Modelling pesticide residues on greasy wool: using organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid survey data

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Plant ◽  
B. J. Horton ◽  
R. T. F. Armstrong ◽  
N. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Average Residue ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
On Farm

Summary. Several surveys have examined the relationship between organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid residues in wool and associated treatments. These have been combined and summarised using a model of on-farm survey data. The model estimated the amount of chemical taken up by the wool at application. This was based on experimental breakdown rates of these pesticides on wool determined in controlled trials. For about 10% of survey results the chemical measured on the wool did not match the chemical the producer said was applied. A further 5% of results were excluded because the amount of chemical detected on the wool was inconsistent with the stated time of treatment and shearing. With the remaining results there was a very high variation in residues resulting from the same (stated) treatment. It is clear that many producers do not know what chemicals they have used or how much they applied. The wide variation in results suggests that some producers may apply excessive amounts of pesticides while others use too little to have a useful effect. The model estimated the amount of pesticide taken up by the fleece using the residue left at shearing and the known breakdown rate for a given method and chemical group. When organophosphates were applied by dipping, the amount of chemical taken up by the fleece appeared to increase as the length of the wool increased. This was generally higher than would be anticipated from label dose rates but was consistent with the stripping characteristics of these chemicals. Therefore dipping as soon as possible after shearing left much lower residues (<10 mg/kg wool) than delayed treatment (often 10–30 mg/kg wool). In contrast the survey results suggest that the amount retained by sheep as a result of jetting decreased in longer wool. Jetting treatment rates appear to be lower than recommended, particularly for sheep with more than 6 months wool. Therefore jetting (as used by producers) left much lower residues in wool than dipping (with similar length wool) and was usually only above 10 mg/kg wool if carried out in the last 5 months before shearing, or if the same sheep received repeated treatments. The residue of synthetic pyrethroid retained in the fleece after dipping or long wool backliner application increased as the length of the wool increased at treatment, and appeared generally consistent with label recommendations. Current long wool backline products usually left residues of synthetic pyrethroid above 10 mg/kg on the wool. Short wool dipping left less than 10 mg/kg wool while off-shears backliners usually left average residue concentrations of about 2 mg/kg wool. Although the actual on-farm results vary 4-fold above and below the average, the model can be used to estimate the expected residue concentration and likely range of results from most standard on-farm organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid treatments. This will allow improved provision of advice so that most producers can meet specified industry standards. It will allow wool buyers to estimate the risk of purchasing high residue wool based on producers’ statements about treatments applied.

Modelling pesticide residues on greasy wool: surveys of the insect growth regulators triflumuron and diflubenzuron

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Morcombe ◽  
M. Gillibrand ◽  
B. J. Horton ◽  
R. T. F. Armstrong ◽  
N. J. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Insect Growth Regulators ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Average Residue ◽  
Farm Survey ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship

Surveys have examined the relationship between louse and flystrike treatments on farms and the resulting residues of insect growth regulators on greasy wool. These results have been summarised using a model of the on-farm survey data. The model estimated the amount of chemical taken up by the wool at application. This was based on experimental breakdown rates of these insecticides on wool determined in controlled trials. The data indicated that the backliner, triflumuron, when used off-shears within 24 h of shearing, was normally applied at slightly higher than the recommended rate on-farm and left an average residue of 30 mg/kg greasy wool at the following shearing 12 months later. Diflubenzuron, applied by dipping or jetting, was usually applied at lower than the recommended rates, and left an average residue of 40 mg/kg on the wool at shearing 12 months later. When treatment was applied to very short wool (<3 weeks after shearing) the residue was only about 20 mg/kg, but when applied at later times after shearing the residue at the following shearing was not closely related to the time of treatment. The model can be used to estimate the expected residue level and likely range of results from most standard insect growth regulator treatments. This will improve advice to producers so most can meet specified industry standards.

scholarly journals Adding “Student Voice” to the Mix: Perception Surveys and State Accountability Systems

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842199072
Author(s):  
Jack Schneider ◽  
James Noonan ◽  
Rachel S. White ◽  
Douglas Gagnon ◽  
Ashley Carey
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Student Voice ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
State Level ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
New School ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
School Ratings

For the past two decades, student perception surveys have become standard tools in data collection efforts. At the state level, however, “student voice” is still used sparingly. In this study, we examine the ways in which including student survey results might alter state accountability determinations. Reconstructing the accountability system in Massachusetts, we draw on a unique set of student survey data, which we add to the state’s formula at a maximally feasible dosage in order to determine new school ratings. As we find, student survey data shift school accountability ratings in small but meaningful ways and appear to enhance functional validity. Student survey results introduce information about school quality that is not captured by typical accountability metrics, correlate moderately with test score growth, and are not predicted by student demographic variables.

scholarly journals Large increases in adipose triacylglycerol flux in Cushingoid CRH-Tg mice are explained by futile cycling

