg S/pot. Wheat yielded a lower percentage of maximum grain yield than lupin where no S was applied. Sulfur concentrations in all shoot parts increased with increasing S supply in both wheat and lupins. In wheat, S concentrations decreased with increasing plant age. At all rates of S, concentrations in old leaves were higher than in the youngest leaves. In lupins, S accumulated in stems when supply was adequate but decreased markedly with S deficiency and plant age. Concentrations in other parts of lupins generally did not change with plant age. Sulfur concentrations in the youngest open leaf blades were higher than those in old leaves at all rates of S. For lupins, critical S concentrations in the young leaves (0.28%), stems (0.07%), and whole shoots (0.15%), and the critical nitrogen (N) to S ratio in young leaves (22), are likely to be valid as diagnostic indices for S deficiency as they do not appear to be affected by plant maturity. In contrast, critical S concentrations (0.14-0.31% S) and N to S ratio (9-19) in young leaves of wheat plants changed sharply with plant age; neither is useful as a diagnostic aid unless the maturity of the plant in known. Field surveys were conducted in the agricultural regions of Geraldton and Dowerin in Western Australia to investigate the incidence of S deficiency in lupin and wheat crops. Sulfur concentrations in lupins and wheat from Dowerin were higher than those sampled at Geraldton. Lupin crops from both regions and wheat from Dowerin had an adequate S supply. Of the wheat sampled at Geraldton, 36% was deficient or marginal in S.

Diagnosis of potassium deficiency in faba bean and chickpea by plant analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aini ◽  
C. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Shoot Weight

Summary. Critical potassium (K) concentrations for the diagnosis of K deficiency were determined in various shoot parts of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. T1587) plants grown at K rates of 0–240 mg K/kg in a K-deficient soil in the glasshouse. Shoot growth of both species increased with rates of K applied and with plant age but faba bean was more responsive to K application than chickpea. Potassium concentrations in plant parts greatly increased with increasing K supply. In faba bean, K concentrations in all shoot parts decreased with plant age irrespective of K supply while in chickpea K concentrations in leaves of K-deficient plants increased with plant age but those in stems decreased. For both species, young leaves had higher K concentrations than old tissues, especially in K-deficient plants. A greater proportion of leaf K was stored in the petioles when K supply was adequate than when K was deficient. Critical K concentrations were determined using the hand-fitted curve and Mitscherlich model at 90% maximum shoot weight and the 2-phase linear model. The critical concentrations varied between plant parts and among the methods used. Critical values decreased with leaf age and were higher in leaf petioles than in leaf blades. Critical K concentrations, developed from hand-fitted curves, in the 1st plus 2nd and 3rd plus 4th leaf blades of faba bean, and leaf petioles below the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) of chickpea were similar between days 48 and 73 for faba bean and between days 55 and 80 for chickpea. It is recommended that the critical values for the diagnosis of K deficiency at 7–8-leaf stages are 1.3–1.5% in YFEL, 1.1–1.2% in the 1st plus 2nd leaf blades below the YFEL and 1.8–2.0% in whole shoot of faba bean, and 1.4–1.5% in YFEL, 2.7–2.8% in the 1st plus 2nd leaf petioles and 2.1–2.2% in whole shoot of chickpea. The gradient of K concentration between young and old leaves occurred before a decrease in shoot growth and may be used for the prognosis of K deficiency.

Response of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to plant density and phosphorus fertilizer under dryland conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. S. Ahlawat ◽  
C. S. Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Densities

SUMMARYField studies were made for 2 years on a sandy loam soil under dryland conditions of north-west India with three pigeon-pea varieties in relation to plant density and the application of phosphate fertilizer. Varieties Pusa Ageti and P4785 with better developed root system and profuse nodulation had higher grain and stalk yield, and higher N and P yield than Prabhat. Root and shoot growth and root nodulation were adversely affected with increasing plant densities in the range 50 × 103 and 150 × 103 plants/ha. Stalk and total N and P yield increased with increasing plant density. Plant density of 117 × 103 plants/ha produced maximum grain yield of 1·53 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilizer promoted root and shoot growth, intensity and volume of nodulation and increased grain, stalk, N and P yield. The effect of plant density on grain yield was more pronounced in the presence of phosphate fertilizer. The economic optimum rate of P ranged between 22·1 and 23·1 kg/ha under different plant densities.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINAL YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT FLOWERING IN INDIVIDUAL MAIZE PLANTS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. EDMEADES ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
The Relationship

In an attempt to explain plant-to-plant variation in dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.), a computer program was developed to predict daily assimilation per plant and its distribution throughout the shoot at flowering. Inputs to the model were meteorological data, photosynthetic rate-irradiance curves, measurements of intraplant assimilate distribution at flowering, and the positions of individual leaves of plants grown in the field at three densities (50 000, 100 000 and 150 000 plants/ha). Dry weights were recorded on these same plants following black layer formation. Predicted effects of plant density on shoot growth compared favorably with available data. The correlation coefficient between predicted assimilation 1 day after anthesis and grain yield on the same plants, with treatment effects removed, was 0.67 (N = 360). The coefficient of variation of predicted assimilate flux per plant increased significantly with increasing density, and the fluxes were generally normally distributed. Results supported the concept of a threshold assimilation rate per plant below which grain would not normally form, and this appears to be the cause of the bimodal frequency distribution of grain yield per plant observed at high densities.

