Effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield, growth and nutrient status of ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
G Barth ◽  
M Bennell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Yield Responses

The effect of annual applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) on the yield, growth and nutrient status of Ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata) grown on a silty loam, was investigated in field experiments conducted during 1989-91 in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The experimental design was a randomised block with 3 replications. The N and K treatments, at annual rates up to 200 kg N/ha and 150 kg K/ha, were applied as 2 equal side-dressings. The P treatments, at rates up to 200 kg/ha, were broadcast as 1 annual application. To assess plant nutrient status we sampled the fifth leaf below the growing terminal of 50 stems in October and whole stems at harvest. As rate of applied N increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in total biomass harvested, number of 3040 and 41-50 cm stems, total number of marketable stems, plant height and width. Annual N application rates of 75-110 kg/ha were required for 95% of maximum biomass yield and number of marketable stems. The application of K did not significantly (P>0.05) affect yield or plant growth. First and second order interactions between N, K and year were not significant. Plant growth and yield responses to P applied as superphosphate were inconsistent and the interaction between P and year was not significant (P>0.05). Coefficients of determination (r2) for relationships between N, K and P concentrations in the fifth leaf samples v. total biomass yield and total stem number, were in the range 0.13-0.52 for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and occurrence of the Piper-Steenbjerg effect, we concluded that N, K or P concentrations in the fifth leaf sampled in October, or in whole stems at harvest, were not reliable indicators of the nutrient status of Ixodia daisy. The application of N and P did not affect the concentration of minor or micronutrients in the fifth leaf. In contrast, the application of K increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations by 14.3, 33.3 and 12.2%, respectively. For a high density planting (13,000 plants) we estimated that for N, P and K, 69.4, 6.2 and 83.2 kg/ha, respectively, are removed in marketable stems. The application of P increased extractable-P concentrations in the surface (0-15 cm) soil from 22 to 73 mg/kg. We suggest that for surface (0-15 cm) soils, extractable-P and extractable-K concentrations in the ranges 15-95 and 210-260 mg/kg, respectively, are adequate and indicate that a yield response to the application of these nutrients in fertiliser may not occur.

scholarly journals Imidacloprid Does Not Enhance Growth and Yield of Muskmelon in the Absence of Whitefly

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Palumbo ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Sweetpotato Whitefly ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Very High

Imidacloprid is a new, chloronicotinyl insecticide currently being used to control sweetpotato whitefly [Bemisia tabaci Genn, also known as silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring)]. Large growth and yield increases of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) following the use of imidacloprid have caused some to speculate that this compound may enhance growth and yield above that expected from insect control alone. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate the growth and yield response of melons to imidacloprid in the presence and absence of whitefly pressure. In greenhouse cage studies, sweetpotato whiteflies developed very high densities of nymphs and eclosed pupal cases on plants not treated with imidacloprid, and significant increases in vegetative plant growth were inversely proportional to whitefly densities. Positive plant growth responses were absent when plants were treated with imidacloprid and insects were excluded. Results from a field study showed similar whitefly control and yield responses to imidacloprid and bifenthrin + endosulfan applications. Hence, we conclude that growth and yield response to imidacloprid is associated with control of whiteflies and the subsequent prevention of damage, rather than a compensatory physiological promotion of plant growth processes. Chemical names used: 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nitro-1-H-imidazol-2-amine (imidacloprid); [2 methyl(1,1′-biphenyl)-3yl)methyl 3-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate (bifenthrin); 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodiaxathiepin 3-oxide (endosulfan).

Response of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank) to band-placed and broadcast high cadmium phosphorus fertiliser on heavily cropped krasnozems in north-western Tasmania

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Sparrow ◽  
KSR Chapman ◽  
D Parsley ◽  
PR Hardman ◽  
B Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Tuber Size Distribution ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Phosphorus Fertiliser ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
North Western

Four field experiments were conducted to examine the yield response and cadmium (Cd) concentration of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) grown with banded or broadcast phosphorus (P) fertiliser at rates up to 240 kg P/ha. The Cd content of the triple superphosphate (TSP) was 151 mg/kg. All 4 sites were on intensively cropped, high P-fixing krasnozem soils in north-western Tasmania, with concentrations of Colwell-extractable P ranging from 112 to 210 mg/kg. All sites showed economic yield responses to banded P, but broadcast P was much less effective except at the site where the response to banded P was least. Yield responses came mostly through increased tuber number, but at 1 site the tubers were also bigger. There was no effect of P on tuber size distribution or specific gravity. Increasing rates of banded TSP increased tuber Cd concentrations by 50-300% at the 3 sites where they were measured; broadcast TSP had little effect. Tubers from the site with pH 6.0 had much higher Cd concentrations than those from the sites with pH 6.5 and 6.6. Petiole Cd concentrations were about 5 times greater than tuber concentrations.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

scholarly journals Performance of Ornamental Plants in Alternative Organic Growing Media Amended with Increasing Rates of Expanded Shale

