Persistence and tolerance to soil acidity of phalaris and cocksfoot in north-eastern Victoria

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
SM Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Lime Application

Persistence of Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa (phalaris) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto (cocksfoot) was evaluated for 5 pH treatments at 2 field sites on acidic soils. At one site (Beechworth) the soil was strongly acidic [pH(CaCl2) 14.21 to depth (80 cm) and contained concentrations of CaCl2-extractable aluminium (Al) >11 �g/g. At the other site (Lake Rowan) the soil pH (0-10 cm) was 5.0 and A1 concentrations were 4 �g/g. At Beechworth, lime incorporated at 5.5 t/ha improved establishment of phalaris but plant density declined, and by 30 months after sowing, phalaris plant densities were similar to treatments receiving no lime. Establishment of cocksfoot was less affected by lime application than phalaris, and plant densities were similar to those of phalaris by 26 months after sowing. However, there were no differences between pasture species where no lime was applied. Considerable re-establishment of cocksfoot seedlings occurred regardless of soil treatment. Despite the reported relative sensitivity of phalaris to Al in solution culture experiments, at Beechworth phalaris had more root development at depth than cocksfoot or annual pasture. Although concentrations of Al in the subsoil were high, the perennial deep root system of phalaris may give it an advantage over cocksfoot in terms of survival over summer. A larger root system at depth may give phalaris greater potential than cocksfoot for reducing nitrate leaching and soil acidification. On less acidic soils at the Lake Rowan site, lime application did not affect establishment of either phalaris or cocksfoot. Phalaris had greater persistence than cocksfoot at Lake Rowan. Dry summer conditions at Lake Rowan were the likely cause of poor persistence of cocksfoot. More drought-tolerant cocksfoot cultivars are required if this species is to be a useful perennial grass for pastures in ley cropping areas of Victoria and southern New South Wales.

Changes in fallow weed species in continuous wheat in northern New South Wales 1981-1990

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
W. L. Felton ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
R. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
South Wales

Four experiments in northern New South Wales comparing fallow management treatments of no-tillage, cultivated with the stubble retained, and cultivated with the stubble burned, from 1981 to 1990, were sampled for weeds between wheat harvest and seeding on a number of occasions during this period. Eighty weed species were identified, 23 of which were found at all 4 sites but only 13 were recorded in the samples taken. These were dwarf amaranth, wild turnip, spear thistle, Australian bindweed, fleabane, bladder ketmia, prickly lettuce, turnip weed, variegated thistle, common sowthistle, dandelion, wild oats and native millet. The density of weeds during the fallow period decreased by 97% from 1981 to 1990 with some species eliminated, probably because of the herbicides used, particularly glyphosate and chlorsulfuron. These included Boggabri and redroot amaranth, button grass, caustic weed, dense crassula, fat hen, legumes, common peppercress, hedge mustard, London rocket, shepherd’s purse, wild mustard, sorghum-almum, paradoxa grass, wild zinnia, and wireweed. Twenty-four weed species were classified as a problem or a potential problem in the future at 1 or more sites. Seventeen weed species, including perennial grasses, often were tolerant to glyphosate at the rates used. The densities of common sowthistle and wild oat were reduced after 10 years, but still remained at all 4 sites. Plant density of species with wind-blown seeds was greater in no-tillage plots than stubble-retained or stubble-burned plots. Weeds whose seeds are dispersed by wind and weeds tolerant to glyphosate were the most troublesome. The perennial grass native millet increased at all 4 sites.

Establishment, persistence and production of lucerne-perennial grass pastures surface-sown on hill country

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Species Survival ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments on unploughed hill country near Turondale, New South Wales, the effects of rate and type of herbicide on establishment, survival and persistence of surface-sown Medicago sativa, Trifolium subterraneum, Dactylis glomerata and Phalaris tuberosa were ascertained. Measurements of plant density and dry matter production of the pasture under grazing were made for up to seven years after sowing. Establishment was achieved under various rainfall conditions from eleven sowings. Herbicide application proved essential for the establishment and survival of the perennial species. Survival of M. sativa seedlings through their first summer was greater on the 2,2-DPA treatments than on paraquat treatments. The addition of simazine to paraquat increased survival of M. sativa over that on the paraquat-alone treatment. No similar effect was observed when simazine was added to 2,2-DPA. Establishment and survival were not influenced by rates of 2,2-DPA between 4.1 and 12.4 kg a.e. ha-1. Plant density in established swards was increased by up to 1200 per cent by strategic grazing applied after the improved species had completed seeding. Lucerne dominated other species and in the final year of measurement produced 87 per cent of a mean dry matter production of 9719 kg ha-1.

