Effect of soybean population density on soybean yield, nitrogen accumulation and residual nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Blumenthal ◽  
VP Quach ◽  
PGE Searle
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Residual Nitrogen ◽  
Residual N

The effect of soybean population density on soybean yield, nitrogen accumulation and residual nitrogen was examined at Camden, N.S.W. (34�S.). In the first experiment, treatments were soybeans (cv. Ransom) at 50, 100, 200 and 400 x 103 plants ha-1; maize (cv. XL66); and a weed-free fallow. Total dry matter yields of tops and grain yields were highest at 200x 103 plants ha-1 (6214 and 3720 kg ha-1, respectively). The yield component most affected by population density was number of branches per plant, with values decreasing with increasing population density. The proportion of unfilled pods was highest at the highest population density. Total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the tops and in the grain was also at a maximum at 200x 103 plants ha-1. The rate of dry matter accumulation declined during pod filling at all population densities. N accumulation continued at high rates throughout the growing season except in the 400x 103 plants ha-1 population. There was a trend for residual dry matter and N in residues to increase with increasing population density. After grain and forage harvest of the first experiment, a crop of wheat (cv. Kite) was sown over the whole area to determine residual N available at anthesis and at maturity (experiment 2). The values of N accumulation in the wheat at maturity were 24 kg N ha-l for the maize treatment, 40-60 kg N ha-l for the soybean treatments and 69 kg N ha-1 for the fallow treatment. Grain yield and grain N followed the pattern of dry matter production and N accumulation at final harvest. The data suggest that soybean depletes soil N to a lesser extent than does maize. For the soybean treatments, there was a trend of increasing residual N at the 3 highest population densities (40-60 kg N ha-1). This was probably a result of an increase in N in leaf fall and in decaying tops and roots at the highest population density. The high value (57 kg N ha-l) at the lowest population density may be due to soybean plants at this density not using as much soil N as the other soybean treatments. No benefit in residual N was gained from planting soybeans at a density beyond the optimum for grain yield when residues were removed by forage harvesting.

scholarly journals Productivity of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) genotypes under Varying Population Densities

2021 ◽  
pp. 4089-4100
Author(s):  
Afolabi Michael Segun ◽  
Ojeleye Abiola Elizabeth ◽  
Olalekan Kazeem Kolapo ◽  
Shittu Kabiru Alani
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Flower Production

To investigate the influence of three population densities (88,000, 44,000, and 29,000 plants/ha) on the growth and yield of five cowpea varieties (IT97K-461, IT97K-568-18, IT98K-131-2, IT99K-1060 and IT99K-`245), a field experiment was conducted at Teaching and Research farm of Landmark University. Growth parameters such as germination count, plant height, and number of trifoliate leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, flower production dynamics and dry matter determination were measured, while harvest index, shelling percentage, number of seeds per pod, see weight pods per plant and grain yield were measured at harvest as yield components. Data were subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS Institute. Significant means were separated using Duncans Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that there were no constant trends in growth parameters response to population density. Plant height and flower production decreased with increased population density, while number of leaves per plant and dry matter increased with increasing population density. There was no appreciable effect of population density on branching. All these parameters were significantly (p≤0.05) affected with variety, while there was no significant (p≤0.05) interaction effect. Most yield components decreased with increasing population density while grain yield however, slightly increased with increasing population density. All yield parameter and grain yield significantly varied with variety, while there were no appreciable interaction effect. In conclusion, a population density of 88,000 plants /ha gives the highest growth and grain yield. While, variety, IT97-568-18 gives the higher growth and grain yield than other varieties studied.

scholarly journals Corn response to N applications and population densities at two locations in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Adolfo Quiles-Belén ◽  
Antonio Sotomayor-Ríos ◽  
Salvio Torres-Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
N Rates

The effect of nitrogen applications and population densities on grain and dry matter yield, leaf area and agronomic traits of three commercial corn hybrids was studied at two locations in Puerto Rico. Treatments included sidedressed N at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg/ha and three population densities of 20,000, 40,000 and 80,000 plants/ha. For most traits, significant differences were found between locations, hybrids, population densitites and N levels, and there were significant interactions of location X hybrids, location X population densities, hybrids X population densities, location X N, hybrids X N and population density X N. Grain yield increased significantly with N rates. Pest results were obtained with 120 kg N/ha and 40,000 plants/ha. Over-all grain yield was higher in Sabana Grande, a drier southern location. Highest grain yield (8,607 kg/ha) was obtained with Pioneer Brand Hybrid 304C with 40,000 plants/ha and 120 kg N/ha. Highest dry matter yield (9,393 kg/ha) was obtained in Isabela, a more humid northern location, with Pioneer Brand Hybrid 5800 at 40,000 plants/ha and 120 kg N/ha. At both locations over-all leaf area was greatest with application of 120 kg N/ha.

