Water use efficiency, nutrient uptake and productivity of micro-irragated citrus

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Cover System ◽  
Murray River ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Micro Irrigation

The comparative patterns of water and nutrient uptake, soil salinity and water use efficiency resulting from 2 irrigation systems were studied in a 20-year-old Valencia orange orchard in Sunraysia on the Murray River. A conventional full ground cover system with the sprinklers in the middle of the rows operated at 14 day intervals (peak water demand), was compared with a partial (60-65%) ground cover system using under-tree micro-sprinklers operated at 7-day intervals. Irrigation applications were calculated to replace water depleted from the soil (including a leaching fraction) and were scheduled using tensiometers. During the 4 years of the experiment, approx. 10% less water was applied using micro-sprinklers. The average measured values for the crop coefficients were 0.62 (micro-irrigated) and 0.64 (full ground cover) during midsummer. Measurement of soil water extraction patterns by plant roots showed that only 5% of water use occurred below 1.0 m in under-tree microsprinkler irrigated trees, whereas 17% of water was taken up below this depth by trees irrigated with the mid-row system. Water uptake was limited by water availability rather than root density and declined sharply in mid-row irrigated trees during the second half of the 14-day irrigation cycle, when lower values of soil matric potential and shoot water potential were observed. Root distribution reflected these water uptake patterns with the highest density of fine roots in the 30-60 cm layer. Fertiliser injection with the micro-sprinkler system significantly increased the efficiency of N and P uptake compared with surface application, whereas leaf K levels were lower under micro-irrigation. Soil and plant levels of Na and C1 were low and unaffected by irrigation system during the experiment indicating adequate leaching of salt occurred with both systems. Fruit yield averaged 12% (5 t/ha) higher from micro-irrigated trees due to higher fruit numbers in light crop years. Tree growth was depressed in micro-irrigated trees suggesting a change in the partitioning of photosynthetic energy from vegetative to reproductive growth. The net effect of micro-irrigation was to increase water use efficiency by 22%, from 3.56 to 4.34 t fruit per ML applied water. No adverse effects on orchard productivity were observed following conversion from full to partial wetting of the soil surface. Under-tree micro-irrigation can therefore be recommended as a practical and efficient system for citrus irrigation in the irrigation areas of the Murray River.

scholarly journals Effect of greenhouse microclimate and water quality on nutrient uptake in pepper hydroponic crop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ανδρέας Ροπόκης
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

The nutrient to water uptake ratios, henceforth termed “uptake concentrations” (UC), remain relatively constant over time under similar climatic conditions for a particular plant species and developmental stage. Under greenhouses with low temperature (LT) conditions, the uptake of nutrients may be altered in a different manner than that of the water and thus their UC may be different than in greenhouses with standard temperature (ST) conditions. In the Mediterranean regions, sweet pepper is frequently cultivated in unheated greenhouses in which the temperature during the winter may drop to suboptimal or even lower levels. In these areas, the available irrigation water frequently contains sodium chloride but also calcium bicarbonate, which at excessively high concentrations in closed hydroponic crops can impose Ca accumulation in the recycled NS and concomitantly negatively affect fruit yield and quality of the produce.Taking the above into consideration there were established three studies:In the first study, pepper plants of the cultivars ‘Sammy’ and ‘Orangery’, self-grafted or grafted onto two commercial rootstocks ('Robusto' and 'Terrano'), were cultivated in a greenhouse under either ST or LT conditions. The aim of the study was to test the impact of grafting and greenhouse temperature on total yield, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake. The LT regime reduced yield by about 50% in ‘Sammy’ and 33% in ‘Orangery’, irrespective of the grafting combination. Grafting of ‘Sammy’ onto both 'Robusto' and 'Terrano' increased the total fruit yield by 39% and 34% compared with the self-grafted control, while grafting of ‘Orangery’ increased yield only when the rootstock was ‘Terrano’. The yield increase resulted exclusively from enhancement of the fruit number per plant. Both the water consumption and the water use efficiency were suppressed by the LT regime but the temperature effect interacted with the rootstock/scion combination. The LT increased the UC of K, Ca, Mg, N, and Mn, while it decreased strongly that of P and slightly the UC of Fe, and Zn. The UC of K and Mg were influenced by the rootstock/scion combination but this effect interacted with the temperature regime. In contrast, the Ca, N, and P concentrations were not influenced by the grafting combination. The results of the present study show that the impact of grafting on yield and nutrient uptake in pepper depend not merely on the rootstock genotype but on the rootstock/scion combination.In the second study, mean UC of macro- and micronutrients were determined during five developmental stages in different pepper cultivars grown in a closed hydroponic system by measuring the water uptake and the nutrient removal from the RNS. The experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean environment and the tested cultivars were ‘Orangery’, ‘Bellisa’, ‘Sondela’, ‘Sammy’ self-grafted and ‘Sammy’ grafted onto the commercial rootstock `RS10'. ‘Sondela’ exhibited significantly higher ΝΟ3, Μg, Ca and B UC in comparison with all other cultivars, while Bellisa exhibited higher K UC. The UC of all nutrients were similar in the grafted and the non-grafted ‘Sammy’ plants. The UC of macronutrients estimated in the second study (mmol L-1) ranged from 2.4 to 3.7 for Ca, 1.0 to 1.5 for Mg, 6.2 to 9.0 for K, 11.7 to 13.7 for N, and 0.7 to 1.1 for P. The UC of N, K, Ca and Mg were appreciably higher than the corresponding values found under Dutch climatic conditions, while that of P was similar in both environments during the vegetative stage and higher thereafter. The UC of Fe, Zn and B tended to decrease with time, while that of Mn increased initially and subsequently decreased slightly during the reproductive developmental stage.In the third study, irrigation water containing 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mM was used to prepare NS in a closed hydroponic crop of sweet pepper cultivated in RNS. The aim of the study was to determine maximum Ca levels that do not harm the crop and to simulate the pattern of Ca accumulation when the Ca concentration in the irrigation water is excessive. At 1.5 mM Ca, no Ca accumulation was observed in the RNS, while at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mM the Ca concentration in the RNS, and concomitantly in the root environment, increased to 17, 28 and 37 mM, corresponding to 6.4, 9.0 and 10.8 dS m-1. The accumulation of Ca in the RNS affected both tissue nutrient concentrations and UC of Ca, S and Mg, but this was not the case for N and K. Growth, yield and plant water uptake were restricted at moderate and high external Ca levels. Our results showed that in soilless sweet pepper crops with zero discharge of fertigation effluents, the Ca concentration in the irrigation water should be lower than 3.0 mM to avoid yield restrictions due to salinity.