Aluminium tolerance and lime increase wheat yield on the acidic soils of central and southern New South Wales

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Scott ◽  
J. A. Fisher ◽  
B. R. Cullis
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Yield Depression

Acidic soils constrain wheat yield in some parts of central and southern New South Wales. This paper describes research designed to evaluate the usefulness of aluminium (Al) tolerance, manganese (Mn) tolerance and the interaction of lime use and Al tolerance in improving wheat yields. Closely related pairs of wheat lines with tolerance and sensitivity of Al and Mn were bred. Carazinho (a Brazilian wheat cultivar) was used as a source of Al tolerance in a backcrossing, recurrent selection program to introduce tolerance into an Egret background (a locally adapted Australian cultivar). Aluminium tolerance was determined using the haematoxylin root tip test and Mn tolerance was determined using a subirrigated gravel bed system. Eight pairs divergent in tolerance of Al were evaluated for their yield on 3 acidic soil types in 5 field experiments. Grain yield increased in Egret-derived lines when Al tolerance from Carazinho was introduced. Yield from the Al-sensitive genotypes (averaged over the 8 pairs) compared with the Al-tolerant genotypes was 0.43 to 0.98 t/ha and 0.88 to 1.38 t/ha respectively on an acid earthy sand in central western New South Wales (Binnaway) in 2 seasons, and 1.08 to 1.96 t/ha and 1.29 to 1.88 t/ha on an acid podsolic soil in southern New South Wales (Borambola). On a moderately acidic red earth site (pH Ca 4.8) at Wagga Wagga, no such advantage accrued to the Al-tolerant group with the average yield for the sensitive and tolerant pairs being 5.00 and 4.78 t/ha, respectively. Manganese tolerance was assessed in only 1 of these experiments (Borambola) using 6 pairs of lines tolerant of Al but with contrasting Mn tolerance. No advantage of Mn tolerance was apparent at this site. At Binnaway the tolerant and sensitive lines responded to lime application with the tolerant lines yielding on average about 0.42 t/ha of grain more than the sensitive lines even when 5 t/ha of lime was applied. At Borambola the tolerant lines yielded 0.59 t/ha of grain more than the sensitive lines when no lime was applied. With lime application this difference in performance disappeared and Al-tolerant and sensitive lines yielded equally. At the Wagga Wagga site, the addition of lime did not affect the yield of the sensitive lines, while the tolerant lines showed a yield depression of 0.32 t/ha of grain with lime application. Three different relationships between lime application and Al tolerance were observed. While 2 relationships fit with our previous understanding, grain yield depression resulting from the combined use of Al tolerance and lime at our least acidic site remains poorly understood.

Responses of adzuki bean as affected by row spacing, plant density and variety

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
R. Redden ◽  
P. Desborough ◽  
W. Tompkins ◽  
T. Usher ◽  
A. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Wide Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Responses

