The effect of rainfall and crop management on take-all and eyespot of wheat in the field

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Murray ◽  
DP Heenan ◽  
AC Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Soil Water Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point ◽  
Take All

The incidence of take-all of wheat, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), and eyespot, caused by Tapesia yallundae, was examined in a long-term rotation-tillage experiment at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. Take-all occurred in years of higher August-October rainfall from 1979 to 1984. In years with take-all, soil water in the upper 20 cm was estimated to be above permanent wilting point for the growing season. Eyespot was associated with above-average rainfall during winter and spring and was more prevalent where residues of wheat or grasses were retained. After the severe drought of 1982, take-all developed to high levels in 1983 in wheat that followed wheat, lupins or pasture when stubble was retained, but was reduced in 1984 after lupins. Take-all was reduced in the lupin-wheat rotations by removing stubble through burning or by early incorporation of stubble. Take-all incidence was less in wheat that followed grazed pasture than after mown pasture. Where stubble was retained, Ggt survived on stubble from wheat in 1981, through the drought of 1982, to infect wheat in 1983, but inoculum did not survive on stubble through the wet season of 1983 to infect wheat in 1984. Regression analysis indicated that take-all was negatively correlated with yield but eyespot was not. Take-all reduced yield by reducing kernel mass in 1 year and by reducing kernels per cm2 in 2 other years. Soil water conditions that were associated with take-all development from 1979 to 1984 occurred in 50% of years from 1960 to 1989.

Tropical rainforests under severe drought stress: distinct water use strategies among and within species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Kübert ◽  
Kathrin Kühnhammer ◽  
Ines Bamberger ◽  
Erik Daber ◽  
Jason De Leeuw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Species Specific

<p>Increasing drought in the tropics is a major threat to rainforests and can strongly harm plant communities. Understanding species-specific water use strategies to drought and the subsequent recovery is therefore important for estimating the risk to tropical rainforest ecosystems of drought. Conducting a large-scale long-term drought experiment in a model rainforest ecosystem (Biosphere 2 WALD project), we evaluated the role of plant physiological responses, above and below ground, in response to drought and subsequent recovery in five species (3 canopy species, 2 understory species). The model rainforest was exposed to a 9.5-week lasting drought. Severe drought was ended with a deep water pulse strongly enriched in <sup>2</sup>H, which allowed us to distinguish between deep and shallow rooting plants, and subsequent rain (natural abundance range of <sup>2</sup>H). We assessed plant physiological responses by leaf water potential, sap flow and high resolution monitoring of leaf gas exchange (concentrations and stable isotopes of H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>). Thereby, we could derive plant water uptake and leaf water use efficiency (WUE<sub>leaf</sub>) in high temporal resolution, revealing short-term and long-term responses of plant individuals to drought and rewetting. The observed water use strategies of species and plants differed widely. No uniform response in assimilation (A) and transpiration (T) to drought was found for species, resulting in decreasing, relatively constant, or increasing WUE<sub>leaf</sub> across plant individuals. While WUE<sub>leaf</sub> of some plant individuals strongly decreased due to a breakdown in A, others maintained relatively high T and A and thus constant WUE<sub>leaf, </sub>or increased WUE<sub>leaf</sub> by decreasing T while keeping A relatively high. We expect that the observed plant-specific responses in A, T and WUE<sub>leaf</sub> were strongly related to the plant individuals' access to soil water. We assume that plant individuals with constant WUE<sub>leaf</sub> could maintain their leaf gas exchange due to access to water of deeper soil layers, while plants with increasing/decreasing WUE<sub>leaf</sub> mainly depended on shallow soil water and only had limited or no access to deep soil water. We conclude that the observed physiological responses to drought were not only determined by species-specific water use strategies but also by the diverse strategies within species, mainly depending on the plant individuals' size and place of location. Our results highlight the plasticity of water use strategies beyond species-specific strategies and emphasize its importance for species’ survival in face of climate change and increasing drought.</p>

Increases in wheat yield on limed soil after reduction of take-all by fungicide application and crop rotation

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
HD Brooke ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
DJ Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Limed Soil ◽  
Take All

The severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was measured with lime, rotation and flutriafol treatments in a long-term field experiment. The incidence of eyespot lesions caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was also measured. Flutriafol reduced the number of plants with deadheads or no heads and resulted in 12-60% more grain yield. However flutriafol had no effect on the number of plants with eyespot lesions. The number of plants with deadheads or no heads was highest (50-53%) on the wheat which was a third consecutive crop and on soil which had been amended with 2.5 and 5.0 t/ha lime. Sowing wheat after a subterranean clover based pasture considerably reduced the number of deadheads. Control of annual grasses in the pasture by spray-topping further reduced deadheads and with this treatment and at nil and low lime there were 2-7% deadheads. The percentage of plants with eyespot lesions was higher with the continuous cropped wheat. Lime increased grain yield only where the disease incidence was low but had no effect on the percentage of eyespot lesions. This work demonstrates the importance of crop rotation for disease control, particularly where soils are limed to amend severe soil acidity; the value of controlling annual grasses in pasture in the year preceding wheat cropping; and the potential of fungicide treatment as a practical means for controlling take-all in field grown wheat.

