Reliability of three sites for measuring fat depth on the beef carcass

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Biplot Analysis ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Degree Of Damage ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Beef Carcass

Over a 12-month period, damage at the P8 rump and 12thl13th rib sites was evaluated on 10 968 beef carcasses at 4 Tasmanian abattoirs. Damage at the 8th/9th rib site was monitored on 507 carcasses at 1 abattoir for 3 months. A biplot analysis showed a marked variation between and within abattoirs for the extent of damage at the P8 and 12th/ 13th rib sites. This demonstrated that the length of time over which evaluations were made was likely to influence subsequent interpretations. However, the percentage of carcasses measurable on one or other of the sides exceeded 90% for both the P8 and 12th/13th rib sites, with no evidence that 1 site was more reliable than the other. Factors such as worker technique influenced the extent of damage, demonstrating that conscientious management could reduce the problem. The method of mechanical hide removal was not found to have a bearing on the degree of damage. Under the conditions of this study, the extent of damage and difficulty of measurement precludes the use of the 8th/9th rib site as an alternative for measuring fat depth.

scholarly journals A minimal apparatus method for counting bacteria: comparison with reference method in surveying beef carcasses at three commercial abattoirs

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hudson ◽  
T. A. Roberts ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Tile Method

SUMMARYIn two surveys of three commercial abattoirs a minimal apparatus method for making bacterial counts, the ‘loop-tile’ method, detected the same trends in bacterial numbers on beef carcasses as the ISO reference method applied to the same samples. Both methods showed the carcasses from one abattoir, that with an export licence, to carry consistently higher numbers of bacteria, and one of the four sites sampled on each carcass to be consistently dirtier than the other three.

Layer-specific strain analysis: investigation of regional deformations in a rat model of acute versus chronic myocardial infarction

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (5) ◽  
pp. H549-H558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Bachner-Hinenzon ◽  
Offir Ertracht ◽  
Assaf Malka ◽  
Marina Leitman ◽  
Zvi Vered ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Specific Strain ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Extent Of Damage

Myocardial infarction (MI) injury extends from the endocardium toward the epicardium. This phenomenon should be taken into consideration in the detection of MI. To study the extent of damage at different stages of MI, we hypothesized that measurement of layer-specific strain will allow better delineation of the MI extent than total wall thickness strain at acute stages but not at chronic stages, when fibrosis and remodeling have already occurred. After baseline echocardiography scans had been obtained, 24 rats underwent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Thirteen rats were rescanned at 24 h post-MI and eleven rats at 2 wk post-MI. Next, rats were euthanized, and histological analysis for MI size was performed. Echocardiographic scans were postprocessed by a layer-specific speckle tracking program to measure the peak circumferential strain (SCpeak) at the endocardium, midlayer, and epicardium as well as total wall thickness SCpeak. Linear regression for MI size versus SCpeak showed that the slope was steeper for the endocardium compared with the other layers ( P < 0.001), meaning that the endocardium was more sensitive to MI size than the other layers. Moreover, receiver operating characteristics analysis yielded better sensitivity and specificity in the detection of MI using endocardial SCpeak instead of total wall thickness SCpeak at 24 h post-MI ( P < 0.05) but not 2 wk later. In conclusion, at acute stages of MI, before collagen deposition, scar tissue formation, and remodeling have occurred, damage may be nontransmural, and thus the use of endocardial SCpeak is advantageous over total wall thickness SCpeak.

THE EFFECT OF RIBBING SITE ON FAT THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS AND THE PREDICTION OF BEEF CARCASS COMPOSITION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
W. M. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Beef Carcass

Over a 2-yr period, 409 beef carcasses were used to assess the differences of ribbing site (11/12th vs. 12/13th) on fat thickness measurements and the use of these measurements to predict carcass composition. Minimum fat thickness taken at the location specified for use under Canadian beef carcass grading procedures was 1.6 mm less, averaged over all carcasses at the 13th rib, compared with the same measurement taken at the 12th rib. Prediction equations for estimating carcass lean or fat content based on coefficients of determination and residual standard deviations had similar precision using fat thickness measurements from either ribbing site. These results are discussed in reference to National carcass grading procedures. Key words: Carcass grading, fat thickness, carcass composition

Bacterial Count from Bovine Carcasses as an Indicator of Hygiene at Slaughtering Places: A Proposal for Sampling

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE A. LASTA ◽  
RICARDO RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
MARTA ZANELLI ◽  
CARLOS A. MARGARÍA
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Sampling Plan ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Polyurethane Sponge ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