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (3) ◽  
pp. E282-E293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Harris ◽  
Donald J. Roohk ◽  
Mark Fitch ◽  
Benjamin M. Boudignon ◽  
Bernard P. Halloran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Triglyceride Synthesis ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Skin Collagen

Glucocorticoids are extremely effective anti-inflammatory therapies, but their clinical use is limited due to severe side effects, including osteoporosis, muscle wasting, fat redistribution, and skin thinning. Here we use heavy water labeling and mass spectrometry to measure fluxes through metabolic pathways impacted by glucocorticoids. We combine these methods with measurements of body composition in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-transgenic (Tg)+ mice that have chronically elevated, endogenously produced corticosterone and a phenotype that closely mimics Cushing's disease in humans. CRH-Tg+ mice had increased adipose mass, adipose triglyceride synthesis, and greatly increased triglyceride/fatty acid cycling in subcutaneous and abdominal fat depots and increased de novo lipogenesis in the abdominal depot. In bone, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased bone mass, absolute collagen synthesis rates, and collagen breakdown rate. In skin, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased skin thickness and absolute collagen synthesis rates but no decrease in the collagen breakdown rate. In muscle, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased muscle mass and absolute protein synthesis but no decrease in the protein breakdown rate. We conclude that chronic exposure to endogenous glucocorticoid excess in mice is associated with ongoing decreases in bone collagen, skin collagen, and muscle protein synthesis without compensatory reduction (coupling) of breakdown rates in skin and muscle. Both of these actions contribute to reduced protein pool sizes. We also conclude that increased cycling between triglycerides and free fatty acids occurs in both abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots in CRH-Tg+ mice. CRH-Tg mice have both increased lipolysis and increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Impact of Bt Corn Adoption by U.S. Farmers

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo ◽  
Seth Wechsler
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Bt Corn ◽  
Insect Infestation ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of adopting Bt corn on farm profits, yields, and insecticide use. The study employs an econometric model that corrects for self-selection and simultaneity. The model is estimated using nationwide farm-level survey data for 2005. Regression analysis confirms that Bt adoption is associated with increased variable profits, yields, and seed demand. However, the results of this analysis suggest that Bt adoption is not significantly related to insecticide use. This result may be due to the fact that insect infestation levels were lower in 2005 than they were in previous years.

scholarly journals Regulation of the breakdown rates of biotin-containing proteins in Swiss 3T3-L1 cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
C S Chandler ◽  
F J Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Lysosomal Proteolysis ◽  
Swiss 3T3 ◽  
Inhibitory Agents

1. Degradation rate constants for individual biotin-labelled proteins were measured in Swiss 3T3-L1 adipocytes that had been incubated with inhibitors of autophagy or of lysosomal proteolysis. 2. Inhibitory effects produced by 10 mM-3-methyladenine and a combination of 5 mM-NH4Cl and leupeptin (50 micrograms/ml) were approximately equal. The inclusion of NH4Cl did not significantly enhance the responses to 3-methyladenine, suggesting that autophagy was already maximally inhibited. 3. The extent of inhibition by 3-methyladenine or by the NH4Cl/leupeptin mixture was similar for the cytosolic enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase and for the three mitochondrial carboxylases. This inhibition averaged 50%. The breakdown rate of a more-stable 38 kDa biotin-containing mitochondrial protein was more responsive to the inhibitory agents. These results are best explained by mitochondrial proteolysis occurring via a combination of the degradation of whole mitochondria within autophagic vacuoles, supplemented by the selective intramitochondrial breakdown of more labile proteins. 4. A number of intermediate products in the degradation of biotin-containing proteins were detected. Differences in the patterns of radioactivity between these peptides after incubation of cells in the presence of inhibitors of the breakdown process provided evidence that some peptides were produced before autophagy, others as a result of intralysosomal inhibition, while at least one was associated with intramitochondrial proteolysis.

Determining Pipeline Depth of Cover at River Crossings by Data Integration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Chan ◽  
Jin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Data Integration ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Data Errors ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Inspection Data

Having sufficient depth of cover ensures pipeline protection and is a regulatory requirement. Confirming the pipeline depth of cover on dry land is generally easy and produces accurate results. However, determining the pipeline depth of cover at a river crossing can be problematic because of accessibility difficulties and the increased measurement errors from aboveground surveys. The difficulty of determining the pipeline depth of cover at river crossings can be resolved by integrating both the aboveground survey data and the inline inspection data. By comparing both sets of data, errors from both above survey data and inline inspection data can be detected. This paper describes watercourse management, aboveground DOC surveys, and a spreadsheet based tool developed for both the quick verification of aboveground survey results, and the calculation of the true DOC at water crossings without needing to set new GPS tie-points on both banks of the crossing and running a new ILI.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of the Perceived Challenges and Benefits of Introducing Biosimilars in Bangladesh: A Paradigm Shift

Biomolecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Kabir ◽  
Shannon Moreino ◽  
Mohammad Sharif Siam
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Financial Success ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Immense Potential