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA COBERTURA MORTA NA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO, COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO E EFICIÊNCIA DE USO DE ÁGUA DO MILHO CULTIVADO EM CERRADO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
HIPÓLITO MURGA-ORRILLO ◽  
WELLINGTON FARIAS ARAUJO ◽  
CARLOS ABANTO RODRIGUEZ ◽  
RICARDO MANUEL BARDALES LOZANO ◽  
ROBERTO TADASHI SAKAZAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Use Efficiency

INFLUÊNCIA DA COBERTURA MORTA NA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO, COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO E EFICIÊNCIA DE USO DE ÁGUA DO MILHO CULTIVADO EM CERRADO HIPÓLITO MURGA-ORRILLO1; WELLINGTON FARIAS ARAÚJO2; CARLOS ABANTO-RODRIGUEZ3; ROBERTO TADASHI SAKAZAKI4; RICARDO MANUEL BARDALES-LOZANO5 E ANA ROSA POLO-VARGAS6 1Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Auxiliar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota, (UNACH), Jr. Gregorio Malca Nº 875- Campus Colpa Matara, Chota, Perú. [email protected] Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. Associado da UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Florestal, Investigador no Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Carretera Federico Basadre, Km 12,400, Yarinacocha, Ucayali, Perú. [email protected] Agrônomo, Doutorando na UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônomo, Doutorando na UFRR/Bionorte, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônoma, Graduada na Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, (UNC), Av. Atahualpa Nº 1050- Carretera Cajamarca-Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. [email protected]  1 RESUMOA irrigação consome grande quantidade de água, sendo importante um adequado manejo da cultura para minimizar esse consumo, maximizando a produção. No intuito de obter informações para o manejo da irrigação, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) e a eficiência do uso de água (EUAg) da cultura de milho, em solo com e sem cobertura, durante os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, utilizando lisímetros de drenagem. O experimento foi conduzido no campus Cauamé da Universidade Federal de Roraima, entre 19/04/2014 e 07/08/2014, em Boa Vista, RR. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith FAO. Os resultados da ETc do milho, durante o ciclo da cultura, em solo sem e com cobertura foram de 421,5 e 351,0 mm, respectivamente. As médias diárias de ETc foram de 4,1 mm dia-1 para solo sem cobertura e 3,4 mm dia-1 para solo com cobertura. A cobertura do solo propiciou valores diferentes de Kc's para o milho, nos mesmos estádios, em comparação aos Kc’s do solo descoberto. Para o solo descoberto, os Kc’s observados para os estádios fenológicos I, II, III, e IV, foram de 0,40; 0,84; 1,59 e 0,81, respectivamente. Já para solo com cobertura, os Kc’s pelos mesmos estádios em menção foram 0,28; 0,64; 1,49 e 0,48, respectivamente. A EUAg para solo com cobertura foi 1,77 kg m-3 e para solo sem cobertura foi 1,65 kg m-3. Estes resultados mostram que a cobertura morta no solo influenciou no consumo hídrico do milho durante todo seu ciclo. Palavras-chave: Zea mays. Irrigação. Solo coberto. Consumo hídrico.  MURGA-ORRILLO, H.; ARAÚJO, W. F.; ABANTO-RODRIGUEZ C.; SAKAZAKI, R. T.; BARDALES-LOZANO R. M.; POLO-VARGAS, A. R.MULCH INFLUENCE ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, CROP COEFFICIENT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CORN GROWN IN THE SAVANNAH   2 ABSTRACTIrrigation consumes large amounts of water, and minimizing consumption and maximizing the production are  important to a proper crop management . In order to obtain information for irrigation management, the aim of the present study was to determine evapotranspiration (ETc),  crop coefficient (Kc) and  water use efficiency (WUE) of maize grown in soil with and without cover, during the various stages of development, using drainage lysimeters. The experiment was conducted in Cauamé campus of the Federal University of Roraima, from 19/04/2014 to 08/07/2014, in Boa Vista, RR. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. The results of the corn ETc during the crop cycle in soil with and without coverage were 421.5 and 351.0 mm, respectively. The daily average of ETc were 4.1 mm day-1 for bare soil and 3.4 mm day-1 for soil with cover. The ground cover led to different values of Kc's for corn in the same stages as compared to Kc's from the bare ground. For bare soil, the Kc's observed for the phenological stages I, II, III, and IV were 0.40; 0.84; 1.59 and 0.81, respectively. As for covered soil, the Kc's in the same stadiums mentioned were 0.28; 0.64; 1.49 and 0.48, respectively. The WUE to soil with cover was 1.77 kg m-3 and ground without cover was 1.65 kg m-3. These results show that  soil mulching influenceS maize water consumption throughout its cycle. Keywords: Zea mays. Irrigation. Ground covered. Water consumption.