A sampling technique by which the whole carcass is rubbed with a polyurethane sponge was used to study bacterial status on 523 beef carcasses at six different slaughterhouses over four different years. Although some abattoirs were differentiated based upon the psychrotroph counts from their carcasses, effects on counts of visits and season of sample taking, as well as interaction year x abattoir found at the other plants were large enough to mask the abattoir effect. Mesophile counts were not consistent enough to discriminate abattoirs, while, Enterobacteria, total and fecal coliforms, and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive organisms showed very low counts and did not set apart differences. A guideline to monitor beef carcass hygiene and indirectely the hygiene of the slaughtering practices through the psychrotroph counts is proposed. A two-kinds sampling plan is suggested with “right-incorrect” as levels of hygiene. A sample unit (n) of 10, an acceptance number of contaminated carcasses (c) of 3, and a count limit (m) of 103 CFU/cm2 are proposed. Under this guideline, a lot of carcasses will be deemed as hygiene lacking when 4 or more, out of 10 carcasses, yield counts of 103 CFU/cm2 or higher.

THE MEASUREMENT OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT THICKNESS IN COLD BEEF CARCASSES WITH AN AUTOMATIC PROBE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
C. R. HAWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Repeated Reading ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Probe Measurement ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Beef Carcass

Left sides from 360 cold beef carcasses were probed at the 11th rib site for fat thickness at three positions (1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 positions). Each probe measurement was repeated and the fat thickness at the three sites was then measured using a ruler. Comparison of probe readings with ruler measures showed that the probe consistantly overpredicted fat thickness by margins ranging from 3 to 8 mm (P < 0.001). Regression of probe readings on ruler measures showed that only in the 1/4 position was the slope not different (P > 0.05) from unity. Regression of the first probe reading on the repeated reading also showed that the slope for the 1/4 position was not different (P > 0.05) from unity. Key words: Beef, carcass grading, fat thickness, FDI

A survey of marbling fat in Canadian beef carcasses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Beef Carcass

Marbling score was assessed in 20 437 Canadian beef carcasses on a 10-point scale (1 = very abundant, 10 = devoid) in six provinces during the period August to November 1989. Heifer carcasses had a lower marbling score (more marbling fat) than steer carcasses, and both had lower marbling scores (more marbling fat) than bull carcasses. Marbling increased as Canada grade changed from B1 to A1 and from A1 through to A4, indicating that marbling fat increased with carcass fatness. The regression of marbling score on carcass weight and carcass 12th rib fat thickness, although significant, showed that these traits only accounted for 0.5 and 6%, respectively, of the overall variation in marbling score. The overall distribution of marbling scores showed that 20.6% of carcasses had small or more marbling, 57.9% had slight marbling, 20.4% had traces of marbling and 1.1% were devoid of marbling. Key words: Beef, carcass, marbling, survey

scholarly journals Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli from beef and swine carcasses and the characterization of their genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. М. Berhilevych ◽  
V. V. Kasianchuk ◽  
O. M. Deriabin ◽  
M. D. Kukhtyn
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Positive Isolate ◽  
Stx1 Gene ◽  
Beef Carcass

Escherichia coli is part of the normal microflora of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals, but its presence in raw material and food of animal origin is considered as fecal contamination and can be very dangerous for consumers. The determination of the number of E. coli in raw material and food is important because among them can be pathogenic strains. The most dangerous strains are considered enterohemorrhagic E. coli as a causative agent of severe bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic uremic syndrome in humans through the production of Shiga-toxin, which is the main virulence factor, responsible for disease. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli (STEC) from swabs of beef and swine carcass in slaughterhouses in Ukraine and characterize their genes, which are responsible for pathogenic properties. A total of 230 samples of swabs from beef (130) and swine (100) carcasses were obtained from 5 slaughterhouses in Ukraine between 2012 and 2015. Samples of swabs from carcasses were randomly selected at the final point of the process after the final washing of the carcass from the following areas: distal hind limb, abdomen (lateral and medial) from swine carcasses, brisket, flank and flank groin areas from beef carcasses. All samples were examined by culture-dependent method, after that each positive isolate of STEC was analyzed by multiplex PCR to detect the stx1, stx2, and eae genes. Out of 230 collected samples, seven (7.2%) were contaminated with STEC. The highest prevalence of STEC was found in swabs from beef carcasses (8.1%) in comparison to swabs from swine carcasses (5.7%). The stx1 gene was the predominant gene detected in all STEC positive samples. The eae gene was found in one of the examined isolates from beef carcass. Three isolates from swabs of beef carcass carried both stx1 and stx2 genes, one isolate showed association between stx1 and eae genes, one isolate was positive for stx1 gene only. In swabs from swine carcasses (2 isolates) stx1 and stx2 genes were presented simultaneously. The results of this study suggested that fresh raw meat could be a potential vehicle for transmission of the Shiga toxin-producing strain of E. coli to humans. This is the first report of STEC prevalence in beef and swine carcasses in Ukraine and these data will be valuable for microbiological risk assessment and help the appropriate services to develop strategies to mitigate health risk.

