Effect of plant density on yield and rubber accumulation in guayule (Parthenium argentatum) in south-eastern Queensland

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Parthenium Argentatum ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Area Index ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) was grown as a rainfed and an irrigated crop on an oxisol in south-eastern Queensland for 36 months, to assess its potential as a source of rubber. The rainfed experiment consisted of 3 cultivars (N565, 11591, 11619) grown at 4 densities (0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 5.2 plants/m2). The irrigated experiment compared cultivars N565 and 11591 at densities of 1.8, 3.6, and 5.2 plants/m2. In both trials, harvests were taken at 4-monthintervals. Dry matter yields of stems and roots, and rubber concentration in stems and roots, showed a near linear increase with time. Stem dry matter yields at 36 months approached 8.0 t/ha, with a rubber concentration of 13%. Rubber concentration and rubber yield increased with plant density. Total rubber yield in stems plus roots after 36 months was about 1.2 t/ha. The low productivity of this crop was associated with poor root development in the soil profile, a low leaf area index, and subsequent low light interception. A main inhibitor to root growth was the high incidence of a Fusarium sp. root pathogen.

Response of chickpea accessions to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 2. Radiation interception and water use

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Leach ◽  
DF Beech
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

Interception of radiation by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in a year of below-average rainfall, and water use in both wet and dry years, were studied on a deep vertisol soil at Dalby, south-eastern Queensland. Measurements were made on 4 accessions (cv. Tyson, K223, CPI 56287 and CPI 56289) grown at a number of row spacings. Canopies intercepted less than 20% of incident radiation during the first 70 days after sowing (DAS) in the dry year (1980) before radiation interception reached a peak in mid-September (100 DAS) at about 70% interception in 250 mm rows. Above-ground dry matter was linearly related to intercepted radiation to the end of September (119 DAS), giving an efficiency of radiation conversion of 1.4 g DM per MJ of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. Efficiency of conversion was marginally higher with 125 mm than with 62.5 mm intra-row spacing in rows 250 mm apart. In a wet year (1979), chickpea extracted water from below 1 m depth in the soil profile and used 356 mm water. In the dry year, only 16 1 mm water was used and none was extracted from below 1 m. K223 used water faster than cv. Tyson, and extraction was faster with close than with wide row spacing. Above-ground dry matter was produced at an efficiency of 3.4 (1980) to 4.2 (1979) g m-2 mm-I of water during the main period of growth through September, and a mean of 0.7 g m-2 seed for 2 seasons was produced per mm of water used over the whole season. The small differences in water extraction between accessions and spacing treatments were reflected during pod-filling as differences in plant water potential of 0.1-0.2 MPa during the early afternoon stress period. Chickpea appears to have poor stomata1 control over water loss, being comparable to summer legumes like soybean rather than to cowpea. We conclude that the benefit of close row spacing in enhancing radiation interception outweighs the small disadvantage from accelerated water depletion. The ability of chickpea to produce useful seed yields over a wide range of soil water availability makes it well suited for opportunistic winter cropping.

scholarly journals Comparative Yield, Fiber Quality and Dry Matter Production of Cotton Planted at Various Densities under Equidistant Row Arrangement

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Nangial Khan ◽  
Fangfang Xing ◽  
Lu Feng ◽  
Zhanbiao Wang ◽  
Minghua Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
High Plant Density

The number of cotton plants grown per unit area has recently gained attention due to technology expense, high input, and seed cost. Yield consistency across a series of plant populations is an attractive cost-saving option. Field experiments were conducted to compare biomass accumulation, fiber quality, leaf area index, yield and yield components of cotton planted at various densities (D1, 1.5; D2, 3.3; D3, 5.1; D4, 6.9; D5, 8.7; and D6, 10.5 plants m−2). High planting density (D5) produced 21% and 28% more lint yield as compared to low planting density (D1) during both years, respectively. The highest seed cotton yield (4662 kg/ha) and lint yield (1763 kg/ha) were produced by high plant density (D5) while the further increase in the plant population (D6) decreased the yield. The increase in yield of D5 was due to more biomass accumulation in reproductive organs as compared to other treatments. The highest average (19.2 VA gm m−2 d−1) and maximum (21.8 VM gm m−2 d−1) rates of biomass were accumulated in reproductive structures. High boll load per leaf area and leaf area index were observed in high planting density as compared to low, while high dry matter partitioning was recorded in the lowest planting density as compared to other treatments. Plants with low density had 5% greater fiber length as compared to the highest plant density, while the fiber strength and micronaire value were 10% and 15% greater than the lowest plant density. Conclusively, plant density of 8.7 plants m−2 is a promising option for enhanced yield, biomass, and uniform fiber quality of cotton.