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Sloan ◽  
Raul I. Cabrera ◽  
Peter A.Y. Ampim ◽  
Steve A. George ◽  
Wayne A. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Micronutrient Uptake ◽  
Expanded Shale

Organic and inorganic amendments are often used to improve chemical and physical properties of soils. The objective of this study was to determine how the inclusion of light-weight expanded shale in various organic matter blends would affect plant performance. Four basic blends of organic growing media were prepared using traditional or alternative organic materials: 1) 75% pine bark (PB) + 25% sphagnum peatmoss (PM), 2) 50% PB + 50% wastewater biosolids (BS), 3) 100% municipal yard waste compost (compost), and 4) 65% PB + 35% cottonseed hulls (CH). Light-weight expanded shale was then blended with each of these mixtures at rates of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 60% (v/v). Vinca (Catharanthus roseus), verbena (Verbena hybrida), and shantung maple (Acer truncatum) were planted into the growing media after they were transferred into greenhouse pots. Vinca growth was monitored for 3 months before harvesting aboveground plant tissue to determine total biomass yield and elemental composition. Verbena growth was monitored for 6 months, during which time aboveground plant tissue was harvested twice to determine total biomass yield. Additionally, aboveground vinca plant tissue was analyzed for nutrients and heavy metal concentrations. In the absence of expanded shale, verbena and shantung maple trees produced more aboveground biomass in the 50-PB/50-BS blends, whereas vinca grew more biomass in the pure compost blends. Inclusion of expanded shale in the various organic matter blends generally had a negative effect on plant growth, with the exception of shantung maple growth in the 65-PB/35-CH blend. Reduced plant growth was probably due to a lower concentration of nutrients in the growing media. Macro- and micronutrient uptake was generally reduced by addition of expanded shale to the organic growing media. Results suggest that organic materials that have been stabilized through prior decomposition, such as compost or PM, are safe and reliable growing media, but expanded shale offers few benefits to a container growing medium except in cases where additional porosity is needed.

scholarly journals Plant Growth and Yield Response of Tillage in Wheat Crop with Rotavator and Subsoiler Combination and No Tillage

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 1597-1600
Author(s):  
Sushil Kumar ◽  
Mukesh Jain ◽  
Vijaya Rani ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
No Tillage

The effect of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylommonium chloride (CCC) on the growth and yield of wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Height ◽  
Commercial Importance

The effect of CCC on the growth of wheat in South Australia was assessed in three years, 1967 to 1969. A significant grain yield response was obtained only in the wet year, 1968, and was attributed to increased grain weight. It is suggested that the delay in heading and leaf senescence which occurred in CCC-treated plants allowed a greater assimilation of water and nutrients, thus producing the heavier grains. The lack of response in grain yield in 1967 and 1969 was probably due to moisture stress during gram filling. CCC reduced crop height significantly in 1968 and 1969, but not in the very dry year, 1967. There was evidence that split applications would be more useful than the single applications used in these experiments. Although CCC can give small increases in yield under some conditions, it is unlikely to be of commercial importance for wheat-growing in South Australia.

Cotton Growth and Yield Response to Simulated 2,4-D and Dicamba Drift

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Everitt ◽  
J. Wayne Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Crop Injury

Field experiments were conducted in Hale Co., TX, in 2005 and 2006 to determine the effects of 2,4-D amine and dicamba applied at varying rates and growth stages on cotton growth and yield, and to correlate cotton injury levels and lint yield reductions. Dicamba or 2,4-D amine was applied at four growth stages including cotyledon to two-leaf, four- to five-leaf, pinhead square, and early bloom. Dicamba and 2,4-D amine were applied at 1/2, 1/20, 1/200, and 1/2000 of the recommended use rate. Crop injury was recorded at 14 days after treatments and late-season, and cotton lint yields were determined. Across all growth stages, 2,4-D caused more crop injury and yield loss than dicamba. Cotton lint was reduced more by later applications (especially pinhead square) and injury underestimated yield loss with 2,4-D. Visual estimates of injury overestimated yield loss when 2,4-D or dicamba was applied early (cotyledon to two leaf) and was not a good predictor of yield loss.

scholarly journals Improving the CROPGRO-Tomato Model for Predicting Growth and Yield Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Boote ◽  
Maria R. Rybak ◽  
Johan M.S. Scholberg ◽  
James W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Cardinal Temperature

