Response of chickpea accession to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 1. Dry matter production and seed yield

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
GJ Leach
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Average Water

Six accessions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), representing both desi and kabuli types, were grown at a range of row spacings (180-710 mm) in 3 experiments on a vertisol at Dalby, south-eastern Queensland to assess their adaptation and yield potential. Row spacing and sowing density (28-1 12 seeds m-2) were confounded in 2 experiments where intra-row density was constant, but were varied independently in the third. Differences in yield between accessions were either small or not significant in 1979, with above-average water availability (mean seed yield: 253 g m-2), and in 1980, when water was severely limited (mean seed yield: 79 and 120 g m-2 in the 2 experiments). However, the proportion of seed that was machine-harvestable was highest in the commercial cv. Tyson (71%), and also at the closest row spacing (83%). Seed nitrogen concentration was about 0.5% higher in cv. Tyson than in other accessions. It declined with an increase in row spacing and was associated with a higher proportion of small seeds. We conclude that there will be scope for alternatives to cv. Tyson as new market opportunities develop. Furthermore, the flexibility in its growth pattern makes chickpea well suited to the variable moisture regime of the wheatlands of subtropical eastern Australia.

Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. I. Understanding phenological constraints to adaptation and yield potential

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. T. James
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Eastern Australia

The purpose of this paper and its companion1 is to describe how, in eastern Australia, soybean improvement, in terms of both breeding and agronomy, has been informed and influenced over the past four decades by physiological understanding of the environmental control of phenology. This first paper describes how initial attempts to grow soybean in eastern Australia, using varieties and production practices from the southern USA, met with limited success due to large variety × environment interaction effects on seed yield. In particular, there were large variety × location, variety × sowing date, and variety × sowing date × density effects. These various interaction effects were ultimately explained in terms of the effects of photo-thermal environment on the phenology of different varieties, and the consequences for radiation interception, dry matter production, harvest index, and seed yield. This knowledge enabled the formulation of agronomic practices to optimise sowing date and planting arrangement to suit particular varieties, and underpinned the establishment of commercial production in south-eastern Queensland in the early 1970s. It also influenced the establishment and operation over the next three decades of several separate breeding programs, each targeting phenological adaptation to specific latitudinal regions of eastern Australia. This paper also describes how physiological developments internationally, particularly the discovery of the long juvenile trait and to a lesser extent the semi-dwarf ideotype, subsequently enabled an approach to be conceived for broadening the phenological adaptation of soybeans across latitudes and sowing dates. The application of this approach, and its outcomes in terms of varietal improvement, agronomic management, and the structure of the breeding program, are described in the companion paper.

Effects of seeding densities and row spacing on yield and yield components of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. U. Hassan ◽  
M. H. Leitch ◽  
M. K. Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
First Year ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Second Year

The space available to plants affects the available resources and hence modifies the growth habits and yield potential of plants. The effect of four seeding densities (250, 500, 750 and 1000 viable seeds/m2) and three row spacings (12, 15 and 20 cm) were evaluated at Morfa Mawr field station at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. Number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand-seed weight and seed yield were examined during the study. Capsule index (CI) and harvest index (HI) were calculated from the observed data. During the first year, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule and capsule index were increased by decreasing the seed density, while the maximum seed yield of 3.9 t/ha was recorded at the highest seed density of 1000 seeds/m2. An increase in row spacing led to an almost linear increase in most of the yield attributes of the crop. During the second year, the response of yield and yield attributes to seeding densities was similar to that recorded during the first year. Seed yield increased with decreasing row spacing, while the rest of the components did not show any consistent response. During the first year, the overall performance and production of the crop was higher than in the second year because of the better weather conditions, with mild temperature and high rainfall during the season.

scholarly journals Crop density and seed production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber). 1. Yield and plant development

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Crop Density

A field study was conducted with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) to determine the effect of the initial population density and spatial arrangement of plants on crop development and seed yield. Individual seedling plants were transplanted at seven densities (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 plants m−2) and three row spacings (20, 40, and 80 cm), and characteristics of seed production were determined for 3 yr (1991–1993). Over the 3 yr, heading commenced at dates differing by 15 d and was delayed, as density increased, by 8, 6, and 2 d, respectively, in the first, second, and third production years. The time of seed maturity differed among years (21 July to 4 August) but was generally unaffected by density or row spacing. In the first production year, seed yield increased with density up to 25 plants m−2 for each row spacing, then remained constant to at least 50 plants m−2 with both 20- or 40-cm rows; it decreased slightly at 100 plants m−2 with 20 cm rows. In the second production year, seed yield was relatively independent of plant density except that it decreased when the initial density was less than 6 plants m−2 with a row spacing of 80 cm, and tended to be greatest with the 40-cm row spacing at 6–25 plants m−2. In the third production year, seed yield was much lower than in the previous 2 yr but the pattern of response to the density and row spacing treatments was similar to that in the second production year. The seed yield of tall fescue can be optimized for at least 3 consecutive years by establishing an initial density of 20–100 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–60 cm apart. If the maximization of first-year seed yield is a priority, then the initial establishment should be at a density of 25–50 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–40 cm apart. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, population density, plant spacing, seed production