Agronomic responses of varieties of adzuki bean, Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi, to row spacing and plant density were investigated at 3 locations, Kumbia and Warwick in Queensland, and Grafton in New South Wales. The treatments were: at Kumbia and Warwick row spacings of 17.8, 35.6 and 71.1 cm, 3 densities of 250 x 103, 500 x 103 and 750 x 103 plants/ha, and 4 and 3 varieties respectively; and at Grafton 4 densities of 200 x 103, 400 x 103, 550 x 103 and 700 x 103 plants/ha and 3 varieties at 30 cm row spacing. The varieties Bloodwood and Dainagon were common across locations. Grain yield was increased by 26% at Kumbia and 19% at Warwick for narrow rows versus wide rows, and by 31% at Kumbia, 22% at Warwick, and 19% at Grafton for high versus low plant density. These responses occurred over sites differing in environment and in mean yield. At Kumbia a significant interaction for yield occurred between plant density and row spacing and between variety and row spacing, whereas at the other locations yield responses to row spacing and to plant density were linear and additive. These responses differed for the large-seeded variety Dainagon with a trend for a yield decline at the highest plant density at Grafton. Phenologic responses to row spacing and to plant density were significant but very small at Warwick. Ground cover percentage at mid pod fill was reduced at both low plant densities and in wide rows, with smaller differences between the intermediate and high levels of each treatment. Variety, row spacing and plant density showed interactions for expression of ground cover at Kumbia and Warwick. Both seed weight and canopy height were less at low plant densities at Kumbia and at Warwick, but responses differed by variety at Grafton, whereas these traits were both less at wide row spacing at Kumbia but not at Warwick.Other traits with responses to plant density included; lodging percentage with a small increase at 250 x 103 ha at Kumbia, and shoot biomass which was reduced at low plant density and at wide spacing at Warwick. There were significant varietal differences in all traits except lodging percentage. Bloodwood yielded well at each site, equivalent with Erimo at Grafton and Warwick, but Dainagon was equivalent at Kumbia only and yielded significantly less at other sites. Dainagon was shorter and with larger seed than Bloodwood at each site, it reached maturity earlier at Kumbia but later at Warwick, and it had less ground cover than Bloodwood at Warwick but not quite significantly less at Kumbia. Bloodwood and Erimo were very similar over all traits except for Bloodwood having a taller canopy and later maturity at Warwick. Adzuki bean grain yield was strongly affected by both plant density and row spacing with increases from low to high plant densities and wide to narrow rows, in association with responses in ground cover. Shoot biomass, recorded at Warwick only, was less in wide rows but unresponsive to plant density. Harvest index increased with increased plant densities but was unresponsive to row spacing.

Effects of pasture and cereal sowing rates on production of undersown barrel medic and wheat covercrop in western New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Brownlee ◽  
BJ Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Densities

The effects of different sowing rates of barrel medic (0-18 kg ha-1) and wheat (0-59 kg ha-1) on the dry matter and pod production of undersown medic and the dry matter and grain yields of wheat cover crop were examined in central western New South Wales. Regressions of pasture dry matter and pod yield on medic and wheat plant densities showed that when the plant density of medic was increased, more dry matter and pod were produced but grain yields of the cover crop were reduced. The greater the quantity of pod produced in the sowing year, the greater the density of medic seedlings in the following year. Greater plant densities of wheat increased wheat dry matter production and grain yields but lowered the yields of undersown medic. Wheat and medic sowing rates for establishing medic pasture are suggested.

Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. S. Sampaio ◽  
R. Battisti ◽  
M. A. Lana ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

Canola seed yield and phenological responses to plant density

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gan Yantai ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
H. Randy Kutcher ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Byron Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Plant Densities

Optimal plant density is required to improve plant phenological traits and maximize seed yield in field crops. In this study, we determined the effect of plant density on duration of flowering, post-flowering phase, and seed yield of canola in diverse environments. The field study was conducted at 16 site-years across the major canola growing area of western Canada from 2010 to 2012. The cultivar InVigor® 5440, a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, was grown at five plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plants m−2) in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Canola seed yield had a linear relationship with plant density at 8 of the 16 site-years, a quadratic relationship at 4 site-years, and there was no correlation between the two variables in the remaining 4 site-years. At site-years with low to medium productivity, canola seed yield increased by 10.2 to 14.7 kg ha−1 for every additional plant per square metre. Averaged across the 16 diverse environments, canola plants spent an average of 22% of their life cycle flowering and another 27% of the time filling seed post-flowering. Canola seed yield had a negative association with duration of flowering and a positive association with the days post-flowering but was not associated with number of days to maturity. The post-flowering period was 12.7, 14.7, and 12.6 d (or 55, 68, and 58%) longer in high-yield experiments than in low-yield experiments in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. We conclude that optimization of plant density for canola seed yield varies with environment and that a longer post-flowering period is critical for increasing canola yield in western Canada.