scholarly journals Estimating the Root Water Uptake of Surface-Irrigated Apples Using Water Stable Isotopes and the Hydrus-1D Model

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijian Zheng ◽  
Juanjuan Ma ◽  
Xihuan Sun ◽  
Xianghong Guo ◽  
Qiyun Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Hydrus 1D

The future production of irrigated fruit orchards in the Loess Plateau of China is threatened by a shortage of freshwater. To improve water use efficiency under conditions where irrigation is limited, it is necessary to quantify the root water uptake (RWU) of apple trees. The RWU of apple trees was estimated under surface irrigation using water stable isotope technology and the Hydrus-1D model. Using the Romero-Saltos and IsoSource models, the stable isotopes of water in stems, different soil depths, and different precipitation were analyzed in a 5-year-old dwarfing apple orchard during two seasons 2016 and 2017. Hydrus-1D model was able to simulate the RWU of apple using the maximum coefficient of determination (0.9), providing a root mean square error of 0.019 cm3 cm−3 and a relative error of 2.25%. The results showed that the main depth of RWU ranged from 0–60 cm during the growth season, with the main contribution occurring in the 0–40 cm depth. These findings indicated that reducing the traditional surface irrigation depth will be important for improving the irrigation water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and Grafting on Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Water Use Efficiency of a Hydroponic Sweet Pepper Crop

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ropokis ◽  
Georgia Ntatsi ◽  
Constantinos Kittas ◽  
Nikolaos Katsoulas ◽  
Dimitrios Savvas
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

In areas characterized by mild winter climate, pepper is frequently cultivated in unheated greenhouses in which the temperature during the winter may drop to suboptimal levels. Under low temperature (LT) conditions, the uptake of nutrients may be altered in a different manner than that of the water and thus their uptake ratio, known as uptake concentration, may be different than in greenhouses with standard temperature (ST) conditions. In the present study, pepper plants of the cultivars “Sammy” and “Orangery”, self-grafted or grafted onto two commercial rootstocks (“Robusto” and “Terrano”), were cultivated in a greenhouse under either ST or LT temperature conditions. The aim of the study was to test the impact of grafting and greenhouse temperature on total yield, water use efficiency, and nutrient uptake. The LT regime reduced the yield by about 50% in “Sammy” and 33% in “Orangery”, irrespective of the grafting combination. Grafting of “Sammy” onto both “Robusto” and “Terrano” increased the total fruit yield by 39% and 34% compared with the self-grafted control, while grafting of “Orangery” increased the yield only when the rootstock was “Terrano”. The yield increase resulted exclusively from enhancement of the fruit number per plant. Both the water consumption and the water use efficiency were negatively affected by the LT regime, however the temperature effect interacted with the rootstock/scion combination. The LT increased the uptake concentrations (UC) of K, Ca, Mg, N, and Mn, while it decreased strongly that of P and slightly the UC of Fe and Zn. The UC of K and Mg were influenced by the rootstock/scion combination, however this effect interacted with the temperature regime. In contrast, the Ca, N, and P concentrations were not influenced by the grafting combination. The results of the present study show that the impact of grafting on yield and nutrient uptake in pepper depend not merely on the rootstock genotype, however on the rootstock/scion combination.

Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAM Yunusa ◽  
RK Belford ◽  
D Tennant ◽  
RH Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Use Efficiency

The loss of moisture by evaporation from soil under crop canopies (Esc) has been recognized as a major cause of poor water use efficiency (WUE), and hence poor grain yield, in crops grown in environments with limited rainfall. Agronomic approaches to restrain Esc aim to reduce the transmission of solar radiation to the soil beneath the crop by improving ground cover by the crop canopy. However, the sparse canopies produced in these environments have a limited effect on evaporation during the energy dependent first stage (Es1); much of the evaporation is independent of energy at the soilsurface (Es2), and therefore less sensitive to the influence of the crop canopy. Manipulating plant arrangement, primarily by changing row spacing, may provide a simple approach for improving ground cover and restraining E,, without changing GAI, and thus improving WUE and grain yield. To explore the potential benefit of variable row spacing on Esc and grain yield in the dry (300 mm) Mediterranean environment of the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia, spring wheat was grown in 0.09, 0.18, 0.27 and 0.36 m row spacings on coarse textured and fine textured soil types at Merredin in 1989. Esc was determined with an empirical model and measured with microlysimeters. Row spacing had no significant effect on the development of green area index (GAI), dry matter (DM) accumulation and evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the season. However, in mid-season, the proportion of ground covered by the canopy was higher and transmission of solar radiation was reduced in the 0.09 m row spacing compared with the 0.36 m row spacing. These effects did not restrain E,,, which was similar in all treatments. Esc was not restrained even when the plant density was doubled in the 0.09 m row spacing treatment. Esc during the season averaged 88 mm across all row spacings on both soils; this accounted for 56% and 48% of the mean seasonal ET on the coarse textured and fine textured soils respectively. Consequently, neither water use efficiency nor grain yield were affected by variation in row spacing; water use efficiency averaged 25 kg DM ha-1 mm-1 on both soil types. For dry Mediterranean environments of Western Australia, it was concluded on the basis of these results, and yield data from other row spacing trials in the same districts, that there are no significant yield benefits to be obtained by reducing the row spacing from the current spacing of 0.18 m.

scholarly journals Water use efficiency and yield of cowpea and nutrient loss in lysimeter experiment under varying water table depth, irrigation schedules and irrigation method

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binny Dasila ◽  
Veer Singh ◽  
HS Kushwaha ◽  
Ajaya Srivastava ◽  
Shri Ram
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Use Efficiency

Lysimeter experiment was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during summer season 2013 to study the effect of irrigation schedules and methods on yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of cowpea as well as nutrient loss from silty clay loam soil under fluctuating water table conditions. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design having three irrigation schedules at IW/CPE ratio of 0.3. 0.2 and 0.15 with two irrigation methods (flood and sprinkler) and at 30±1.5, 60±1.5 and 90±1.5 cm water tables replicated thrice. Maximum root length (129.4 cm) and root length density (0.395 cm/cm3) were obtained when irrigation was scheduled at IW: CPE 0.3 associated with 30±1.5 cm water table depth using sprinkler method. Increase in water table depth and IW: CPE ratio decreased water use efficiency where IW: CPE 0.3 produced highest grain yield (1411.6 kg ha-1) with the WUE of 1.15 kg ha mm-1. Significant nutrients uptake response was observed owing to variation in water table depth, irrigation schedules and methods. Analysis of lysimeter leached water showed that with deep drainage and more IW:CPE, leaching losses of N,P and K were more however water applied through sprinkler saved 20.1, 53.7 and 24.4% N, P and K, respectively, over flooded method. Irrigation given at IW: CPE 0.3 through sprinkler form at 60±1.5 cm water table depth favours the higher grain yield and nutrient uptake by crop whereas flooded irrigation with deep water table condition accelerated nutrient leaching.SAARC J. Agri., 14(2): 46-55 (2016)

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