Parameterizing crop models for more accurate response to climate factors such as temperature is important considering potential temperature increases associated with climate change, particularly for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), which is a heat-sensitive crop. The objective of this work was to update the cardinal temperature parameters of the CROPGRO-Tomato model affecting the simulation of crop development, daily dry matter (DM) production, fruit set, and DM partitioning of field-grown tomato from transplanting to harvest. The main adaptation relied on new literature values for cardinal temperature parameters that affect tomato crop phenology, fruit set, and fruit growth. The new cardinal temperature values are considered reliable because they come from recent published experiments conducted in controlled-temperature environments. Use of the new cardinal temperatures in the CROPGRO-Tomato model affected the rate of crop development compared with prior default parameters; thus, we found it necessary to recalibrate genetic coefficients that affect life cycle phases and growth simulated by the model. The model was recalibrated and evaluated with 10 growth analyses data sets collected in field experiments conducted at three locations in Florida (Bradenton, Quincy, and Gainesville) from 1991 to 2007. Use of modified parameters sufficiently improved model performance to provide accurate prediction of crop and fruit DM accumulation throughout the season. Overall, the average root mean square error (RMSE) over all experiments was reduced 44% for leaf area index, 71% for fruit number, and 36% for both aboveground biomass and fruit dry weight simulations with the modified parameters compared with the default. The Willmott d index was higher and was always above 0.92. The CROPGRO-Tomato model with these modified cardinal temperature parameters will predict more accurately tomato growth and yield response to temperature and thus be useful in model applications.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Sensitivity of Four Vegetable Crops to Soil Compaction

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 956-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Wolfe ◽  
Daniel T. Topoleski ◽  
Norman A. Gundersheim ◽  
Betsy A. Ingall
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Compacted Soil

A 3-year field study conducted on an Eel silt loam soil (Aquic Udifluvent) compared cabbage (Brussica oleracea L. capitata group), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) for their growth and yield response to an artificially compacted soil layer beginning at about the 10-cm depth. Slower growing cabbage seedlings in compacted plots were more subject to flea beetle damage than the uncompacted controls. Prolonged flooding after heavy rainfall events in compacted areas had a more adverse effect on cabbage and snap bean than on cucumber or sweet corn. Sweet corn showed almost no growth reduction in one of the three years (1993) when relatively high fertilizer rates were applied and leaf nitrogen deficiencies in compacted plots were prevented. Maturity of cabbage, snap bean, and cucumber was delayed, and the average reduction in total marketable yield in (direct-seeded) compacted plots was 73%, 49%, 41%, and 34% for cabbage, snap bean, cucumber and sweet corn, respectively. Yield reduction in transplanted cabbage (evaluated in 1993 only) was 29%. In a controlled environment greenhouse experiment using the same soil type and similar compaction treatment as the field study, compaction caused a reduction in total biomass production of 30% and 14% in snap bean and cabbage, respectively, while cucumber and sweet corn showed no significant response. The growth reductions of snap bean and cabbage in the greenhouse could not be attributed to compaction effects on soil water status, leaf turgor, nutrient deficiency, or net CO, assimilation rate of individual leaves. Root growth of sweet corn was least restricted by the compacted soil layer. The contrast between our field and greenhouse results indicates that the magnitude of yield response to compaction in the field was often associated with species sensitivity to secondary effects of compaction, such as prolonged flooding after rainfall events, reduced nutrient availability or uptake, and prolonged or more severe pest pressure.

scholarly journals (223) The Effect of Commercial Home Garden Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Two Chinese Cabbage Varieties

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074C-1074
Author(s):  
Hector Valenzuela ◽  
Ted Goo ◽  
Ray Uchida ◽  
Susan Migita
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Home Gardening

Home gardening is a popular year-round recreational activity in Hawaii that helps to increase community food security in suburban and rural communities where high levels of poverty and unemployment exist. Updated fertilizer recommendations and accurate information about the latest products allows home gardeners to improve crop growth, and to minimize nutrient imbalances in the soil, pest problems, and environmental risks from nutrient runoff or leaching. Two field experiments were conducted in Oahu, Hawaii, to evaluate several new products in the market for the production of two home-garden Chinese cabbage varieties. The treatments included Miracle Grow, a new Miracle Grow Plus formulation, Plant Power 2003 nutrient solution, a Maui Liquid Compost product, and a standard fertilizer control (150 kg·ha-1 N rate). Each treatment consisted of a 6-m long row with 30-cm plant spacing in the row. Each treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized block design, for a total of 40 plots (two varieties × five treatments × four replications). Data collected included soil fertility before initiation and after experiment completion, tissue nutrient analysis, plant height collected twice during the growing cycle, and head weight and length measured at harvest time. The variety Pagoda was more responsive to fertilizer applications, showing an average of 30% yield increases between the best and poorest treatment, compared to 20% for `China Express'. Overall, the Miracle Grow formulations outperformed the other products. The tissue nutrient data showed tissue nutrient levels above those recommended by the Extension Service. The treatments with highest yield response also showed greater symptoms of “black heart” from possible boron deficiency.

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