Effects of plant spacing on yield, size and kernel fill of sweetcorn

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
IS Rogers ◽  
GJ Lomman
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
South Australia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Quadratic Equations ◽  
Optimum Density ◽  
Gross Margins

The effect of plant density (1.1-20 plants/ m2) on the yield of cobs, weight per cob and per cent kernel fill was determined for 3 types of sweetcorn (Zea mays), viz. sugary, sugary enhanced and shrunken, in 1984-85 and 1985-86 at Oakbank in South Australia. Response curves were fitted by inverse linear, inverse quadratic or quadratic equations. Of the shrunken (super sweet) cultivars Honey Sweet yielded highest, with 30.2 and 28.3 t/ha at densities of 14.0 and 11.2 plants/m2, which was marginally below (P>0.05) the yield of sugary (traditional), Golden Early Improved (31-6 t/ha at 7.5 plants/m2). Maximum mean weights of cobs of Honey Sweet in 1984-85 and 1985-86 were 0.40 and 0.38 kg at densities of 7.1 and 6.6 plants/m2. Most other cultivars produced the largest cob weight at 1.1 plants/m2. Sugar Sweet yielded less than Honey Sweet, but filled a higher percentage of the cob with kernels at all densities. There was 95.1% kernel fill at optimum density of 7.0 plants/m2 for Sugar Sweet compared with 90.6% for Honey Sweet for which the optimum density was not clearly defined. In the other cultivars, kernel fill declined as density increased from 1.1 to 20. Highest gross margins for Honey Sweet were obtained at 8-12 plants/m2 but, above 8 plants/m2, kernel fill and cob size rapidly decreased.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Density on Marketable Yield, Tuber Number, and Mean Weight of Three Tanier Cultivars

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Angel Acosta Matienzo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuber Number ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield

Three tanier cultivars were planted at the Gurabo Substation in August 1971 to evaluate the effect of plant density on marketable yield, number of marketable tubers, and tuber mean weight of three tanier cultivars, namely, Blanca del País, Kelly and Morada. The plant density treatments used per acre were: combinations of 3 between rows by 2 feet between plants with 7,260 plants; 3 by 1 1/2 feet with 9,680 plants, 2 by 2 feet with 10,980 plants; and 2 by 1 1/2 feet with 14,520 plants. The results showed that plant spacing X cultivar interaction was not significant. In other words, the cultivars responded similarly to the different planting treatments. The combined space planting of 2 by 1 1/2 feet with 14,520 plants per acre significantly outyielded the other spacing treatments. A significantly higher number of marketable tubers was also recorded in this treatment. None of the planting treatments had a significant effect on tuber mean weight. Aside from the plant spacing treatments, the cultivars Morada and Blanca del País significantly outyielded the Kelly cultivar. Blanca del País produced significantly more marketable tubers than the other cultivars, but Morada produced significantly heavier tubers.

scholarly journals Increased planting speed did not affect silage and grain yield of maize, while saving seed and energy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Vučajnk ◽  
Igor Šantavec ◽  
Darja Kocjan Ačko ◽  
Jurij Rakun ◽  
Jože Verbič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Individual

Planting speed did not have significant influence on silage and grain yield of maize. By increasing the planting speed, up to 10% less seed was needed per hectare and fuel and energy use was lower for 15%. However significant increase of silage and grain yield per plant was determined by increasing planting speed. Our research using a maize vacuum planter was designed to determine the effects of higher planting speeds then usually suggested on plant spacing variability, silage yield, grain yield, and fuel, energy consumption. The planting speed was 7, 9, and 11 km/h and was carried out with an air vacuum planter. The results show that by the increase of planting speed the distance between the plants in a row, and in most cases also the plant spacing variability increased. It was noticed that by increasing planting speed plant density decreased. Despite the non-uniform spacing of plants in a row at higher planting speeds, no significant differences appeared in the silage and grain yield. This research established that at higher planting speeds significant increase of the silage yield per individual plant and of the grain yield per individual plant was achieved. The ear parameters also show that the kernel mass per individual ear, the ear mass, and the cob mass, as well as the individual kernel mass, are larger at the planting speed of 11 km/h than at the planting speed of 7 km/h. At the latter planting speed, significantly higher fuel consumption per hectare and higher energy use was achieved than at the other two planting speeds. Overall, the planting speed of 11 km/h proved to be most appropriate, despite the increased plant spacing variability.

