Effects of cereal grain, lupins-cereal grain or hay supplements on the intake and performance of grazing dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Stocking Rates

Summary. Three experiments of 5 weeks duration, using 32 Friesian cows per experiment, were conducted in northern Victoria during 1994–95. Experiment 1 was conducted during spring (October–November), experiment 2 was carried out in summer (January–February), and experiment 3 was in autumn (April–May). In each experiment, there was a pasture only treatment and 3 treatments in which 5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow of different supplements were offered in 2 equal feeds each day. The supplements were either pelleted cereal grain (75% barley and 25% wheat), pelleted mixed grains (50% lupins, 25% barley, 25% wheat) or hay. The hay used in experiment 1 was made from lucerne (Medicago sativa), while that used in experiments 2 and 3 originated from irrigated annual and perennial pastures, respectively. Cows strip-grazed irrigated pasture at a herbage allowance of about 30 kg DM/cow.day in each experiment. There were 4 cows per treatment and treatments were replicated twice. All supplements significantly (P<0.05) increased milk production. The lupins–cereal grain supplement resulted in the greatest response and the hay the smallest response, both in terms of absolute level of production and the marginal return to additional total DM consumed (1.4, 1.7 and 0.9 kg of extra milk for each additional kg DM of total intake associated with the cereal grain, lupins–cereal grain and hay supplement treatments, respectively). However, the marginal response to each kg of a supplement varied (P<0.05) with the time of the year. There were no differences between supplements in spring whilst in summer and autumn, the cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements were better (P<0.05) than hay. Milk solids yield responded in a manner similar to milk yield. This was principally due to the fact that none of the supplements affected (P>0.05) milk protein content and, although milk fat content was reduced (P<0.05) by both concentrate supplements, the effects were not biologically large (a difference of about 0.05 percentage units). The cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements also improved (P<0.05) the body condition of cows relative to those that were unsupplemented or were supplemented with hay. Levels of substitution were similar across types of supplement, averaging 0.28 kg DM reduction in pasture intake for each kg DM of supplement eaten. It was concluded that, at low pasture allowances (high stocking rates) with moderate supplementation, large differences in substitution between readily fermentable concentrate supplements, such as cereal grain or lupins–cereal grain, and hay are unlikely. Hence, responses in milk will largely be based on the energy content of the supplement. At higher pasture allowances and/or higher levels of supplementary feeding, variations in substitution will probably play an important role in determining the responses observed.

Feeding concentrates based on individual cow requirements improves the yield of milk solids in dairy cows grazing restricted pasture

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. García ◽  
M. Pedernera ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
A. Horadagoda ◽  
K. Nandra
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Milk Solids

A grazing experiment involving 50 lactating Holstein–Friesian dairy cows was conducted to test the hypothesis that feeding concentrates (range 3–7 kg as fed/cow.day; average 5 kg/cow.day) to grazing cows based on individual (I) cow requirements would increase milk solids yield in comparison to fixed rate (F) allocation to the whole herd (average 5 kg/cow.day for all cows). The experiment comprised two sequential periods that differed only in the way maize silage was offered to cows (either 100% on a feed pad at night or 75% on a feed pad at night, with 25% in a paddock in the morning). Intake of individual cows was estimated using the 13C and n-alkanes method. The rumen degradability of the feeds (lucerne pasture, maize silage and commercial dairy pellets) was measured in parallel, using six rumen-fistulated sheep. Compared with cows in the F group, milk yield and milk fat yield for the I cows increased (P < 0.05) by 3.0 and 11.1%, respectively. As neither milk protein content nor milk protein yield was affected (P > 0.05) by treatment, total milk solids yield (milk fat plus milk protein) was 7.0% higher (P < 0.05) for I cows than for F cows. The increase in milk fat yield was presumably associated with an improved diet nutrient balance in the I cows, as indicated by a significant correlation between fibre intake and milk fat yield for cows in the I group but not for cows in the F group. This is also supported by the results of the rumen degradability of the feeds. In this study, higher-producing cows compensated for their higher requirements by increasing intake of maize silage, rather than pasture, as the former was the less restricted feed on offer. This highlights the importance of offering at least one feed to cows in a less restricted way, in order to enable high-producing cows in the herd to compensate for their higher intake requirements. In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, feeding concentrates to cows based on individual cow requirements increased milk solids yield at no extra cost.

