Productivity of Australian cashmere goats grazing Pangola grass pastures and supplemented with untreated and formaldehyde treated protein meals

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ash ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Seasonal Depression ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Cashmere Goats ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Stocking Rates

The liveweight change and fleece growth Of Australian cashmere goats were studied in a 14 week grazing experiment (Mar.-June) in south-eastern Queensland. Weaner goats grazed nitro-fertilised Pangola grass (Digitavia decumbens Stent.) pastures and were supplemented every second day with a range of protein meals (60 g crude protein/goat.day), i.itht.1. untreated or fomialdehyde treated. Following high growth rates (> 90 g 1iveweight.day) by all kids early in the experiment, control animals experienced severe weight loss (-40 g/day). Goats given protein supplements performed significantly (P<0.05) better, though they only maintained weight. There were no differences (P> 0.05) in liveweight change between the untreated and formaldehyde treated protein groups. The poor growth of goats in this study was associated with declining feed availability under the high stocking rates used (80 goats/ha) and possibly with a seasonal depression in appetite. Total fleece growth was significantly (P<0.05) increased by protein supplementation, except for sunflower meal. However, cashmere growth (mean � s.e., 16.3 � 2.1 g) was largely unaffected by supplementation, with greater hair growth (64 v. 54 g) being responsible for the improved fleece weight in those goats receiving protein supplements. Kids supplemented with formaldehyde treated protein tended to grow more fleece than did kids given untreated protein meals but the differences were not significant.

Performance of growing steers fed either hay or silage supplemented with canola or fish meal

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
A-M. Christen ◽  
A. Amyot ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Supplemental Protein

One hundred and eighty-six crossbred steers (194.4 ± 1.5 kg) were used to determine the effect of protein supplementation of medium-quality grass hay or silage on performance during wintering and compensatory growth during the grazing period. All steers received the hay or the silage ad libitum during the 182-d wintering period. They were also fed fixed quantities of one of three supplements: C, a control with no supplemental protein; CM, a canola meal; and FM, a fish meal containing supplements. Daily amounts of supplementation were fixed to supply to each steer the same amount of barley (85 g 100 kg−1 BW), of dry molasses (15 g 100 kg−1 BW) and of minerals, vitamins and Bovatec (10 g 100 kg−1 BW). The protein supplements CM and FM supplied the equivalent of 95 g of crude protein daily 100 kg−1 BW compared with 15 g 100 kg−1 BW for the control. Expressed as g kg−0.75, forage DM intake was 13.3% higher when fed as hay than as silage (P < 0.0001). Protein supplementation increased forage DM intake when fed as hay (P < 0.02) but not when fed as silage. Average daily gains (ADG) tended to be 5.8% higher for steers fed hay than for those fed silage (P = 0.06). Protein supplementation markedly improved ADG (P < 0.0001). When hay was fed, no differences were found in ADG between CM and FM supplementation; however, FM supplementation produced higher ADG than CM when silage was fed (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was not affected by the type of forage fed, but it was higher for steers receiving protein supplementation (P < 0.001), the effect being more evident when the forage was fed as silage (P < 0.001) than when fed as hay (P = 0.07). Compensatory gains were obtained when the steers were taken out to pasture in early spring; steers fed silage, which obtained smaller ADG during wintering, showed higher ADG in pasture (P < 0.01). After 62 d grazing, the effect of protein supplementation during winter on body weight had almost disappeared. Key words: Protein supplementation, forages, cattle, growth

Effects of concentrate proportion and protein supplementation on performance of growing and finishing crossbred bulls fed a whole-crop barley silage-based diet

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pesonen ◽  
E. Joki-Tokola ◽  
A. Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Carcass Conformation ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Barley Silage