Satellite derived maps of pasture growth status: association of classification with botanical composition

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Vickery ◽  
M. J. Hill ◽  
G. E. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pastures

Summary. Spectral data from the green, red and near-infrared bands of Landsat MSS and Landsat TM satellite imagery acquired in mid-spring were classified into 3 and 6 pasture growth classes respectively. The classifications were compared with a site database of botanical composition for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales to examine the association between spectral growth class and pasture composition. Pastures ranged in composition from unimproved native perennial grasses through semi-improved mixtures of native and naturalised grasses and legumes to highly improved temperate perennial grasses and legumes. For 3 years of MSS data, the fast growth class had a mean botanical composition of about 80% improved perennial grass and 0% native; medium growth class averaged 46% improved perennial grass and 14% native; while the slow growth class had about 60% native and 1% improved perennial grass when averaged over 3 years of MSS data. For the 6 class TM data from a single year, a predictive logistic regression of cumulative probability was developed for percentage of ‘very fast’ growth pixels and ordered 10 percentile categories of improved perennial grass or native grass. Differences in patch characteristics between classes with MSS disappeared with TM reclassified to the same 3 class level. Most probable pasture type was inferred from 3 class MSS and TM data using Bayesian probability analysis. The resulting maps were similar in general appearance but detail was better with the TM data. The pasture growth classification identified highly improved perennial grass pastures and native pastures but sensitivity to intermediate pasture types was poor. Future improvement will come from direct measurement of biophysical characteristics using vegetation indices or inversion of reflectance models.

Plant height and height of the main ear in maize (Zea mays L.) at different locations and different plant densities

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Gyenes-Hegyi ◽  
I. Pók ◽  
L. Kizmus ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
The Best Approximation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Ear Height

The plant height and the height of the main ear were studied over two years in twelve single cross maize hybrids sown at three different plant densities (45, 65 and 85 thousand plants/ha) at five locations in Hungary (Keszthely, Gönc, Gyöngyös, Sopronhorpács, Martonvásár). The results revealed that plant height and the height of the main ear are important variety traits and are in close correlation with each other. It was found that the hybrids grew the tallest when the genetic distance between the parental components was greatest (Mv 4, Mv 5). The height of the main ear was also the greatest in these hybrids, and the degree of heterosis was highest (193% for plant height, 194% for the height of the main ear). The shortest hybrids were those developed between related lines (Mv 7, Mv 11). In this case the heterosis effect was the lowest for both plant height (128%) and the height of the main ear (144%). The ratio of the height of the main ear to the plant height was stable, showing little variation between the hybrids (37–44%). As maize is of tropical origin it grows best in a humid, warm, sunny climate. Among the locations tested, the Keszthely site gave the best approximation to these conditions, and it was here that the maize grew tallest. The dry, warm weather in Gyöngyös stunted the development of the plants, which were the shortest at this location. Plant density had an influence on the plant size. The plants were shortest when sown at a plant density of 45,000 plants/ha, and the main ears were situated the lowest in this case. At all the locations the plant and main ear height rose when the plant density was increased to 65,000 plants/ha. At two sites (Gönc and Sopronhorpács) the plants attained their maximum height at the greatest plant density (85,000 plants/ha). In Keszthely there was no significant difference between these two characters at plant densities of 65 and 85 thousand plants/ha, while in Gyöngyös and Martonvásár the greatest plant density led to a decrease in the plant and main ear height. The year had a considerable effect on the characters tested.

scholarly journals PLANT DENSITY AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON COMMON BEAN NUTRITION AND YIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGÉRIO PERES SORATTO ◽  
TIAGO ARANDA CATUCHI ◽  
EMERSON DE FREITAS CORDOVA DE SOUZA ◽  
JADER LUIS NANTES GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Lower Plant

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and sidedressed nitrogen (N) rates on nutrition and productive performance of the common bean cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola. For each cultivar, a randomized complete block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Plots consisted of three plant densities (5, 7, and 9 plants ha-1) and subplots of five N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1). Aboveground dry matter, leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, yield components, grain yield, and protein concentration in grains were evaluated. Lower plant densities (5 and 7 plants m-1) increased aboveground dry matter production and the number of pods per plant and did not reduce grain yield. In the absence of N fertilization, reduction of plant density decreased N concentration in common bean leaves. Nitrogen fertilization linearly increased dry matter and leaf N concentration, mainly at lower plant densities. Regardless of plant density, the N supply linearly increased grain yield of cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola by 17.3 and 52.2%, respectively.

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