Effect of cereal grain and fibre supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakra Wijesundera ◽  
Zhiping Shen ◽  
William J Wales ◽  
Dawn E Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of cereal grain and fibre (hay or straw) supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation. In both experiments, grain supplements significantly increased (P<0·05) the proportion of the endogenously synthesized 10[ratio ]0–16[ratio ]0 fatty acids. Of the C18 acids, the proportion of 18[ratio ]0 and 18[ratio ]3 was significantly decreased (P<0·05) by grain supplementation, while that of 18[ratio ]2 was significantly increased (P<0·05). Irrespective of diet, 18[ratio ]1 trans-11 was the most dominant trans 18[ratio ]1 isomer in milk fat. In the first experiment, the proportions of the 18[ratio ]1 trans-11 isomer and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 18[ratio ]2 cis-9, trans-11) were highest for the pasture-only diets, and significantly (P<0·05) decreased with grain supplementation. The opposite result was observed in the second experiment, conducted in a different dairy region, suggesting that factors such as the quality of pasture on offer and the physiological state of the cow could affect the content of CLA and trans fatty acids in milk fat. In both experiments, there was a significant positive linear relationship between CLA and 18[ratio ]1 trans-11. Fibre supplements had little effect on the fatty acid composition of the milk.

Influence of pasture and concentrates in the diet of grazing dairy cows on the fatty acid composition of milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Richard Stockdale ◽  
Glen P Walker ◽  
William J Wales ◽  
Dawn E Dalley ◽  
Anne Birkett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

In five short-term experiments conducted in Victoria in 1997 and 1998, grazing dairy cows were given either pasture alone or pasture supplemented with high-energy concentrates, and the fatty acid profiles of milk fat were measured. We established the effects of these feeds on some aspects of milk fat of importance for human nutrition, but we specifically focused on the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in milk fat increase as pasture intake increases, and decrease as more concentrates are fed. In agreement with previous research, feeding fresh pasture alone resulted in high concentrations (1·0–1·8 g/100 g milk fat) of CLA. When the effect of level of pasture consumption on CLA content was examined, a significant positive relationship (r2=0·35; P<0·05) was obtained. When cereal grain concentrates were used to supplement pasture intake, the CLA content of milk fat generally declined (P<0·05), except where the amount of concentrates given led to a marked reduction in total milk fat concentration. The use of cereal grain concentrates also generally resulted in significant (P<0·05) increases in medium-chain saturated fatty acids, but always reduced the contribution of butyric acid to milk fat, from 4·5 to 3·9 g/100 g milk fat, on average.

Feed product in the rations of freshly calved cows consisting of protected soybean and sunfl ower protein

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
E. G. Chuprina ◽  
A. B. Vlasov ◽  
D. A. Yurin ◽  
N. A. Yurina
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Experimental Group

Conducting dairy cattle breeding in modern environments is impossible without a deep understanding of all the physiological processes occurring in the body of a highly productive animal. It is well known that the realization of the genetic potential of cows is impossible without the use of high-quality feed products and feeds. The issue of complete feeding of ruminants is particularly acute during the period of increasing the milk yield. The purpose of the researches was to study the feeding of the PassPro Balance feed product consisting of protected soybean and sunfl ower protein in the rations of freshly calved highly productive cows. It has been found as a result of the experiment that the input of the studied additive in the amount of 2 kg in the ration of cows of the experimental group contributed to the increased consumption of feed dry matter by 3,4 %. For the period of experiment from the experimental animals by 12,0 % more milk (P < 0,05) has been received in comparison with the control group. It has been found that the yield of milk fat in the experimental group was signifi cantly higher than the control one by 13,3 % (P < 0,05). In the experimental group of cows there was a tendency to increase the milk protein content by 10,8 %. By adjusting milk yield by 4,0 % in the experimental group of cows this indicator signifi cantly exceeded the control by 12,8 % (P < 0,05). When analyzing the rumen fl uid for microbiological indicators, a certain decrease in enterobacteria and staphylococci has been found in samples of cows of the experimental group with the increase in lactic acid microorganisms by 1,6 times. The pH of the rumen fl uid of cows of both groups was at the level of 6,2, which excludes the development of acidosis in animals during the fresh calving period.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin effects on animals health and milk composition of the ruminants

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. KOUROUSEKOS (Γ.Δ. ΚΟΥΡΟΥΣΕΚΟΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
General Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Milk Protein Content