Response of chickpea accessions to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 2. Radiation interception and water use

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Leach ◽  
DF Beech
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

Interception of radiation by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in a year of below-average rainfall, and water use in both wet and dry years, were studied on a deep vertisol soil at Dalby, south-eastern Queensland. Measurements were made on 4 accessions (cv. Tyson, K223, CPI 56287 and CPI 56289) grown at a number of row spacings. Canopies intercepted less than 20% of incident radiation during the first 70 days after sowing (DAS) in the dry year (1980) before radiation interception reached a peak in mid-September (100 DAS) at about 70% interception in 250 mm rows. Above-ground dry matter was linearly related to intercepted radiation to the end of September (119 DAS), giving an efficiency of radiation conversion of 1.4 g DM per MJ of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. Efficiency of conversion was marginally higher with 125 mm than with 62.5 mm intra-row spacing in rows 250 mm apart. In a wet year (1979), chickpea extracted water from below 1 m depth in the soil profile and used 356 mm water. In the dry year, only 16 1 mm water was used and none was extracted from below 1 m. K223 used water faster than cv. Tyson, and extraction was faster with close than with wide row spacing. Above-ground dry matter was produced at an efficiency of 3.4 (1980) to 4.2 (1979) g m-2 mm-I of water during the main period of growth through September, and a mean of 0.7 g m-2 seed for 2 seasons was produced per mm of water used over the whole season. The small differences in water extraction between accessions and spacing treatments were reflected during pod-filling as differences in plant water potential of 0.1-0.2 MPa during the early afternoon stress period. Chickpea appears to have poor stomata1 control over water loss, being comparable to summer legumes like soybean rather than to cowpea. We conclude that the benefit of close row spacing in enhancing radiation interception outweighs the small disadvantage from accelerated water depletion. The ability of chickpea to produce useful seed yields over a wide range of soil water availability makes it well suited for opportunistic winter cropping.

Response of vetch (Vicia spp.) to plant density in south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Seymour ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
N. Brandon ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Matter Production

The response of Vicia sativa (cvv. Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Morava) and V. benghalensis (cv. Barloo) seed yield to seeding rate was examined in 9 field experiments across 2 years in south-western Australia. There were 2 types of field experiments: seeding rate (20, 40, 60, 100 and 140 kg/ha) × cultivar (Languedoc, Blanchefleur, and Morava or Barloo), and time of sowing (2 times of sowing of either Languedoc or Blanchefleur) × seeding rate (5,�7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha).A target density of 40 plants/m2 gave 'optimum' seed yield of vetch in south-western Australia. In high yielding situations, with a yield potential above 1.5 t/ha, the 'optimum' plant density for the early flowering cultivar Languedoc (85–97 days to 50% flowering) was increased to 60 plants/m2. The later flowering cultivar Blanchefleur (95–106 days to 50% flowering) had an optimum plant density of 33 plants/m2 at all sites, regardless of fitted maximum seed yield. Plant density in the range 31–38 plants/m2 was found to be adequate for dry matter production at maturity of Languedoc and Blanchefleur. For the remaining cultivars Barloo and Morava we were unable to determine an average optimum density for either dry matter or seed yield due to insufficient and/or inconsistent data.

Crop density and seed production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber). 2. Reproductive components and seed characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Characteristics

The population density and spatial arrangement of plants may influence the productive life and performance characteristics of a perennial grass-seed crop. A study was conducted to determine the effects of the initial density (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 plants m−2) and row spacing (20, 40, and 80 cm) of plants on reproductive yield components and seed characteristics of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), over 3 consecutive production years (1991–1993) in the Peace region of Canada. The weight proportion of cleaned-to-uncleaned seed was 85–86% for the three lowest plant densities and then decreased, as density increased, to 82% at 12.5 plants m−2 and 66% at 100 plants m−2. The 1000-seed weight decreased as density increased and ranged from 1.68 to 2.22 g (i.e., 595 000 to 450 000 seeds kg−1). The specific seed weight ranged from 18 to 31 kg hL−1; it differed among years, but the effect of plant density was inconsistent. The germination capacity of the seed was unaffected by plant density, but differed among years; it averaged 87%, 88% and 59% in 1991, 1992 and 1993, respectively. The seed yield/plant, the number of panicles/plant, and the number of seeds/plant decreased exponentially as plant density increased. The number of clean seeds/panicle decreased, as plant density increased, in the first year but was less affected subsequently, particularly with the 20-cm row spacing. The seed yield was correlated closely with the number of panicles m−2 (r = 0.659***). An initial density no greater than 25 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–40 cm apart enhanced seed quality by producing a greater proportion of clean seed which had a higher 1000-seed weight. Such a plant density, however, is at the low end of the optimum range for maximizing seed yield per unit land area. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, population density, plant and row spacing, yield components, seed quality