Precision drilling combining peas (Pisum sativum L.) of contrasting leaf types at varying densities

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Heath ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Phenotype

SummaryField experiments were conducted in 1983–4 to investigate the effect of precision drilling and plant density on establishment, growth, radiation interception and yield of combining peas of varying leaf phenotype (Varieties ‘Birte’, leafed; ‘Filby’, leafless; and ‘BS3’, semi-leafless). Precision drilling established a more uniform plant distribution than øyjord drilling; visual differences observed soon after emergence were not observed at flowering. Precision drilling resulted in more radiation interception early in the season for semi-leafless but not leafed peas; dry-matter production and photosynthetic area index (PAI) were not increased. Yield data indicated that precision drilling produced similar yields to øyjord drilling at similar densities. Increasing plant density increased radiation interception, dry-matter production and PAI during vegetative growth; density treatment effects were less marked post-flowering. Pea leaf phenotypes differed in their yield response to increasing density. Radiation interception was related to dry-matter production and PAI to obtain an estimate of photosynthetic efficiency (ε) and the attenuation coefficient (k), respectively, ε and k were constant irrespective of spatial arrangement, leaf phenotype and plant density. The relative importance of spatial arrangement and plant density in increasing radiation interception and PAI and influence on yield is discussed; other potential agronomic advantages of precision drilling are described.

scholarly journals Performance of soybean grown in succession to black oat and wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini dos Santos ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Antônio Eduardo Coelho ◽  
Moryb Jorge Lima da Costa Sapucay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of isolated or combined roots and straw of black oat and wheat, as previous crops in autumn/winter, on the performance of soybean in succession. The experiment was carried out in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The following seven treatments were applied in the autumn/winter of 2017 and 2018, before soybean planting: fallow; straw of black oat or wheat, distributed on plots kept under fallow during autumn/winter, without roots; plots only with roots of black oat or wheat, without straw; and plots with straw and roots of black oat or wheat. Soybean crop performance was estimated using the following variables: plant density, leaf area index, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, shoot dry matter, grain yield, and yield components. In comparison with fallow, the cultivation of black oat or wheat, as previous crops during the autumn/winter, increases soybean grain yield. The impact of the roots of black oat or wheat on soybean yield is similar to that of straw. Soybean agronomic performance is improved in the combined presence of roots and straw of black oat or wheat.

scholarly journals Planting Density and Variety Modulated Root and Leaf Characteristics to Improve Grain Yield of Spring Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Qinglong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Maize Varieties

To better understand the accumulation and transport of substances under different planting densities, the adaptation of maize root and leaf in response to increasing planting densities was investigated. In this two-year filed study, three maize varieties, Fumin108 (FM), Xianyu335 (XY) and Dika159 (DK), were sown under three different planting densities: 15,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha-1 (D3) during 2018 and 2019. Increase in planting density gradually increased leaf area index along with reduced leaf area and net photosynthetic rate of individual leaves. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the average root dry matter decreased by 55.88 and 80.92%, and the average root number decreased by 31.18 and 38.71% under D2 and D3, respectively, compared with D1. With increase in planting density, yield and dry matter per plant of maize gradually decreased while yield and dry matter per ha was increased with increase in D1-D2 density and then flattened in D2-D3 density. Compared with D1, two-year average yield per plant was decreased by 34.10 and 51.87% under D2 and D3, respectively. The difference in the number of roots of XY, FM and DK were not significant, so change in variety did not alleviate the decrease in the number of roots. At higher planting densities (above D2), the increase in density did not increase per ha grain yield. In conclusion, the suitable plant density was about 60,000 plants ha-1 to harvest more yield of spring maize while density higher than that reduced leaf area and photosynthesis per plant. Moreover, leaf area, root number and net photosynthesis per plant was higher in lower planting density coupled with overall less yield on ha basis and thus seemed wastage of soil nutrients and light resources. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Plant density and intra-row spacing effects on phenology, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of maize in second cropping

Biologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raouf Seyed Sharifi ◽  
Ali Namvar
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spacing Effects

Crop phenology is one of the most important aspects of crop yield determination and it is essential to predicting physiological responses under varying field conditions. In order to evaluate plant density and intra-row spacing effects on phenology, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area index of maize in second cropping, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the research farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental factors were: plant population at three levels (7, 9, and 11 plants m–2) with three levels of intra-row spacing (45, 60, and 75 cm). The results showed that the maximum plant height (179.07  cm), total dry matter (592  g  m–2) in 83–91 days after sowing, days to 50% anthesis (45 days), days to 50% silking (50 days), LAI (4.07) in 63–70 days after sowing were observed in the plots with 11 plants m–2 and intra-row spacing of 45 cm. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of 11 plants m–2 with row spacing of 45 cm can be recommended for profitable maize production.