Effect of plant spacing and intercropping with two species on growth and yield of forage maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
K. A. Ike ◽  
L. C. Nwaigbo ◽  
S. N. Ukachukwu ◽  
U. H. Ukpabi ◽  
C. P. Obasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
State University ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Herbage Yield

An experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Abia State University, Umuahia Campus, Nigeria, from the month of May to October, 2012 to determine the effect of plant spacing on the growth and yield of forage plant, maize (Zea mays), intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata sub spp. Dekintiana) and Bambara nut (Vigna subterenea). The treatments included two plant spacings (50x50 cm and 100x100 cm) either in sole or intercropped system viz: maize-cowpea 50x50 (MC50), maize-cowpea 100x100 cm (MC100), maize-Bambara nut 50x50 (MB50), maize-Bambara nut 100x100 (MB100), sole maize 50x50 (SM50) and sole maize 100x100 (SM100). The cowpea and Bambara were planted at two seeds per hole while the maize was planted three seeds per hole. NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer was applied 4 weeks after planting (WAP) at 200 kg/ha. The results obtained showed that maize growth and yield were significantly (P<0.05) affected by plant spacing and intercropping. Data at week 5 showed that MC100 and MB100 both had the highest values of 382.06 cm and 368.58 cm , respectively for leaf area, while SM100 recorded the lowest value of 190.66 cm . The same treatments recorded the highest (P<0.05) values for stem girth at weeks 5 and 7. Lowest leaf/stem ratio was 0.28 for SM100 while the highest value of 0.68 was recorded for MC50. The intercrops at closer spacing (SM50 and MC50) had similar values (P>0.05) for herbage yield and their values were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those recorded for the other treatments. Based on the findings, MC100 and MB100 had higher growth indices than the other treatments whereas the intercrops at closer spacing had higher herbage yield.

Productivity and optimum plant density of pigeonpea in different environments in Tanzania

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. MLIGO ◽  
P. Q. CRAUFURD
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Optimum Density ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Plant Densities

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to determine the optimum plant density of four pigeonpea genotypes, representing early, medium and late maturing types, grown in five contrasting environments in Tanzania. ICPL 86005 (early), Kat 50/3 and QP 37 (medium) and Local (late) were grown at four plant densities (40 000–320 000 plants/ha) in irrigated and rainfed conditions at Ilonga and under rainfed conditions at Kibaha, Selian and Ismani. At maturity, total above-ground biomass and seed yield (SY) were measured. The highest yields were obtained in the irrigated experiment at Ilonga, where the medium/late genotypes produced 25 t biomass/ha and 5·6 t seed/ha. The lowest SY were at Kibaha, 0·58 to 1·76 t/ha, where a severe drought occurred. In nearly all cases the response to density was linear or asymptotic. The response of ICPL 86005 was significantly different from the other three genotypes. The optimum density for SY varied from 37 000 to 227 000 plants/ha in ICPL 86005, compared with 3000 to 101 000 plants/ha in the medium/late genotypes. The highest optimum density was at Selian and Ismani and the lowest at Ilonga and Kibaha, where drought occurred. Optimum densities therefore varied greatly with genotype (duration) and environment, and this variation needs to be considered when planning trials.

ALDOSTERONE STIMULATION IN VITRO

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Müller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Urine Extract ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Aldosterone Production

ABSTRACT An extract of human urine, which was previously shown to stimulate aldosterone production by rat adrenal sections, was further purified. Evidence was obtained that its aldosterone-stimulating effect was due to the presence of ammonium ions. Addition of ammonium chloride and of urine extract to the incubation medium caused identical increases in aldosterone production in vitro. In addition to ammonium ions, rubidium and caesium ions also stimulated aldosterone production up to 250% that of control values without a significant effect on corticosterone production. Similar dose-response curves were obtained when increasing concentrations of potassium, ammonium, rubidium and caesium ions were tested. Aldosterone production was maximal at concentrations of 7 mval/1 and was significantly lower at higher concentrations. When ammonium chloride and ACTH were simultaneously added to the incubation medium, the production of aldosterone and of corticosterone was lower than with ACTH alone. On the other hand, the stimulating activity on aldosterone and corticosterone production by »TPN« (NADP) and glucose-6-phosphate was enhanced by the simultaneous addition of ammonium chloride.

