Acidification under grazed annual and perennial grass based pastures

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
WJ Slattery ◽  
KR Helyar ◽  
A Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Addition Rate ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Alkali Addition

Soil samples to a depth of 60 cm were collected from adjacent, 39-year-old, phalaris-based and annual pasture fields on an acid soil at Rutherglen, north-eastern Victoria. The fields had similar histories of fertiliser application and stock enterprise. Minimum net acid addition rates were determined under both pasture types, and the soil under annual pasture showed greater acidification. Carbon cycle acid addition contributed 1.3 1 and 1.36 kmol H+/ha.year to net acid addition on annual and phalaris pastures, respectively. Because slow alkaline soil reactions in the field contribute to buffering capacity on an acid soil and lead to underestimation of net acid addition rate and nitrate leaching, estimates of such reactions were made for both pasture types. If correct assumptions were used nitrate leaching was substantial under both pasture types but was reduced by 1.01 kmol H+/ha.year under phalaris pasture. This suggests that perennial grass based pastures can be used to reduce acidification on pastoral soils. Alkali addition to counteract net acidification may be necessary on acid soils to maintain management options for growing aluminium-sensitive species.

Persistence traits in perennial pasture grasses: the case of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
R. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Australia

Persistence is consistently claimed by Australian farmers as a high priority for perennial grasses in long-term pastures. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) is a productive perennial grass with proven persistence in south-eastern Australia. Nevertheless, factors that determine the persistence of pasture species in southern Australia related to climate (drought), soil (acidity), grazing pressure, and, importantly, their interaction can reduce persistence of phalaris and other species in various situations. These factors and their interactions are discussed in this review, and strategies to improve persistence with emphasis on plant breeding approaches are considered, with the most durable outcomes achieved when breeding and management options are employed concurrently. Two examples of breeding to improve persistence traits in phalaris are described. A program to improve acid-soil tolerance resulted first in the release of cv. Landmaster, and recently Advanced AT, which is the most aluminium (Al)-tolerant cultivar of phalaris to date. It was bred by recurrent selection on acid soils in a population containing genes from a related, more Al-tolerant species, P. arundinacea. The higher Al tolerance of cv. Advanced AT is of most benefit in more assured establishment on acid soils under variable moisture conditions and confers improved flexibility of sowing date. Cultivar Holdfast GT was bred to address complaints of poor persistence under heavy grazing by cultivars of the highly productive, winter-active type, since high grazing tolerance is needed to achieve profitable returns from developed pastureland. Evidence of good persistence under grazing for cv. Holdfast GT and possible tradeoffs with productivity are discussed. Maintaining high productivity under a predicted higher incidence of drought stress (climate change) and increasing areas of acid soils presents ongoing challenges for persistence in pastures.

Preferential nitrate immobilization in alkaline soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Rochester ◽  
GA Constable ◽  
DA Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Nitrate Assimilation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Nitrate Immobilization

The literature pertaining to N immobilization indicates that ammonium is immobilized in preference to nitrate. Our previous research in an alkaline clay soil has indicated substantial immobilization of nitrate. To verify the preference for immobilization of nitrate or ammonium by the microbial biomass in this and other soil types, the immobilization of ammonium and nitrate from applications of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate following the addition of cotton crop stubble was monitored in six soils. The preference for ammonium or nitrate immobilization was highly correlated with each soil's pH, C/N ratio and its nitrification capacity. Nitrate was immobilized in preference to ammonium in neutral and alkaline soils; ammonium was preferentially immobilized in acid soils. No assimilation of nitrate (or nitrification) occurred in the most acid soil. Similarly, little assimilation of ammonium occurred in the most alkaline soil. Two physiological pathways, the nitrate assimilation pathway and the ammonium assimilation pathway, appear to operate concurrently; the dominance of one pathway over the other is indicated by soil pH. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor to an alkaline soil enhanced the immobilization of ammonium. Recovery of 15N confirmed that N was not denitrified, but was biologically immobilized. The immobilization of 1 5 ~ and the apparent immobilization of N were similar in magnitude. The identification of preferential nitrate immobilization has profound biological significance for the cycling of N in alkaline soils.

Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 1. Agronomic implications of vegetation - environment associations within a naturalised temperate perennial grassland

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. McG. King ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
G. D. Millar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Winter Annual

Temperate perennial grass-based pastures dominate the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and support a major livestock production industry. This area has experienced a recent change in overall pasture condition, however, typified by a reduction in the abundance of perennial grasses and an increasingly prominent winter-annual grass weed component. Improving the condition and productivity of these pastures can be achieved by improved management but this requires better knowledge of the interactions between management options and pasture species composition and of the interaction between pasture vegetation and the complex effects of a heterogeneous landscape. This paper reports the results of an intensive survey of a 60-ha paddock that was designed to identify the species present, determine their patterns of distribution and examine the relationships between pasture vegetation and the environment. The survey of species present in late summer was supplemented by the identification of seedlings that later emerged from extracted soil cores and by soil physical and chemical analyses. Data were analysed using ordination and interpreted with GIS software so that topographic features could be considered. The most frequently identified taxa were Hypochaeris radicata, Austrodanthonia spp. and Bothriochloa spp. (in late summer) and Vulpia spp., Bromus molliformis and Trifolium subterraneum (winter-annual species). Austrodanthonia spp. were commonly found on the drier ridges and more acid soils with lower phosphate levels. These were also the areas dominated in spring by Vulpia spp. and were generally lower in plant species richness overall. The most species-rich areas occurred downslope where soil fertility was higher and less moisture stress was presumably experienced. The measured environmental factors explained a substantial proportion of the variation in the vegetation dataset, which underlined the importance of considering landscape effects in the management of typical tablelands pastures.