The high demand for and resulting financial success of biopharmaceutical products over the last three decades have seen the door open for close copies of these biological products, also known as biosimilars. This paper seeks to collate all relevant published intelligence with acquired survey data to assess the weight of available evidence that these products hold immense potential for the pharmaceutical industry in terms of their applications and benefits. Biosimilars also pose to be of great promise to the Bangladesh pharmaceutical industry, with the commitment of drastically reducing its dependence on foreign imports of biopharmaceutics to meet local demand. Our questionnaire based survey involved 100 Clinicians, 50 Industry Experts and 100 Academicians. The study found that majority of Industry Experts (72%) and Academicians (63%) shared a different concept of biosimilars opposed to majority of Clinicians (78%). Majority of Academicians (68%) and Industry Experts (61%) also shared a different belief from that of most Clinicians (61%) regarding the need for updating the existing regulatory guidelines. The study also showed that Clinicians (67%), Industry Experts (83%) and Academicians (80%) highlighted the benefit of lower costs of biosimilars. Furthermore, the quality data obtained from the survey results allowed us to evaluate and provide recommendations for stakeholders on the need for increased biosimilar awareness, pharmacovigilance and safety in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Caretaker attitudes toward swine euthanasia1

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus R Campler ◽  
Monique D Pairis-Garcia ◽  
Jean-Loup Rault ◽  
Grahame Coleman ◽  
Andreia G Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Average Work ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Timely euthanasia is a fundamental part of safeguarding swine welfare by reducing suffering when compromised pigs are unable to recover. The quality and appropriateness of timely euthanasia rely mainly on the knowledge and experience of the individual caretaker but may also be affected by caretaker attitudes toward euthanasia. However, literature on caretaker attitudes toward swine euthanasia is lacking. This study investigated caretaker attitudes, perceived knowledge, and confidence in performing on-farm timely euthanasia. A total of 84 caretakers from eight swine farms (ranging in size from 1,300 to 7,000 sows) participated in a survey designed to investigate attitudes toward swine and swine euthanasia. Caretaker’s ages ranged from 18 to 59 yr with an average work experience of 8.5 yr. The majority of participants worked in either farrowing or breeding units. Survey questions were designed to assess caretakers’ attitudes and attributes (empathy affect, empathy attribution, attitudes toward pigs, feeling bad about euthanizing pigs, and assumptions about pigs’ emotional capabilities), decision-making skills (confidence in identifying compromised pigs or relying on coworkers to make decisions), and euthanasia skillset (confidence in performing euthanasia, training, and perceived level of knowledge). Using cluster analysis to analyze survey answers, three distinct groups of caretakers were identified: 1) confident and empathetic; 2) Confident, knowledgeable, and detached; and 3) unconfident and lacking knowledge. The survey results showed that empathy attribution was strongly correlated with empathy affect (r = 0.571, P &lt; 0.01) and that empathy affect and empathy attribution were higher in female caretakers compared with male caretakers (P &lt; 0.05). A risk analysis that included previously identified clusters showed that females were more likely to be grouped among caretakers that were confident and empathetic (P = 0.04), and caretakers with more than 2 yr of swine experience were more likely to be grouped as confident and skilled (P = 0.01), while the unconfident and empathetic were more likely to have had less than 2 yr of experience (P = 0.04). This study provides important information about variability in caretaker experience as well as their attitudes toward pigs and timely euthanasia. Increased knowledge about swine caretaker attitudes may be used to implement training and euthanasia protocols to increase both human and pig welfare on farm.

scholarly journals Skeletal-muscle growth and protein turnover

1975 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Millward ◽  
P J Garlick ◽  
R J C Stewart ◽  
D O Nnanyelugo ◽  
J C Waterlow
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Breakdown Rates

Because of turnover, protein synthesis and breakdown can each be involved in the regulation of the growth of tissue protein. To investigate the regulation of skeletal-muscle-protein growth we measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in growing rats during development on a good diet, during development on a marginally low-protein diet and during rehabilitation on a good diet after a period of severe protein deficiency. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo with a constant intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The growth rate of muscle protein was measured and the rate of breakdown calculated as breakdown rate=synthesis rate-growth rate. These measurements showed that during development on a good diet there was a fall with age in the rate of protein synthesis resulting from a fall in capacity (RNA concentration) and activity (synthesis rate per unit of RNA). There was a fall with age in the breakdown rate so that the rate was highest in the weaning rats, with a half-life of 3 days. There was a direct correlation between the fractional growth and breakdown rates. During rehabilitation on the good diet, rapid growth was also accompanied by high rates of protein breakdown. During growth on the inadequate diet protein synthesis rates were lesss than in controls, but growth occurred because of decreased rates of protein breakdown. This compression was not complete, however, since ultimate muscle size was only one-half that of controls. It is suggested that increased rates of protein breakdown are a necessary accompaniment to muscle growth and may result from the way in which myofibrils proliferate.

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