The Angler in the Environment: Social, Economic, Biological, and Ethical Dimensions

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Local Climate Change ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Fitzroy River

<i>Abstract</i> .—Central Queensland in Australia already has a highly variable rainfall and streamflow pattern. River flows of the largest local river, the Fitzroy, are seasonal and ephemeral and, between 1976 and 2008, varied in magnitude from around 349,677 to 22,903,390 ML per annum. Predictions of local climate change effects suggest that rainfall and streamflows will become more variable with less frequent but larger flood events and extended, more severe drought periods. SUNTAG is a program that has recorded details of tagged and recaptured fish in Queensland since 1986. CAPREEF is a community-based program that has collected catch-and-effort data from recreational fishers across Central Queensland since 2005. The SUNTAG and CAPREEF programs act as a long-term central repository to collect recreational fish tagging and catch information. The goal of this paper was to examine two models predicting changes associated with rainfall and streamflow, the first examining changes in barramundi <i>Lates calcarifer </i> recruitment in a wetland system and the second predicting changes in recreational catch rate of sand whiting <i>Sillago ciliata </i> and red throat emperor <i>Lethrinus miniatus</i> . Catch rates of young barramundi recruiting to a wetland in the Fitzroy River delta between 1985 and 2008 varied between 0 and 37 fish/d. The median catch rates of fishing clubs also varied widely, being highest in years following wet season flooding.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Changes in Midday Photoinhibition in Rice (Oryza sativaL.) Growing under Fluctuating Soil Water Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohtaro Iseki ◽  
Koki Homma ◽  
Takuya Irie ◽  
Tsuyoshi Endo ◽  
Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Soil Water Conditions

scholarly journals Tracking Changes on Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Sequestration after 30 Years of Different Tillage and Management Practices

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Ramón Bienes ◽  
Maria Jose Marques ◽  
Blanca Sastre ◽  
Andrés García-Díaz ◽  
Iris Esparza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Wilting Point

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions.

scholarly journals Development and Verification of the Available Number of Water Intake Days in Ungauged Local Water Source Using the SWAT Model and Flow Recession Curves

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Jung-Ryel Choi ◽  
Il-Moon Chung ◽  
Se-Jin Jeung ◽  
Kyung-Su Choo ◽  
Cheong-Hyeon Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Regional Government

Climate change significantly affects water supply availability due to changes in the magnitude and seasonality of runoff and severe drought events. In the case of Korea, despite high water supply ratio, more populations have continued to suffer from restricted regional water supplies. Though Korea enacted the Long-Term Comprehensive Water Resources Plan, a field survey revealed that the regional government organizations limitedly utilized their drought-related data. These limitations present a need for a system that provides a more intuitive drought review, enabling a more prompt response. Thus, this study presents a rating curve for the available number of water intake days per flow, and reviews and calibrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model mediators, and found that the coefficient of determination, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) from 2007 to 2011 were at 0.92, 0.84, and 7.2%, respectively, which were “very good” levels. The flow recession curve was proposed after calculating the daily long-term flow and extracted the flow recession trends during days without precipitation. In addition, the SWAT model’s flow data enables the quantitative evaluations of the number of available water intake days without precipitation because of the high hit rate when comparing the available number of water intake days with the limited water supply period near the study watershed. Thus, this study can improve drought response and water resource management plans.

Long-term field comparison of ceramic and poly(tetrafluoroethene) porous cup soil water samplers

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2005-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Beier ◽  
Karin Hansen ◽  
Per Gundersen ◽  
Bjoern R. Andersen ◽  
Lennart Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Term Field

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: IV. EFFECT OF FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PEAS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Maurer ◽  
H. F. Fletcher ◽  
D. P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Soil Water Conditions

Pea plants growing in "weighing lysimeters" were subjected to five soil-water regimes to determine their response to varying conditions of soil water imposed at different stages of development. Plants subjected to a minimal water stress developed luxuriantly and continued to grow up to the harvest period. Pea yield and plant height were not reduced, but fresh weight and dry matter were less if irrigation was applied when soil water fell to 60% rather than 88% of that available. A severe water stress after blossom reduced pea yield, irrespective of soil-water conditions prior to blossom. Plants which had been given ample soil water before blossom wilted visibly when a severe stress was imposed in the post-blossom period, yet wilting did not occur in plants subjected to severe water stress both before and after blossom. Severe water stress prior to blossom did not cause a decrease in pea yield if ample soil moisture was made available after blossom.

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