Grain yield, dry matter, and nitrogen accumulation in the grains of durum wheat and spring triticale cultivars grown in a Mediterranean environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Giunta ◽  
Rosella Motzo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Unit Surface ◽  
Lower Protein

Comparisons among species can be a valuable approach to identifying traits important for plant breeding. Differences between 2 durum wheat (Duilio and Creso) and 1 triticale (Antares) cultivar have been analysed in a 2-year field trial in Sardinia (Italy), in order to define a more productive durum wheat ideotype for Mediterranean-type environments. The greater grain yield (569 v. 447 g/m2) and the lower protein percentage (9.2 v. 10.6%) of triticale cv. Antares compared with the durum wheat cultivars, at a similar level of biomass produced at heading, were analysed in terms of number of grains per unit surface and rate and duration of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, calculated from a logistic curve. When the single grains were considered, Antares showed a lower rate but a longer duration of DM and N accumulation in the more favourable season, resulting in lower DM (40 v. 54 mg) and N (0.7 v. 1.0 mg) contents in the grain. On the other hand, when data were expressed on a per unit surface basis, the greater spike fertility of Antares (53 v. 39 grains per spike) and its longer duration of accumulation, were responsible for similar or even greater amounts of DM and N accumulated in the grains per m2. Growth rate of single grains, although able to explain differences in single grain weight, cannot explain differences in grain weight per m2 and hence in yield, which mainly result from variation in the number of grains per spike. Nitrogen percentage of the grains decreased from the maximum values observed at the beginning of grain filling, until a constant final value attained before the end of DM and N accumulation. Rate is more important than duration in determining the quality characteristics of grains, as higher grain weights and protein percentages correspond to higher rates of DM and N accumulation.

Comparison of rotations in which barley for grain follows woollypod vetch or forage barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Papastylianou ◽  
Th. Samios
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Total Soil N

SummaryUsing data from rotation studies in which barley or woollypod vetch were included, both cut for hay and preceding barley for grain, it is shown that forage barley gave higher dry-matter yield than woollypod vetch (3·74 v. 2·92 t/ha per year). However, the latter gave feedingstuff of higher nitrogen concentration and yield (86 kg N/ha per year for vetch v. 55 kg N/ha per year for barley). Rainfall was an important factor in controlling the yield of the two forages and the comparison between them in different years and sites. Barley following woollypod vetch gave higher grain yield than when following forage barley (2·36 v. 1·91 t/ha). Rotation sequences which included woollypod vetch had higher output of nitrogen (N) than input of fertilizer N with a positive value of 44–60 kg N/ha per year. In rotations where forage barley was followed by barley for grain the N balance between output and input was 5–6 kg N/ha. Total soil N was similar in the different rotations at the end of a 7-year period.

Dynamics of nitrogen and dry-matter partitioning and accumulation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in relation to extractable soil inorganic nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bowen ◽  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. M. A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The effects of six rates of N fertilization (0, 125, 250, 375, 500 and 625 kg N ha−1) on the dynamics of N utilization relative to extractable inorganic N in the soil profile were determined for broccoli in three growing seasons. The amount of pre-existing extractable inorganic N in the soil was lowest for the spring planting, followed by the early-summer then late-summer plantings. During the first 2 wk after transplanting, plant dry-matter (DM) and N accumulation rates were low, and because of the mineralization of soil organic N the extractable soil inorganic N increased over that added as fertilizer, especially in the top 30 cm. From 4 wk after transplanting until harvest, DM and N accumulation in the plants was rapid and corresponded to a rapid depletion of extractable inorganic N from the soil. At high N-fertilization rates, leaf and stem DM and N accumulations at harvest were similar among the three plantings. However, the rates of accumulation in the two summer plantings were higher before and lower after inflorescence initiation than those in the spring planting. Under N treatments of 0 and 125 kg ha−1, total N in leaf tissue and the rate of leaf DM accumulation decreased while inflorescences developed. There was little extractable inorganic soil-N during inflorescence development in plots receiving no N fertilizer, yet inflorescence dry weights and N contents were ≥50 and ≥30%, respectively, of the maxima achieved with N fertilization. These results indicate that substantial N is translocated from leaves to support broccoli inflorescence growth under conditions of low soil-N availability. Key words: N translocation, N fertilizer

Effect of in-season application methods of fertilizer nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in maize

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Ma ◽  
M. Li ◽  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
G. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Application Methods