scholarly journals Soil Acidity and its Management Options in Ethiopia: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aboytu Sisay Golla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Ethiopian Highlands ◽  
Amend Soil

Soil acidity is one of the chemical soil degradation problems which affect soil productivity in the Ethiopian highlands. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands) and is getting an increase. Farmers require simple and sustainable techniques to amend acid soils and improve yields of crops of their choices. Recommendations on reclamation of acid soils need to change with new developments, such as liming, use of acid-tolerant crop varieties, integrated soil fertility management, and using of organic fertilizers. Liming has played an important role in raising soil pH and enhancing crop productivity. In Ethiopia, the gap between potential and actual yield is very wide because of soil acidity and associated nutrient availability. Acidic soils are not responsive to the application of inorganic fertilizers without amendments-it is simply wastage of resources. Thus, developing effective and efficient acid soil management practices is indispensable for enhancing crop productivity and thereby sustaining yield gains. This review focuses on the causes and managements of soil acidity and its subsequent effect on soil fertility and crop yield. It also provides important information on management options to amend soil acidity and improve the entire fertility of soils, and other organic amendments that can be applied to remedy soil acidity to the desired pH level and improve soil quality. Integrated acid soil management enhances the stability of yields and maximizes nutrient use efficiency.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL ACIDITY PROBLEM IN ALBERTA AND NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE ◽  
B. SIEMENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

The amount of cultivated acid soil in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia was estimated from pH values of farm samples analyzed by the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory, and the effect of soil acidity on crops was assessed from field experiments on 28 typical acid soils. The field experiments consisted of two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one cultivar each of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown with and without lime for 2 yr. There are about 30,000 ha of soils with a pH of 5.0 or less where soil acidity seriously restricts yields of all four crop species. There are approximately 300,000 ha with a soil pH of 5.1–5.5 where liming will on the average increase yields of alfalfa by 100%, yields of barley by 10–15%, and yields of rapeseed and red clover by 5–10%. There are a further 1,600,000 ha where soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 6.0 and liming will increase yields of alfalfa by approximately 50% and yields of barley, rapeseed and red clover by at least 4–5%.

scholarly journals Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield ofOryza sativaL. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Maru ◽  
Osumanu Ahmed Haruna ◽  
Walter Charles Primus
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to N dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. Biochar (5 t ha−1) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended N application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. Selected soil chemical properties, rice plants growth variables, nutrient use efficiency, and yield were determined using standard procedures. Coapplication of biochar with 100% and 75% urea recommendation rates significantly increased nutrients availability (especially P and K) and their use efficiency in both pot and field trials. These treatments also significantly increased rice growth variables and grain yield. Coapplication of biochar and urea application at 75% of the recommended rate can be used to improve soil chemical properties and productivity and reduce urea use by 25%.

scholarly journals Uji Pendahuluan Genotipe-genotipe Kedelai Hasil Seleksi In Vitro terhadap Cekaman Aluminium dan pH Rendah

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Arief Vivi Noviati ◽  
Sri Hutami ◽  
Ika Mariska ◽  
Endang Sjamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

<p class="p1">Aluminum toxicity is a major constraint to soybean production in acid soils. Since variabilities on Al tolerance in plants are very limited, mutation breeding, and <em>in vitro </em>selection were used to increase the variability. Three soyben genotypes were produced from cultivars Wilis and Sindoro that have been gamma irradiated and selected <em>in vitro </em>for their tolerance to Al on Al and low pH media. These genotypes and their original cultivars were then planted in a greenhouse in an acid soil on May 2001. The results showed that the plant performances were varied, some were shorter and more compact than the original. Based on the yield components, a number of plants from the genotypes showed higher than those of the control cultivars. These plants were considered more tolerant to Al than the original cultivars.</p>

scholarly journals Karakter Root Re-Growth Sebagai Parameter Toleransi Aluminium pada Tanaman Padi

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Dewi Indriyani Roslim ◽  
Miftahudin Miftahudin ◽  
Utut Suharsono ◽  
Hajrial Aswidinnoor ◽  
Alex Hartana
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Plant Breeding Program

Aluminum (Al) is one of the major limited factors in crop production on acid soils. Aluminum tolerant plants can beselected from plant breeding program by one of the physiological parameters representing Al tolerance character,such as root re-growth capability during recovery from the Al-stress. In this study we determined the concentrationand time exposure of Al stress that was able to differentiate the response of three local upland rice varieties(Grogol, Hawarabunar and Krowal) and an Al-sensitive rice variety (IR64) to Al-stress, and evaluated the effectivenessof root re-growth (RRG) characters as an Al tolerance parameter in rice. The study consisted of three experiments,which were 1) nutrient culture experiment with different Al concentration treatments in growth chamber, 2) potexperiment in greenhouse using Jasinga yellow red podzolic acid soil containing 26,66 me/100 g Al and pH 4,6 asplanting media, and 3) phenotyping of F2 population using RRG character. The results showed that Al treatment at15 ppm for 72 h was able to distinctly differentiate between Al-tolerant (Grogol and Hawarabunar) and Al-sensitivevarieties (Krowal and IR64). Planting of the rice varieties on acid soils showed similar result as that of the nutrientculture. Phenotyping of F2 population using RRG character indicated the existence of RRG value variation. Thesevariations demonstrated that RRG character can be used as an Al tolerance parameter in rice and therefore can beeffectively applied to screen rice F2 population that segregate to Al tolerance character.

CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Plant Parts

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.

scholarly journals Effect of soil acidity, soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid-soil resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA E. HALING ◽  
RICHARD J. SIMPSON ◽  
RICHARD A. CULVENOR ◽  
HANS LAMBERS ◽  
ALAN E. RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Resistance
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