A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to study the effects of concentrate proportion and protein supplementation on performance of growing and finishing bulls fed a whole-crop barley silage (WCBS)-based diet. A feeding experiment comprised 30 crossbred bulls with average initial liveweight of 315 kg. The bulls were offered WCBS ad libitum. The two concentrate proportions were 200 and 400 g/kg diet dry matter (DM). The concentrate used was (1) rolled barley, (2) rolled barley plus rapeseed meal or (3) rolled barley plus urea-based supplement. The crude protein (CP) content of rolled barley was 119 g/kg DM and both protein supplements were given so that the CP content of the concentrate was raised to 170 g/kg DM. The final liveweight of the bulls was 669 kg, on average, and it was not affected by dietary treatments. The dietary treatments had no effects on total DM intake of the bulls (8.91 kg/day). However, the increasing concentrate proportion increased energy intake (P < 0.05), carcass gain (P < 0.01) and dressing proportion (P < 0.05) and improved carcass conformation (P < 0.05). Protein supplementation had no effects on energy intake, carcass gain, dressing proportion or carcass conformation but it tended to increase carcass fat score (P = 0.06) compared to the bulls fed without protein supplementation. Overall, the results indicate that there is no reason to use protein supplementation for growing and finishing bulls more than 300-kg liveweight when they are fed with good quality whole-crop barley silage and barley-based concentrate.

Protein supplementation of silage for ewes in late pregnancy

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
J.E. Vipond ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
G.M. Povey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Uk

Ewes fed good quality grass silage need low levels (0.4-0.6 kg/d) of concentrate supplement to satisfy energy requirements in late pregnancy. However, the UK Metabolisable Protein (MP) system predicts that using a low level of a typical 180 g/kg crude protein (CP) compound will result in an undersupply of MP and therefore a higher digestible undegradable protein (DUP) content of compounds is required. Although the benefits of supplying additional DUP to lactating ewes are well established there is little or no experimental evidence to support the practice of supplementing silage based diets with supplementary DUP. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response to supplementary DUP in silage based diets.One hundred and twenty five scanned Scotch Mule ewes were synchronised, mated to Texel rams and allocated to 5 treatments balanced for liveweight, condition score, litter size, and parity. Five supplements were formulated to supply varying amounts of DUP and eRDP.

Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 1. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture and diet

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
RK Shepherd ◽  
P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A 3-year experiment was conducted at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, to determine the effects of stocking rate and applied nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture yield and composition, diet selection by cows, and soil fertility of Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial design: four stocking rates (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha), each at two rates of fertilizer application 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. The higher rate of fertilization increased the pasture green dry matter on offer at all samplings (P < 0.01); the increase ranged from 1 106 kg/ha in summer to 548 kg/ha in spring. Green dry matter decreased ( P< 0.0 1) with increasing stocking rate, with mean yields of 3736 and 2384 kg/ha at 2.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, respectively. Weed yields increased over the 3 years at the higher stocking rates for pastures receiving 200 kg N/ha.year. The crude protein content of leaf and stem increased with increasing stocking rate and amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. Values ranged from 12.1 to 26.5% of dry matter (DM) in leaf and from 3.7 to 13.8% DM in stem. In leaf, sodium concentration (range 0.05-0.20% DM) was increased, while phosphorus concentration (range 0.21-0.44% DM) was decreased by the higher rate of fertilizer application. Plant sodium and phosphorus levels were inadequate for high levels of milk production. Dietary leaf content and crude protein contents were consistently increased by both a reduced stocking rate, and the higher rate of fertilization. Cows were able to select for leaf and at the lowest stocking rate, leaf in the diet averaged 38%; while the leaf content of the pasture was 20%. Dietary leaf content ranged from 38 to 57% in summer and from 11 to 36% in winter. Dietary crude protein ranged from 13 to 15% in summer and from 7 to 11% in winter and was positively correlated with pasture crude protein content and dietary leaf percentage. Soil pH decreased (P<0.05) from an overall mean of 6.3 in 1976 to 6.1 at 200 N and 5.8 at 400 N in 1979. Soil phosphorus status remained stable, while calcium and magnesium levels were lower (P<0.01) after 3 years.

Multivariate management systems of long-term hayfields in the Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
С.А. Запивалов
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Soil Water Resources