Effects of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Oil Palm

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. V. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

SUMMARYCrop growth rate of oil palm increases with leaf area index (LAI) to about 40 tons/ha./yr at the highest LAIs obtained. Net assimilation rate and dry matter production per palm decrease with increasing LAI, but the amount of dry matter per palm incorporated in vegetative tissues is unaffected by density. As a result the optimal LAI for oil yield is considerably below the critical LAI for maximum crop growth rate.

scholarly journals The morphological and phenological performance of different cotton genotypes under different plant density

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2242-2248
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
A. P. Karunakar ◽  
Anil Nath ◽  
Bolta Ram Meena
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

The field experiment conducted with different plant density and different Genotypes showed significant differences in their morphological characters and phenological characters. Among the genotypes, AKA-7 possessed higher plant height (116.4 cm), No. of sympodia (19.27 plant-1) and leaf area index (3.628) compared to other geno-types but leaf area (33.02 dm-2) and dry matter weight (103.21g/plant) were recorded higher with genotype Balwan. However, Normal plant density (100%) was registered higher plant height (102.6 cm), no of sympodia (17.33 plant-1), leaf area (27.02 dm2) and dry matter weight (58.13 g/plant) but higher leaf area index (3.430) was recorded with higher plant density (200%). Among the genotypes, AKH-081 was comparatively earlier in phenological characters i.e. first square (47.9 days), first flower (67.9 days), first boll burst (116.1 days), first picking (128.7 days) and final picking (178 days). However, Higher planting density (200%) was recorded earlier in first square (49.3 day), first flower (67.8 days), first boll burst (116.9 days), first picking (130.6 day) and final picking (179.7 days). On the basis of this experiment, genotype Balwan and normal planting density level (100%) recorded higher morphological development wherever phenological development recorded earlier with the each respective phenophase in the Gen-otype AKH-081 and highest planting density level (200%).

Effect of cultivar, sowing time, and density on the growth of subterranean clover in winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune ◽  
W. D. Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sward Height

In winter and early spring in Mediterranean environments, animal production is often limited by the low herbage availability associated with low growth rates and short swards, which result in low intake. In the present study, 26 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars were evaluated for herbage availability early in the season. There were large variations in dry matter yield (0·3-0·7 g/plant), sward height (2·9-9·3 cm), and leaf area index (1·0-5·1) among cultivars after 70 days of growth, indicating a possibility for selection of cultivars based on these parameters. Increasing plant density from 460 to 4600 plants/m2 increased dry matter yield from 88·5 to 362·8 g/m2 and sward height from 2·6 to 8·3 cm at Day 60. Early sowing increased dry matter yield, sward height, petiole length, leaf number, and leaf size by 13, 6, 32, 10, and 23%, respectively, after 70 days of growth. These results indicate that new pastures should be established early if soil moisture is adequate, and that the time of the season break has an important influence on early growth of pastures and, consequently, on the budgeting of feed in farming practice.

Study of the effect of plant density on the growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids using the Richards function

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Berzsenyi ◽  
Q. Dang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Richards Function

In maize, plant density has a considerable influence on the rate of dry matter accumulation and on its partitioning between vegetative and reproductive sinks. The aim of the present research was to use the first, second and third derivatives of the Richards function (RF) for growth analysis on maize hybrids grown at various densities. In two-factorial split-plot experiments carried out in Martonvásár, Hungary in 1997–1999 the growth analysis method was used to examine the effect of six plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 thousand plants ha −1 ) on the growth of three maize hybrids (Mara, Mv 355, Florencia) with different vegetation periods. Plant density had a significant effect on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, absolute growth rate (AGR) and absolute acceleration rate (AAR). There was a significant reduction in the asymptotic maximum (A) and growth parameters (AGR, AAR) of the whole plant and of the individual plant organs (stalk, leaf, ear and grain yield), while the parameters of the leaf area index (LAI) increased significantly with a rise in the plant density. The usefulness of the RF for approximating the growth processes of maize plants and individual plant parts was confirmed statistically.

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