Response of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) to Spacing in the Savanna and Rainforest Zones of Nigeria: Response Surface Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
A. Odulaja ◽  
G. O. Kayode
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Response Surface Analysis ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Savanna Zone

SUMMARYA re-analysis of a two-year study designed to investigate the effect of spacing on the yield of two cowpea cultivars in the savanna and rainforest zones of Nigeria confirms plant density and spacing recommendations for the savanna zone while contradicting all but intra-row spacing recommendations for the forest zone. An inter-row spacing of 60 cm and intra-row spacing of 9 cm or closer could be used for improved seed yield in the savanna zone, while a plant density between 120 000 and 166 666 plants ha−1 with an inter-row spacing of 30 cm would be optimum for cowpea production in the forest zone.

Interrelationships among yield components of chickpea in semiarid environments

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Negative Effect

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed yield can be increased by identifying and managing the key yield components. A field study was conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan in 1999 and 2000 to determine the direct and indirect effects of various yield components on chickpea seed yield . Both desi- and kabuli-chickpea were planted at the target plant populations of 20, 30, 40, and 50 plants m-2 on conventional summerfallow (CS) and no-till wheat stubble (NT). Path coefficient analyses revealed that seed yield for both chickpea classes largely depended upon pods m-2 and seed weight, with the kabuli crop having higher coefficient values than the desi. These relationships were stronger when the pulses were grown on CS than on NT. Seeds pod-1 had a negative effect on seed yield for the kabuli crop, but this negative effect was counterbalanced by a strong, positive effect of seed weight on seed yield. The total pod production of the desi crop depended on plants m-2 more than on pods plant-1, whereas the pod production of the kabuli crop relied equally on plants m-2 and pods plant-1. For both chickpea classes, mean seed weight decreased with prolonged vegetative growth period regardless of tillage environment. Seed weight was positively related to the length of reproductive growth and seeds pod-1 only when the pulses were grown on CS. Seed yield potential of desi chickpea would be increased by increasing plant population to produce more pods per unit area, whereas the seed yield potential of kabuli chickpea would be increased by shortening the period of vegetative growth, promoting the number of pods per plant, and increasing mean seed weight. Key words: Cicer arietinum, yield components, plant density, seed weight, canopy, path analysis

Response of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) to Spacing in the Savanna and Rainforest Zones of Nigeria: Response Surface Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
A. Odulaja ◽  
G. O. Kayode
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Response Surface Analysis ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Savanna Zone

SUMMARYA re-analysis of a two-year study designed to investigate the effect of spacing on the yield of two cowpea cultivars in the savanna and rainforest zones of Nigeria confirms plant density and spacing recommendations for the savanna zone while contradicting all but intra-row spacing recommendations for the forest zone. An inter-row spacing of 60 cm and intra-row spacing of 9 cm or closer could be used for improved seed yield in the savanna zone, while a plant density between 120 000 and 166 666 plants ha−1 with an inter-row spacing of 30 cm would be optimum for cowpea production in the forest zone.

scholarly journals Effects of Management Practices on Quinoa Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Fengxin Wang ◽  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Chaobiao Meng ◽  
Lifang Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) yield potential needs to be further achieved by good management practices to meet the increasing global demand. Two years of orthogonal field experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of irrigation onset criteria using soil matric potential (SMP) (−15, −25, and −55 kPa), nitrogen fertilizer rate (80, 160, and 240 kg ha−1), and plant density (20, 30, and 40 plants m−2) on quinoa growth, seed yield, weight, and protein content. Initiating irrigations at an SMP of −15 to −25 kPa achieved significantly (p < 0.05) greater seed yield (37.2 g plant−1), thousand kernel weight (2.25 g), and protein content (21.2%) than −55 kPa (25.2 g plant−1, 2.08 g, and 19.8%, respectively). The 240 kg ha−1 nitrogen rate had significantly (p < 0.05) greater thousand kernel weight (2.26 g) and protein content (21.3%) than 80 (2.07 g and 19.5%, respectively) and 160 kg ha−1 (2.14 g and 20.7%, respectively). The yield under 20 plants m−2 reached 39.5 g plant−1, which was 13.5 g plant−1 higher than 40 plants m−2 (p < 0.05). The quinoa consumed most of the available nitrogen in the soil (410–860 kg ha−1), indicating that quinoa should be part of a sound crop rotation program.

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