Effects of irrigation timing on seedling establishment and productivity of subterranean clover pastures

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
KB Kelly ◽  
WK Mason
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Grazed Swards

Pure swards of subterranean clover were irrigated from late summer-autumn 1982 to autumn 1985. The period of irrigation varied, with 3 times of initial irrigation (1 February, 1 March and 1 April) and 2 times of final irrigation (mid October and mid November). Seedling establishment, DM production and herbage quality were measured in grazed swards. In each regenerating year, seedling density increased as the time of initial irrigation was delayed from February (5.2 seedlingddm2) to April (20.5 seedling/ dm2). For any time of initial irrigation, seedling density was increased by up to 100%, in plots which were irrigated until mid November in the previous spring. Dry matter yield was increased by early irrigation, with average yields of 11.1, 10.3 and 9.1 t/ha.year achieved for February, March and April as times of initial irrigation respectively. Continuing irrigation until November increased annual yield by 0.76 to 1.58 t DM/ha. The late spring irrigation treatment gave increased spring growth plus increased growth in the following autumn as a result of increased seedling density. The quality of the feed produced in autumn was lower than that produced in winter (in vitro DMD 68% compared with 75%), but was higher than the published DMD values for paspalum pastures in autumn. Digestibility in spring declined rapidly, from 75% in September to about 50% in early December. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the most effective use of irrigation water, the reliability of subterranean clover regeneration and the timing and quality of the feed produced.

RESPONSE OF ORCHARD GRASS TO MULTIPLE HARVESTS AND RATES OF NITROGEN IN POST-SEEDING YEARS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was fertilized with 99–495 kg N/ha/yr in three equal applications and harvested three or four times per season over a 3-yr period to determine the productivity, quality of forage and persistence of stands. The application of N resulted in significant (P =.001) linear and quadratic increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Higher DM yields were obtained with the 3-harvest system while the yield distribution within the season was more uniform for the 4-harvest system. Total N concentrations of orchard grass increased linearly with the N rates. Total N yields were dependent on the rates of applied N with the recovery of applied N ranging from 39 to 70% at 99–297 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The in vitro disappearance of DM was slightly reduced by the high N rates in the 1st and 2nd harvests. The nitrate-N concentrations were highest in the early and late summer ranging from.11 to.29% at 297–495 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The persistence of orchard grass was better under the 4- than the 3- harvest system.

Long term patterns of seed softening and seedling establishment from single seed crops of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
MJ Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
One Year ◽  
Seed Crops

Single seed crops of eight varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were grown in swards in four successive years in a medium rainfall environment at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. Measurements were made of seed production, the progress of seed softening within the first two summers, and residual hard seed and seedling numbers after the break of season for up to six successive regeneration years. Patterns of seed softening were also measured in a laboratory oven with a diurnal temperature fluctuation of 60/15�C. Approximately half the seeds of all varieties softened over the first summer and generally well over half the residual seeds softened during the second summer. Up to 18% of seeds of the hardest seeded variety, Northam, and 11% of Geraldton seeds persisted to the end of the third summer as hard seeds. Seed softening patterns showed a significant variety x regeneration year interaction due mainly to a slower rate of softening of Northam seeds relative to the other varieties after the first summer. In six of the varieties, seeds generally softened more slowly in the laboratory than in the field but in the case of the other two varieties this trend was reversed. Nevertheless, ranking of varieties for rate of seed softening was similar in field and laboratory. Seedling establishment ranged from 28 to 100% of soft seeds, depending on the incidence of late summer and autumn rains. It appeared that all varieties in the study would regenerate satisfactorily at densities of more than 15 plants/dm2 after at least one year in which little or no seed is set. Slower rates of softening would probably be desirable in drier regions or in rotation systems involving cropping.