В Центральном районе Нечернозёмной зоны в 2018–2020 годах изучалось шесть систем ведения долголетнего сенокоса. В среднем за годы исследования применение техногенной системы позволило получить 3,86 т/га сухого вещества (СВ), применение интегрированной — 5,08 т/га СВ, техногенно-органической — 4,75–5,16 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной экстенсивной — 3,97–7,13 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной интенсивной — 6,60–8,85 т/га СВ, комбинированной — 7,03–7,25 т/га СВ. Существенное влияние на урожайность оказывали погодные условия. В засушливый год не был сформирован полноценный 2-й укос, что не позволило травостоям реализовать потенциал продуктивности. Более эффективно ограниченный запас влаги в почве использовался в техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системе. В условиях достаточной влагообеспеченности был получен полноценный второй укос, составляющий 30–50% сбора СВ за сезон. При улучшении условий увлажнения урожайность наиболее заметно повышалась при применении техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системы. Отмечена высокая экономическая эффективность применения всех изучаемых систем за счёт длительного использования травостоя. В зависимости от технологии рентабельность производства корма составляла 74–220%, себестоимость 1 корм. ед. — 3,12–5,75 руб. Для получения 65,2–88,0 ГДж, 5,1–6,8 тыс. корм. ед. и 781–1153 кг сырого протеина с 1 га на суходольных лугах Центрального района Нечернозёмной зоны рекомендуется применять техногенно-минеральную интенсивную систему ведения сенокоса. В случае недостаточной обеспеченности хозяйств материально-техническими ресурсами рекомендуются техногенная, интегрированная, техногенно-органическая и техногенно-минеральная экстенсивная системы ведения, позволяющие поддерживать высокое участие бобовых видов в травостое, что обеспечивает использование биологического источника азота и позволяет получить с 1 га сенокосных угодий 39,0–56,7 ГДж, 3,1–4,5 тыс. корм. ед. и 462–688 кг сырого протеина. Six management systems for long-term hayfields were tested in the Central Non-Chernozem region in 2018–2020. Without fertilization 3.86 t ha-1 of dry matter (DM) was obtained. Integrated farming resulted in 5.08 t DM ha-1, application of organic fertilizers — 4.75–5.16 t DM ha-1, extensive farming with mineral fertilization — 3.97–7.13 t DM ha-1, intensive farming with mineral fertilization — 6.60–8.85 t DM ha-1, combined management system — 7.03–7.25 t DM ha-1. Weather significantly affected crop productivity. Under drought grasses showed poor growth after the first cut leading to low yield. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization allowed more effective use of soil water resources. Sufficient water availability positively affected grass growth after the first cut resulting in 30–50% of DM yield for a season. The best performance was observed under intensive farming with mineral fertilization. All the management systems provided high economic efficiency due to a long-term cultivation of swards. Payback amounted to 74–220%, prime cost of 1 feed unit — 3.12–5.75 rubles. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization was recommended in order to obtain 65.2–88.0 GJ, 5.1–6.8 thousand feed units and 781–1153 kg of crude protein from 1 ha. In case of insufficient material and technical resources other above-mentioned systems can be used, except for the combined one. These management systems maintained high proportion of legumes in swards, an effective mean to obtain nitrogen via nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a result, swards yielded 39.0–56.7 GJ, 3.1–4.5 thousand feed units and 462–688 kg of crude protein from 1 ha.

Prevalence and Attitudes towards Using Protein Supplements Among Female Gym Users: an Online Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha H. Alhussain ◽  
Waad S. Abdulhalim ◽  
Laila Naif Al-harbi ◽  
Manal Abdulaziz Binobead
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Supplement Use

Background: Protein supplements have become a widespread practice amongst athletes and gym users worldwide. However, studies on the use of protein supplements among female gym users in Saudi Arabia are lacking. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of protein supplement usage among female gym users and their attitudes towards protein supplementation in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 502 female gym users aged ≥18 years completed a structured, self-administered online questionnaire on the usage of protein supplementation. Socio-demographic information, anthropometry, health status, exercise frequency, attitudes and knowledge regarding protein supplements were obtained. Results: The overall prevalence rate of protein supplement use among the study respondents was 36.3%. There were significant associations between the use of protein supplements and educational level (p< 0.05), the duration of being a gym member (p< 0.05) and frequency of gym visits per week (p< 0.05). Whey protein was the predominantly used supplement (57.8%), and the reason attributed to the use of protein supplement was muscle building (53.9%). The main sources of information regarding protein supplement use included the internet (30.2%) followed by gym coaches (25.3%). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that a considerable number of females exercising in gyms use protein supplements, and most rely on unreliable sources for decision-making of protein supplements use. Nutritional education and consultations regarding protein supplement use are warranted.

Effects of dietary protein concentration on the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
T Yan ◽  
F J Young ◽  
D C Patterson ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Animal Production Systems

The European Union Nitrates Directives set a limit on the amount (170 kg/ha) of manure nitrogen (N, = faecal N + urine N) that may be applied to land each year. This limit has very significant implications for stocking rates on intensive livestock farms. Consequently, there is increasing interest in developing mitigation strategies to reduce N output in faeces and urine in animal production systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on the efficiency of N utilisation in lactating dairy cows.