Anatoxins constitute toxic metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are considered to be the mycotoxins, first detected and researched by the scientists. Aflatoxin consumption by animals or humans could lead to their organism function disorder, mainly depending on the duration of consumption and the quantity of the toxin. Such disorders, caused by aflatoxins and/or by other mycotoxins as well, could seriously affect animal production, the quality of the foods of animal origin and also the farmers income. After aflatoxin Bl is consumed by lactating animals, it is metabolised to aflatoxin Ml, which is excreted into the milk. As a consequence of aflatoxin influence on the general condition of animals, together with the excretion into the milk, the effects on milk quality, including changes in some milk components concentration could be considered as possible. Unfortunately, the present literature regarding this suggestion is inadequate. The reports regarding aflatoxin effects on the general condition of animals are mainly related with basic parameters, whose change can influence animal production. Such parameters are the body weight and the biochemical parameters of liver and kidneys. Reduction of body weight, decreased food consumption, increased concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and probably of alanine aminotransferase, extensive liver damage are reported by most authors. As for the milk fat concentration, some researchers did not reveal any aflatoxin effects on fat values, while others report a significant reduction of milk fatty acids.These results were attributed to the inhibition or the decreased production of some enzymes, appropriate for fatty acids synthesis, such as synthetase. Regarding the milk protein content, no aflatoxin effects on it are reported. Most researchers make reason for a slight increase of total protein blood levels after aflatoxin consumption as well as for RNA polymerase suspended action, resulting in the inhibition of a lot of metabolic reactions, such as protein synthesis. Moreover, no significant changes were recorded concerning either the milk lactose content or the glucose blood concentration, after aflatoxin consumption. The likelihood of the possible aflatoxin effects on udder health, resulting in mastitis, or on somatic cell count and total microbial count changes cannot be supported by the up-today existing data. Additionally, these parameters could be affected by a variety of factors, requiring, for this reason, extensive research.

Supplementation with whole cottonseed reduces methane emissions and can profitably increase milk production of dairy cows offered a forage and cereal grain diet

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Grainger ◽  
T. Clarke ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
S. M. McGinn ◽  
R. J. Eckard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Milk Solids

The experimental objective was to determine if whole cottonseed (WCS) could be used as a dietary supplement to reduce enteric methane emissions and profitably increase milk production from dairy cattle over the summer period when pasture is limited in quantity and has a low nutritive value. Fifty lactating cows, ~200 days in milk, were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control or WCS). Cows were offered lucerne hay (in the morning) and pasture silage (in the afternoon) made from a predominantly ryegrass sward in one group for 5 weeks. The hay and silage were placed on the ground in a bare paddock. Cows in each group were also individually offered cracked grain in a feed trough at 3 kg DM/cow.day at milking times. In addition, at milking times, cows in the WCS group were individually offered 2.7 kg DM/cow.day of untreated WCS with their grain supplement. Measurements of methane emissions (n = 12), using the SF6 tracer technique, were made in weeks 3 and 5 after the commencement of feeding treatments. Supplementation with WCS significantly reduced methane emissions by 12% (g/cow.day) and by 21% (g/cow.kg milk solids) and significantly increased yield of milk (n = 25) by 15%, milk fat by 19% and milk protein by 16%. WCS had no effect on concentration of milk fat or lactose, but resulted in a significant 3% decrease in protein concentration. WCS appears to be a promising supplement for reducing methane emissions and increasing milk production from dairy cattle when pasture is limited in quantity and has a low nutritive value.

‘Man Is Ill Because He Is Badly Constructed’: Artaud, Klossowski and Deleuze in Search for the Earth Inside

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Dolphijn
Keyword(s):  
Performance Art ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
Body Without Organs ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
And Performance

Starting with Antonin Artaud's radio play To Have Done With The Judgement Of God, this article analyses the ways in which Artaud's idea of the body without organs links up with various of his writings on the body and bodily theatre and with Deleuze and Guattari's later development of his ideas. Using Klossowski (or Klossowski's Nietzsche) to explain how the dominance of dialogue equals the dominance of God, I go on to examine how the Son (the facialised body), the Father (Language) and the Holy Spirit (Subjectification), need to be warded off in order to revitalize the body, reuniting it with ‘the earth’ it has been separated from. Artaud's writings on Balinese dancing and the Tarahumaran people pave the way for the new body to appear. Reconstructing the body through bodily practices, through religion and above all through art, as Deleuze and Guattari suggest, we are introduced not only to new ways of thinking theatre and performance art, but to life itself.