Diagnosis of copper deficiency in wheat by plant analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
K Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accurate Indicator

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to define critical concentrations of copper in young leaves of wheat and to investigate the effect of water stress after anthesis on the relationship between yield and copper concentrations in young leaves. The concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was a sensitive and accurate indicator of the copper status of wheat. The critical concentration for copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf did not change with the age of the plant. Copper deficiency occurred whenever the concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf fell below 1.3 �g g-I (dry weight). Water stress after anthesis did not change the relationship between copper concentrations in young leaves and grain yield, although this stress markedly decreased grain yield. In the field there was considerable variability among plants given the same copper treatment in copper concentrations in young leaves. Nevertheless, whenever copper deficiency decreased growth, the average concentration of copper in the youngest fully emerged leaf was less than 1.3 �g g-1.

Effects of waterlogging in the spring on soil conditions and the growth and yield of spring barley in three cultivation systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
G. M. Whiteley ◽  
Anna E. Bradnam
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Normal Rainfall

SummaryExperiments were carried out in 1985 and 1986 on a sandy clay–loam to investigate the effects of above average rainfall in May and early June on the growth of the spring barley cv. Klaxon in three systems of cultivation. The cultivation treatments, ploughing (P), shallow-tine cultivation (S) and direct drilling (D), had been repeated on the same plots and cropped with spring barley each year since 1971.A total of 112 mm water was applied to the waterlogged subplots in 1985 and 168 mm in 1986.Compared with plots receiving the normal seasonal rainfall, extra water had no effect on shoot or grain yield in 1985 (mean grain yield 6·38 t/ha) and there were no significant differences between cultivation systems. In 1986, in contrast, water, in excess of normal rainfall, depressed both shoot growth and grain yield (mean grain yields 4·49 and 4·07 t/ha for the normal rainfall and the additional water treatments, respectively), the effect being greater on P than on either S or D.In both years, saturation was achieved in the topsoil for a prolonged period during May and early June in the waterlogged subplots. In 1985 this was associated with a period of low oxygen flux and low redox potential, but this did nothave a significant effect on root or shoot growth. In 1986 there was no comparable period of reduced aeration, nor any significant differences in oxygen flux or redox potentials between water and cultivation treatments. In 1986, reduced growth and yield were directly associated with a mean reduction in N recovery by shoots of 36 kg N/ha, the effect being greatest on the ploughed plots where water was added. The results do not support the hypothesis that waterlogging per seaffects the growth of barley more on ploughed than on direct-drilled land.

Growth, development and light interception of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
RK Belford ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Double Ridge

A field experiment was conducted at Merredin in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia, comparing 10 wheat cultivars representing old and modern wheats. The aim of the study was to identify any morphological and physiological characters associated with higher grain yield of modern wheat cultivars.The modern cultivars reached double ridge, terminal spikelet, anthesis and maturity earlier than the old cultivars, but modern cultivars had a longer duration between double ridge and terminal spikelet stage. The number of leaves on the main stem generally decreased from old, Purple Straw (14) to modern cultivars like Kulin (8). The modern cultivars had a shorter phyllochron interval than the old cultivars. The old cultivars also produced more tillers per plant (7.3) and had a lower percentage (35%) of ear bearing tillers, as compared with 3.9 and 51% for modern cultivars.The green area index and ground cover was higher in old than modern cultivars. However, the efficiency of conversion of photosynthetically active radiation to dry matter was slightly greater for modern cultivars. Although dry matter at final harvest was similar between cultivars, there was a trend for higher dry matter production with modern cultivars. The post-anthesis green area duration was longer with modern cultivars and grain yield increased with increase in post-anthesis green area duration.Grain yield and HI increased consistently from old to modern cultivars. The most recent cultivar Kulin had the highest yield and second highest harvest index, which were 63% and 48% respectively higher than the oldest cultivar, Purple Straw. Increases in grain yield in the modern cultivars were associated with increased grains spikelet-1 and grains ear-1. Mean grain weight showed a slight reduction with modern cultivars. The results are discussed in relation to future improvement in yield.

scholarly journals Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake Capacity of Rice under Different Sulphur Levels

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Sajjadul Islam ◽  
Md. Shohel Rana ◽  
Dr. Md. Mazibur Rahman ◽  
Md. Jainul Abedin Mian ◽  
Md. Mezanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
S Deficiency