Influence of Application Method on the Activity of Butylate and EPTC in Reduced-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Application Methods

Weed control in reduced-tillage corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) with butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbarnothioate) was not reduced when these herbicides were applied jointly with dry or liquid fertilizer. In most cases, application with fertilizer resulted in weed control similar to that observed when the herbicide was applied in water at 285 L/ha. Butylate applied as a granular formulation also gave weed control similar to the spray at 285 L/ha. Application in 95 L/ha of water consistently resulted in reduced weed control. Corn injury was not greatly influenced by application method, and differences in corn yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. Growth chamber bioassays indicated that both butylate and EPTC dissipated more rapidly when applied in 95 L/ha of water than the other application methods, which may explain differences in weed control observed in the field.

Are membrane properties essential for the circadian rhythm of Gonyaulax?

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. R250-R256
Author(s):  
H. G. Scholubbers ◽  
W. Taylor ◽  
L. Rensing
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Free Running Period

Membrane properties of whole cells of Gonyaulax polyedra were measured by fluorescence polarization. Circadian changes of fluorescence polarization exist in exponentially growing cultures. They show an amplitude larger than that of stationary cultures, indicating that a part of the change is due to or amplified by an ongoing cell cycle. Measurements of parameters of the circadian glow rhythm were analyzed for possible correlation with the membrane data. Considerable differences (Q10 = 2.5-3.0) in fluorescence polarization were found in cultures kept at different temperatures ranging from 15 to 27.5 degrees C. The free-running period length at different temperatures, on the other hand, differed only slightly (Q10 = 0.9-1.1). Stationary cultures showed higher fluorescence polarization compared with growing cultures, whereas the free-running period lengths did not differ in cultures of various densities and growth rates. Temperature steps of different sign changed the fluorescence polarization slightly in different directions. The phase shift of 4-h pulses (-5, -9, +7 degrees C) resulted in maximal phase advances of 4, 6, and 2 h, respectively. The phasing of the phase-response curves was identical in all these experiments, a finding not to be expected if the pulses act via the measured membrane properties. Pulses of drugs that change the fluorescence polarization (e.g., chlorpromazine and lidocaine) did not or only slightly phase-shift the circadian rhythm.

An assessment of the factors controlling the productivity of maize in England

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Other Hand

Between 1942 and 1950, some thirty field experiments have been carried out in the southern half of England to assess the potential value, either for grain or forage production, of seventeen openpollinated flint or dent maizes together with twentynine single or double hybrids of American or Canadian origin.Early-maturing flint varieties will consistently ripen grain, but before mechanical threshing or storage, the cobs require drying. Sibthorp, a mass selection made from an unknown German variety, is the earliest and most productive flint maize so far tested, and in the experiments has yielded as much as 39 cwt. of grain per acre with an average of 24 cwt. The earliest American hybrids, i.e. those with a U.S.A. rating of 80 days from sowing to maturity, give very high yields of grain in favourable seasons. Within the group Wisconsin 240–275, a yield level equal to or exceeding 50 cwt./acre has on occasion been recorded. On the other hand, in the most unfavourable years, such hybrids just failed to produce ripe cobs.Attempts to maintain sixty-five parent inlines of the earliest hybrids have largely failed. However, many of the parent single crosses have matured, and the production on a field scale of the double-cross seed of both Wisconsin 240 and 255 has been carried out.Spacing experiments indicate that for optimum grain production a density of 6 plants/sq.yd. is required for both flint varieties and the earliest hybrids. A spatial arrangement of individual plants is to be preferred to that of groups or hills.American hybrids, in the class of ‘90 days’ to maturity, will in all but the most unfavourable seasons reach the ‘early-dent’ stage of the grain before the incidence of autumn frosts. Yields of dry matter of plants harvested in this phase have ranged from 30 to 85 cwt. of dry matter per acre. In these trials, the plant density was standardized at 4 plants/sq.yd. and higher densities may be demanded for optimal yields.The ratio of the ‘ear’ (that is, the cob, immature grain and enclosing leaf sheaths) to the total shoot weight at harvest varies greatly with the variety or hybrid. With White Horsetooth, the usual variety grown for fodder in England, no cobs are formed before the plants are killed by frost, while with the early hybrids, the ear may be half the weight of the whole shoot.The earliest variety Sibthorp from an early May sowing takes approximately 70–80 days to reach full anthesis, while ‘80-day’ American hybrids are a week later. From sowing to full maturity the period in England is from 140 to 160 days, thus compared to conditions in Minnesota the period is nearly twice as long. Because of the much slower rate of development and because of the humidity of English autumns, it is concluded that until the date of maturity can be advanced some 14 days, grain production on a field scale is not yet feasible. On the other hand, many of the American hybrids are well fitted to the production of silage. The greatest drawback to the introduction of such hybrids is the liability of the seed and seedlings to be attacked by rooks.

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