Use of the gas production technique to investigate the supplementation of nitrogen-deficient foods

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 202-204
Author(s):  
C. D. Wood ◽  
N. S. Prathalingam ◽  
A. M. Murray ◽  
R. W. Matthewman
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
North West ◽  
Rich Media

A major focus for improving the diets in many less developed countries (LDCS) is the provision of rumen fermentable nitrogen (N) using protein supplements to complement N-deficient foods. However, in vitro digestibility methods usually use N-rich environments for the degradation of single foods. This conventional approach may give data which do not reflect the nutritive value of the N-deficient diets often on offer in LDCS, neither is it appropriate for using in vitro gas production to study protein supplementation. Our earlier study indicated that, by using a N-free medium, the gas production technique responded to added ammonium sulphate and urea. The ADAS standardized methodology, which used 10 ml of inoculum instead of the 5 ml used in the earlier study, was found not to be very responsive to N supplementation. The ADAS methodology was therefore investigated in order to develop a modified protocol for fermenting foods in an N-limited environment. The study involved using inocula diluted to different extents in N-free medium for fermenting N-deficient substrates in N-free and N-rich media. The modified protocol was then used for investigating the interactions between N-rich and N-deficient foods from north-west India.

Protein Supplements: Do They Alter Dietary Intakes?

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Alistair R. Mallard ◽  
Rebecca T. McLay-Cooke ◽  
Nancy J. Rehrer
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Standard Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Double Blinded

Effects of protein versus mixed macronutrient supplementation on total energy intake (TEI) and protein intake during an ad libitum diet were examined. Trained males undertook two, 2-week dietary interventions which were randomized, double blinded, and separated by 2 weeks. These were high-protein supplementation (HP: 1034.5 kJ energy, 29.6 g protein, 8.7 g fat and 12.3 g CHO) and standard meal supplementation (SM: 1039 kJ energy, 9.9 g protein, 9.5 g fat, and 29.4 g CHO) consumed daily following a week of baseline measures. Eighteen participants finished both interventions and one only completed HP. TEI (mean ± SD) was not different between baseline (11148 ± 3347 kJ) and HP (10705 ± 3143 kJ) nor between baseline and SM (12381 ± 3877 kJ), however, TEI was greater with SM than HP (923 ± 4015 kJ p = .043). Protein intake (%TEI) was greater with HP (22.4 ±6.2%) than baseline (19.4 ± 5.4%; p = .008) but not SM (20.0 ± 5.0%). No differences in absolute daily protein intake were found. Absolute CHO intake was greater with SM than HP (52.0 ± 89.5 g, p = .006). No differences in fat intake were found. Body mass did not change between baseline (82.7 ± 11.2 kg) and either HP (83.1 ± 11.7 kg) or SM (82.9 ± 11.0 kg). Protein supplementation increases the relative proportion of protein in the diet, but doesn’t increase the absolute amount of total protein or energy consumed. Thus some compensation by a reduction in other foods occurs. This is in contrast to a mixed nutrient supplement, which does not alter the proportion of protein consumed but does increase TEI.

A note on supplemental protein and monensin for steers wintered on dormant native range

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
G. W. Horn ◽  
S. L. Armbruster ◽  
P. L. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Supplemental Protein ◽  
Total Trial

ABSTRACTNinety-six Hereford steer calves that weighed 249(s.e.4·7)kg were allocated randomly to four treatments of 24 steers each in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The steers grazed dormant native range forage that contained 41 to 60 g of crude protein per kg dry matter during the 120-day wintering trial and were given 0·91 kg of supplement per head per day. The supplements used contained 175 or 350 g crude protein per kg dry matter and 0 or 165 mg monensin per kg supplement; a factorial arrangement of treatments was used in allocating the supplements. Weight gains of steers given the high-protein supplements were greater than those on the low-protein supplements during periods 1(0 to 61 days) and 2 (62 to 120 days), and over the total trial (P < 0·01). Monensin increased weight gains during period 1 and the total trial (P < 0·01). The protein level × monensin interaction was not significant for either period or the total trial (P > 0·15). The results indicate that inclusion of monensin in protein supplements for growing cattle grazed on low-quality dormant native forage may allow some reduction in protein content of the supplement.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document