Seasonal variation in the quality of a lucerne-based pasture and its relationship with morphological and maturity estimates

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Machado ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
C. Matthew ◽  
N. Auza
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

To monitor seasonal changes in herbage quality, a lucerne-based pasture (Medicago sativa, Bromus willdenowii and Dactylis glomerata) was sampled in Argentina every 2 weeks for 28 months. The pasture was strip-grazed and samples were taken from the regrowth of a previously grazed strip, ready for regrazing, for which herbage mass was estimated with a calibrated rising plate meter. Each sample was sorted into dead and green components, and the latter subsequently separated into grass and lucerne, and then into lamina plus leaflet and stem plus pseudostem fractions. Similarly, at each sampling date, quantitative maturity indexes – mean stage by count and mean stage by weight – were applied to grasses and lucerne. Samples were also analysed for in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein (CP), fibre and non-structural carbohydrates. The dataset was divided into morphological, maturity and nutritional variables. Analyses of variance by season for both groups of variables were carried out using year as a block. Multiple regression analyses were performed for each season between maturity indices and predictors of herbage quality. DMD, and consequently metabolisable energy (ME), was significantly lower in the autumn and CP was lower in the summer compared with overall averages, which were consistently high throughout the year (overall average of 11.5 MJ ME/kg dry matter and 20.6% CP). The sward had a higher proportion of lucerne during summer and autumn, than winter and spring (averages 59.3 and 48.8%, respectively). The highest leaf : stem ratio (2.82) was during winter and the highest green content (97.5%) was during spring. Grasses had a higher mean stage by count and mean stage by weight during spring–summer, whereas lucerne had a higher mean stage by count and mean stage by weight during summer–autumn. Morphological and maturity estimates predicted satisfactorily the changes in the energy and fibre within season, but CP content was not well predicted in summer or winter. These results provide the basis for tactical grazing practices with further calibration.

Pasture management in semiarid tropical woodlands: improving the herbage quality of stylos and grasses

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. McIvor
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
North East ◽  
Herbage Quality

The impacts of season and pasture management (tree killing, superphosphate application, stocking rate) on the herbage quality of stylos and grasses were measured at Hillgrove and Cardigan, north-east Queensland. Plucked samples of Verano, Seca and buffel grass (both sites) and a native grass (spear grass at Cardigan and desert blue grass at Hillgrove) were collected over a 4-year period and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur and in vitro digestibility were measured. There were large seasonal variations in herbage quality of all species with high quality in the early growing season and low quality in dry periods. The stylos had higher nitrogen concentrations and in vitro digestibilities than the grasses, buffel grass had a higher phosphorus concentration than the other species and there were no consistent differences in sulfur concentration between species. Buffel grass generally had higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and in vitro digestibility than the native grasses. Management had relatively minor impacts but where differences did occur, herbage quality was higher in plots with live trees than where trees were killed, on plots where superphosphate was applied compared with plots without fertiliser and was greater at high stocking rate. Oversowing native pastures with stylos had no effect on the herbage quality of desert blue grass which had similar quality in oversown pasture and native pasture.

scholarly journals Virus-Induced Flowering by Apple Latent Spherical Virus Vector: Effective Use to Accelerate Breeding of Grapevine

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoaki Maeda ◽  
Teppei Kikuchi ◽  
Ichiro Kasajima ◽  
Chungjiang Li ◽  
Noriko Yamagishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Apple Latent Spherical Virus ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Biolistic Inoculation ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Effective Use

Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) was successfully used in promoting flowering (virus-induced flowering, VIF) in apple and pear seedlings. In this paper, we report the use of ALSV vectors for VIF in seedlings and in vitro cultures of grapevine. After adjusting experimental conditions for biolistic inoculation of virus RNA, ALSV efficiently infected not only progeny seedlings of Vitis spp. ‘Koshu,’ but also in vitro cultures of V. vinifera ‘Neo Muscat’ without inducing viral symptoms. The grapevine seedlings and in vitro cultures inoculated with an ALSV vector expressing the ‘florigen’ gene (Arabidopsis Flowering locus T, AtFT) started to set floral buds 20–30 days after inoculation. This VIF technology was successfully used to promote flowering and produce grapes with viable seeds in in vitro cultures of F1 hybrids from crosses between V. ficifolia and V. vinifera and made it possible to analyze the quality of fruits within a year after germination. High-temperature (37 °C) treatment of ALSV-infected grapevine disabled virus movement to newly growing tissue to obtain ALSV-free shoots. Thus, the VIF using ALSV vectors can be used to shorten the generation time of grapevine seedlings and accelerate breeding of grapevines with desired traits.