Determination of the Principal Points of Product Contamination during Beef Carcass Dressing Processes in Northern Ireland

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1494-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT H. MADDEN ◽  
KATHRYN A. MURRAY ◽  
ARTHUR GILMOUR
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Principal Points ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Beef Carcass

To determine the principal points of microbial contamination of carcasses during beef carcass dressing in Northern Ireland, 190 carcasses were sampled by swabbing 1,000 cm2 of the brisket. A detailed survey of one abattoir was initially conducted, with sampling of a total of 100 carcasses immediately after hide removal (H), after carcass splitting (S), and immediately after washing (W) before dispatch to the chiller. The total bacterial counts after incubation at both 22 and 37°C indicated that there was no significant increase in the numbers of bacteria after the first sampling point, H (P &gt; 0.05). To determine whether this was the case in the majority of Northern Ireland abattoirs, 15 carcasses were then sampled at each of an additional six abattoirs, at points H and W only. Total bacterial counts were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) at H than at W, indicating that hide pulling was the major point of bacterial contamination of beef carcasses and hence a critical control point for the final microbiological quality of the carcasses. Mean counts of Enterobacteriaceae at both incubation temperatures were very low (&lt;10 CFU/cm2) but were higher at W than at H, probably indicating that washing was redistributing bacteria from the posterior to the anterior region.

An investigation into the anaerobic spoilage microbiota of beef carcass and rump steak cuts using high- throughput sequencing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eden Esteves ◽  
Paul Whyte ◽  
John Mills ◽  
Gale Brightwell ◽  
Tanushree B Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Meat Spoilage ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Beef Carcass

Abstract The presence of anaerobic microflora on fresh beef carcass and rump steaks, which may contribute to meat spoilage, was explored in this study. A total of 120 carcass and 120 rump steak swabs were collected immediately after slaughtering and boning, respectively from five meat plants, anaerobically incubated and enriched d at 4°C for 3 weeks. This was followed by DNA extraction and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeqTM, with subsequent bioinformatics analysis. The enriched microbiota of the samples was classified and grouped into 149 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The microbiota recovered from both sample types consisted mainly of Carnobacterium, with an average relative abundance of 28.4% and 32.8% in beef carcasses and beef rump steaks, respectively. This was followed by Streptococcus, Serratia, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, Raoultella and Aeromonas ranging from 1.5–20% and 0.1–29.8% in enriched carcasses and rump steak swabs, respectively. Trichococcus, Bacteroides, Dysgomonas, Providencia, Paraclostridium and Proteus were also present ranging from 0–0.8% on carcass and 0–1.8% on rump steak swabs, respectively. Alpha and Beta diversity measurements showed limited diversity between the two sample types, but some differences between samples from the beef plants investigated were evident. This study highlights the presence of potential spoilage bacteria, mainly anaerobic genera on and between carcass and rump steaks, as an indication of contamination on and between these samples.

Impact of Sampling Area and Location on Measurement of Indicator Organisms during Beef Carcass Interventions†

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2069-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONG WANG ◽  
DAVID A. KING ◽  
MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Beef Carcass

The effect of the sponge sample collection site on the recovery of multiple indicator organisms from beef carcass surfaces was evaluated to simplify and validate our previous sampling method for ease of implementation as a general protocol. Sponge samples were collected at three beef processing plants using hot water or acidic antimicrobials as interventions. Two 4,000-cm2 samples were collected from preevisceration carcasses (n = 248), one from the inside and outside round area (top site) and one from the navel-plate-brisket-foreshank area (bottom site). One-half of the samples (n = 124) were collected before a wash cabinet intervention and the other half after the intervention. The numbers of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were determined for one-half of each individual sponge sample. The other halves of the sponges were combined to represent a top plus bottom 8,000-cm2 sample. For the preintervention carcasses, 4,000-cm2 samples collected from the top or bottom sites of the carcasses were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) from each other or from the 8,000-cm2 combined sample in recovery of the indicator organisms. Significant reductions of indicator organisms were observed in all three types of sponge samples after intervention; however, samples collected from the bottom site recovered less organisms (P &lt; 0.05) compared with samples of the other types. These results suggested that samples collected from either the top or the bottom site of the carcasses with this method are suitable for monitoring indicator organisms as long as the same sampling site is consistently used.

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