Little information is available comparing agronomic performance and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for N application methods such as foliar spray, soil application, and ear injection in maize (Zea mays L.). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various N application methods on total stover dry matter, grain yield, and NUE of maize hybrids using a 15N-labeling approach. A field experiment was conducted on a Dalhousie clay loam in Ottawa and a Guelph loam in Guelph for 2 yr (1999 and 2000). Three N application methods were tested on two maize hybrids, Pioneer 3893 and Pioneer 38P06 Bt. At planting, 60 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate was applied to all treatments. In addition, 6.5 kg N ha-1 and 13.5 kg N ha-1 as 15N-labeled urea were applied to either foliage (Treatment I) or soil (Treatment II) at V6 and V12 stages, respectively. In Treatment III, 20 kg N ha-1 as 15N-labeled urea was injected into space between ear and husks at silking. The results showed that compared with soil N application neither foliar spray nor injection through ear affected grain yield or stover dry matter. The NUE values ranged from 12 to 76% for N fertilizer applied at V6 a nd V12 stages, or at silking for all treatments. There was no interaction of hybrid × N application methods on any variables measured with the only exception that for soil N application, grain NUE in Pioneer 38P06 Bt was significant higher than in Pioneer 3893. The difference in total N and NUE of grain and stover between soil N application and foliar N spray was inconsistent. However, NUE was substantially higher for N injection through the ear than for foliar or soil application without differential responses between the two hybrids. Nitrogen injection through the ear at silking might have altered N redistribution within the plant and improved NUE. Hence, it can potentially enhance grain protein content. Foliar N spray is not advocated for maize production in Ontario. Key words: Maize, Zea mays, nitrogen application methods, nitrogen-15, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

Grain Yield Gains and Associated Traits in Tropical X Temperate Maize Germplasm Under High and Low Plant Density

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince Ndou ◽  
Edmore Gasura ◽  
Pauline Chivenge ◽  
John Derera
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plant Population Density

Abstract Development of ideal breeding and crop management strategies that can improve maize grain yield under tropical environments is crucial. In the temperate regions, such yield improvements were achieved through use of genotypes that adapt high plant population density stress. However, tropical germplasm has poor tolerance to high plant population density stress, and thus it should be improved by temperate maize. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic gains and identify traits associated with such gains in stable and high yielding temperate x tropical hybrids under low and high plant population densities. A total of 200 hybrids derived from a line x tester mating design of tropical x temperate germplasm were developed. These hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and allied traits under varied plant population densities. High yielding and stable hybrids, such as 15XH214, 15XH215 and 15XH121 were resistant to lodging and had higher number of leaves above the cob. The high genetic gains of 26% and desirable stress tolerance indices of these hybrids made them better performers over check hybrids under high plant population density. At high plant population density yield was correlated to stem lodging and number of leaves above the cob. Future gains in grain yield of these hybrids derived from temperate x tropical maize germplasm can be achieved by exploiting indirect selection for resistance to stem lodging and increased number of leaves above the cob under high plant density conditions.

Shade stress decreased maize grain yield, dry matter, and nitrogen accumulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 2768-2776
Author(s):  
Jia Gao ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Shuting Dong ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Grain

Sowing time and tillage practice affect chickpea yield and nitrogen fixation. 2. Nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen fixation and soil nitrogen balance

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Horn ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
CJ Birch ◽  
JA Doughton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
N Accumulation

Following long-term studies at Warra, on the western Darling Downs, chckpea (Cicer anetinum) was selected as a useful grain legume cash crop with potential for improvement of its nitrogen (N) fixing ability through management. This 2-year study examined the effect of sowing time and tillage practice on dry matter yield, grain yield (Horn et al. 1996), N accumulation, N2 fixation, and the subsequent soil N balance. Generally, greater N accumulation resulted from sowing in late autumn-early winter (89-117 kg N/ha) than sowing in late winter (76-90 kg N/ha). The amount of N2 fixed was low in both years (15-32 kg N/ha), and was not significantly affected by sowing time or tillage. The potential for N2 fixation was reduced in both years due to high initial soil nitrate levels and low total biomass of chickpea because of low rainfall. Nitrogen accumulation by grain was higher under zero tillage (ZT) than conventional tillage (CT) for all sowing times, and this affected the level of grain N export. The consequence of low N2 fixation and high N export in chickpea grain was a net loss of total soil N, (2-48 kg N/ha under CT and 22-59 kg N/ha under ZT). Management practices to ensure larger biomass production and lower soil nitrate-N levels may result in increased N2 fixation by chickpea and thus a positive soil N balance.

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