scholarly journals Identification of Genomic Regions Associated with Concentrations of Milk Fat, Protein, Urea and Efficiency of Crude Protein Utilization in Grazing Dairy Cows

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Hewa Bahithige Pavithra Chathurangi Ariyarathne ◽  
Martin Correa-Luna ◽  
Hugh Thomas Blair ◽  
Dorian John Garrick ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Genomic Regions

The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with milk fat percentage (FP), crude protein percentage (CPP), urea concentration (MU) and efficiency of crude protein utilization (ECPU: ratio between crude protein yield in milk and dietary crude protein intake) using grazing, mixed-breed, dairy cows in New Zealand. Phenotypes from 634 Holstein Friesian, Jersey or crossbred cows were obtained from two herds at Massey University. A subset of 490 of these cows was genotyped using Bovine Illumina 50K SNP-chips. Two genome-wise association approaches were used, a single-locus model fitted to data from 490 cows and a single-step Bayes C model fitted to data from all 634 cows. The single-locus analysis was performed with the Efficient Mixed-Model Association eXpedited model as implemented in the SVS package. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide association p-values ≤ 1.11 × 10−6 were considered as putative quantitative trait loci (QTL). The Bayes C analysis was performed with the JWAS package and 1-Mb genomic windows containing SNPs that explained > 0.37% of the genetic variance were considered as putative QTL. Candidate genes within 100 kb from the identified SNPs in single-locus GWAS or the 1-Mb windows were identified using gene ontology, as implemented in the Ensembl Genome Browser. The genes detected in association with FP (MGST1, DGAT1, CEBPD, SLC52A2, GPAT4, and ACOX3) and CPP (DGAT1, CSN1S1, GOSR2, HERC6, and IGF1R) were identified as candidates. Gene ontology revealed six novel candidate genes (GMDS, E2F7, SIAH1, SLC24A4, LGMN, and ASS1) significantly associated with MU whose functions were in protein catabolism, urea cycle, ion transportation and N excretion. One novel candidate gene was identified in association with ECPU (MAP3K1) that is involved in post-transcriptional modification of proteins. The findings should be validated using a larger population of New Zealand grazing dairy cows.

scholarly journals PSX-8 Effects of dietary concentrate level and limited feed access on feed intake and performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 455-456
Author(s):  
Luana P Ribeiro ◽  
Ryszard Puchala ◽  
Terry A Gipson ◽  
Raquel V Lourencon ◽  
Arthur L Goetsch
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concentrate Level

Abstract The objective was to determine if effects of different limited feed access treatments on performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats vary with dietary concentrate level. Primiparous (29; 55.2±0.8 kg BW) and multiparous Alpine goats (29; 70.2±1.06 kg) were used in a 24-wk study of 3 8-wk phases beginning at 7.1±0.37 d after kidding. Diets of 40 or 60% concentrate (40C and 60C, respectively) were offered free choice in Calan gate feeders, with access continuously (CON), for 8 h between morning and afternoon milkings (DAY), or for 2 h after each milking (FRH). Although there were many interactions involving phase, ADG during the entire study was greater for CON vs. FRH (P &lt; 0.05; -20, -41, and -61 g for CON, DAY, and FRH, respectively; SEM = 8.6). Intake of DM also was greater for CON than for FRH (P &lt; 0.05; 2.17, 2.03, 2.01, 2.29, 2.07, and 1.80 kg/d for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.093). There were interactions (P &lt; 0.02) between concentrate level and access treatment in milk yield (2.55, 2.41, 2.61, 3.21, 2.66, and 2.27 kg/d; SEM=0.103) and protein concentration (2.65, 2.55, 2.60, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.49%; SEM = 0.042), and milk fat concentration was greatest among treatments (P &lt; 0.05) for FRH (2.79, 2.77, 3.18, 2.86, 2.89, and 3.02% for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.103). As a consequence, milk energy yield was 6.14, 5.70, 6.67, 7.83, 6.58, and 5.61 MJ/d (SEM=0.251) and the ratio of milk energy to DMI was 3.01, 2.87, 3.37, 3.47, 3.28, and 3.18 MJ/kg for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.123). Overall, limited feeder access treatments did not improve performance and, in fact, the shortest access treatment increased BW loss; however, efficiency of feed DM usage for milk energy yield was not adversely impacted.

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