Because of using sulphur free fertilizer, rice crop facing tremendous sulphur (S) deficiency throughout the world as well as in Bangladesh. However, farmers of Bangladesh often overlook the importance of sulphur fertilization on rice yield. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of sulphur on growth, yield attributes and uptake of N, P, K and S by grain and straw of BRRI dhan41 rice variety. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replication and eight treatments including control. The result of the study revealed that the highest plant height, panicle length, filled grain was found in T1 (50% RFD of S) treatment, while the utmost number of effective tiller and straw yield was recorded in T5 (150% RFD of S) treatment. Interestingly, maximum grain yield as well as uptake of N, P, K and S by grain and straw was significantly higher in T6 (175% RFD of S) treatment. The highest grain yield of T6 treatment might be due to maximum nutrient use efficiency. However, in all cases control treatment (T0) gave the worst result. The present study clearly indicates that higher rates (175% of the recommended dose) of S along with other fertilizers may be recommended for better growth and yield of BRRI dhan41 in Bangladesh soil.

Distribution of magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Supply Current

The objectives of this study were to examine Mg distribution in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), to identify an appropriate tissue for diagnosis of deficiency and to establish minimum tissue concentrations associated with maximum plant growth. Plants were grown in solution culture with both discontinued (40 8M and 160 8M reduced to nil) and constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 8M Mg). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was interrupted. However, deficiency symptoms occurred first on the young tissue under these conditions. Under constant but inadequate supply, initial deficiency symptoms occurred in old tissue. Symptoms in leaves were associated with Mg concentrations in the leaf of < 1046 8g g-1 with constant root supply and 586 8g g-1 when supply was interrupted. At luxury constant supply, concentrations of Mg tended to be higher in the older leaves than in the young leaves; the reverse occurred with inadequate supply. Tissue choice for diagnosis was not critical, but the minimum Mg concentration in tissue commensurate with maximum shoot growth varied from 740 8g g-1 for the unifoliate leaf to 1310 8g g-1 in the youngest open leaf (YOL), when plants were grown under constant Mg supply. Current supply of Mg to roots was reflected more rapidly in the concentrations in young leaf than in old leaf tissue.

Ovule and Embryo Culture of Arachis hypogaea and Interspecific Hybrids1

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
M. A. Eweda
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Wide Crosses ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Basal Media

Abstract Interspecific hybridization in Arachis is difficult between species within sectional groups and nearly impossible among more distantly related species. Embryos usually abort early in the reproductive cycle; thus in vitro techniques are necessary to recover many desirable hybrid combinations in the genus. The objectives of this investigation were to develop techniques whereby mature plants could be recovered from otherwise aborting embryos. First, ovule culture was performed using eight genotypes, three levels of kinetin, and the two basal media Murashige and Skoog (MS) and N6. Two-tenths mg/L kinetin in media resulted in 24% of the ovules swelling to a size of 3-4 mm which could be used for excising embryos. Embryo culture was next performed on five genotypes. The transfer series (I) 0.2 mg/L kinetin for 21 days, (2) 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylamino-purine (BAP) for 14 days and, (3) MS without growth regulators resulted in 34.6% of ovules producing plants across genotypes; other transfer series either resulted in a lower percentage of plant recovery and/or tissues of some genotypes which did not survive to maturity. The BAP medium induced shoot growth, while root growth was induced on the MS without growth regulator medium. Approximately 90% of embryos transferred to a mist system after 7-9 weeks in vitro survived transplanting to soil. Two interspecific hybrids were recovered from incompatible hexaploid x diploid crosses, but only after roots were induced using a MS basal medium with 4 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid:2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid in a fourth tissue transfer. The experiments illustrated the feasibility of rescuing embryos of A. hypogaea and interspecific peanut hybrids. The process is slow and will be most applicable to wide crosses which cannot be obtained by more conventional methods.

Seasonal changes in growth and nodulation of perennial tropical pasture legumes in the field. II. Effects of controlled defoliation levels on nodulation of Desmodium uncinatum and Phaseolus atropurpureus

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Nodule Population

In a field experiment comparing the effects of varying levels of defoliation on the nodulation of two tropical legumes, D. intortum cv. Greenleaf and P. atropurpureus cv. Siratro, five treatments were imposed: (1) control, (2) cutting at 3 in., (3) removal of all leaves and petioles, (4) removal of half the leaves, taking the young leaves, (5) removal of half the leaves, taking the old leaves. The defoliation treatments were imposed twice, at plant age 73 and 103 days, and sampled twice, at 18 and 26 days, after each defoliation. The effects of defoliation were not evident for at least 18 days, but subsequently the nodule weight per plant was reduced by defoliation, the reduction being related to the severity of the initial defoliation. Cutting reduced both the nodule number and weight per nodule in both species. In P. atropurpureus removing all leaves had a similar effect to cutting. In the other defoliation treatments in both species, the weight per nodule declined even though the nodule number increased, and thus the nodule weight per plant increased or remained constant. This provided evidence that changes in nodule weight induced by defoliation were related to a loss of part of the original nodule population and initiation of new nodules.

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