The effect of tiller length and age on herbage quality of hybrid Pennisetum canopies.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
M. Warndorff ◽  
A. Dovrat ◽  
T. Kipnis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Hybrid Pennisetum ◽  
Whole Plants

Whole plants were sampled every 10 or 11 days from field-grown P. americanum X P. purpureum canopies which were cut at intervals of 3 or 6 weeks. Tillers of varying lengths were analysed for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). During the growing period, average whole tiller digestibility decreased, as did differences between tillers of different lengths. In 42-day-old herbage, no difference in IVDMD was found between 10 and 70 cm tillers. The decline in digestibility with time was attributed to (1) the appearance of tall tillers and (2) the detrimental effects of low light intensities on tillers growing deep in the canopy. Results suggested that it is doubtful whether tiller length or other morphological or physiological traits can be used to predict herbage digestibility, and that in breeding for better digestibility selection for stem digestibility per se should be more promising than selection for reduced stem growth. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Factors affecting the productivity of irrigated annual pastures. 1. Time of first irrigation in late summer-early autumn

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Clover Content

The influence of time of first irrigation (mid-February, early March, or late March) on the productivity of an annual pasture was studied for 3 years in northern Victoria. Beginning the irrigation of annual pastures in late summer instead of at the normal time of late March- April provided additional herbage in autumn and winter and did not adversely affect herbage production in late winter-early spring; up to 2.3 t/ha DM of additional herbage was obtained by mid June and 4.3 t/ha DM over the whole season. Earlier irrigation also increased the subterranean clover content of the pasture, resulting in herbage that was lower in digestibility and higher in nitrogen content than that in the other treatments. The benefit of early irrigation in increasing clover content may be offset by invasion by weeds. In this experiment, a potential weed problem in the earliest irrigation treatment appeared at the beginning of year 3.

CURRENT SITUATION OF MANAGEMENT AND USE OF TEACHING EQUIPMENT UNDER ORIENTATIONS FOR DEVELOPING STUDENT CAPACITY IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DIEN BIEN DISTRICT, DIEN BIEN PROVINCE IN THE PRESENT PERIOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Van Phuc ◽  
Ngo Quang Son
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Equipment Management ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Lower Secondary Schools

Last time, management of equipment, maintenance and use of teaching equipment in lower secondary schools in Dien Bien district, Dien Bien province has been paid more attention, making important contributions to keeping sustainably, improve the quality of education in the district. Every year the lower secondary schools have been given funding and have plans to equip additional teaching equipment. Most lower secondary schools have full-time staff in charge of teaching equipment; with equipment storage rooms, cabinets are gradually added; laboratories and classrooms have been built more and more; have a system of records of teaching equipment management established; The work of inventorying and purifying teaching equipment periodically was also concerned. The movement of innovating teaching methods has made education managers and teachers more interested in using teaching equipment effectively. The positive management measures have caused many teachers to use teaching equipment as an integral part of the lesson, helping the quality of the lessons be increasingly improved to meet the requirements of changes. New teaching methods. Education administrators, teachers, teaching equipment staff are becoming more and more serious in teaching device management. However, the reality of teaching equipment management still reveals many limitations: The management of teaching equipment in schools is still administrative and ineffective. The equipment has no overall and detailed plans; The procurement of teaching equipment is not guaranteed in terms of quantity, lack of uniformity (some are redundant, some are lacking), quality is limited (durability, accuracy is not guaranteed, some new ones are not used); preservation still has many shortcomings; lack of specialized staff; lack of storage space or insufficient storage; lack of cabinets, prices, laboratories, subject classrooms; specially managing the use of teaching equipment is not tight; Many places teachers have not paid attention to use, ineffective use. The situation of “teaching vegetarianism” is still common, teaching equipment used is still movement, mostly used only in special cases such as competitions for good teachers, lectures or when there is a delegation check; There are many cases of information technology abuse in teaching. The effective use of teaching equipment oriented student capacity development is not much. The management of the use of teaching equipment oriented to develop student competencies in the current trend of Industry Revolution 4.0 is a matter of great concern to educational managers.Thus, the task of surveying the situation of managing the effective use of teaching equipment, finding subjective and objective reasons in order to propose measures to effectively manage the use of teaching equipment in the direction of developing students’ practical capacities and contributing to improving the quality of teaching in secondary schools in Dien Bien district, Dien Bien province is a very important and necessary task today.

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