Nitrogen transformations in a soil of the Lower Burdekin, Queensland. I. Mineral nitrogen and redox potential under rice

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Reid ◽  
SA Waring
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Soil Ammonium ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

A small plot field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 as ammonium sulphate and 8, 4 and 3 irrigations before permanent flooding on soil mineral nitrogen and redox potential under rice. The soil was reduced to about 360 mV on some occasions before permanent flooding 39 days after sowing but no significant irrigation treatment effects occurred. After permanent flooding, redox potential at pH 7 declined to stabilize at around 120 mV, in the range where denitrification should occur. Significant differences in soil ammonium occurred between nitrogen treatments throughout most of the experiment. Initial recovery by soil analysis was almost complete but soil ammonium remained below 5 kg N ha-1 in all treatments after the first 53 days. Fertilizer addition significantly increased soil nitrate levels 18 and 27 days after sowing. Both nitrogen treatments significantly increased grain yield. Maximum soil nitrate accumulation occurred 27 days after sowing. It was reduced from 11 kg N ha-1 in treatments with 3 and 4 irrigations, to 6 kg N ha-1 in the 8 irrigations treatment. This difference may not indicate increased denitrification as irrigation treatments did not significantly affect grain yield. After the first few days of permanent flooding, soil nitrate remained below 3 kg N ha-1.

Effect of lupin management on the yield of subsequent wheat crops in a lupin-wheat rotation

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Petch ◽  
RW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen

Wheat was grown in a series of 1:1 rotation cycles with sweet lupins over 8 years on three sites in Western Australia. Grain yield of wheat was the main test used to compare five lupin management treatments with a control treatment, 'no-lupins'. The lupins were cut as for silage, cut as for hay, or harvested as mature grain, the stubble being burnt or removed in summer, or turned into the soil the next autumn. Nitrogen taken up in the lupins and in the wheat was measured, as well as soil mineral nitrogen in the top 10 cm in the final year. Lupin yield and nitrogen content within any year were similar over all treatments. As much nitrogen was removed in hay and silage as in mature lupins, but wheat yielded most grain after the 'silage' and 'hay' treatments, and least after 'no-lupins' or after the 'remove' and 'turn-in' stubble treatments. Nitrogen uptakes in young wheat plants point to treatment effects due to differences in nitrogen availability, but the treatments also caused different weed populations which at least partially affected wheat yields. Herbicide control of encroaching weeds in the lupins raised soil nitrate levels the following summer and increased subsequent wheat yields.

Relationship between soil nitrate accumulation and in-season corn N nutrition indicators

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Annie Claessens
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Data Points

Ziadi, N., Bélanger, G. and Claessens, A. 2012. Relationship between soil nitrate accumulation and in-season corn N nutrition indicators. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 331–339. Nitrogen management tools are required to optimize crop growth and yield while minimizing the likelihood of N losses to the environment. We previously determined that non-limiting N conditions for near maximum corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield are reached with the following threshold values for three in-season plant-based indicators of corn N nutrition determined at approximately the V12 stage of development: N nutrition index (NNI) = 0.88, leaf N (NL) concentration = 32.7 mg N g−1 leaf DM, and relative chlorophyll meter (RCM) values = 0.95. Our objective was to study the relationship between these plant-based indicators and soil NO3-N content in an effort to develop tools to reduce the likelihood of soil NO3-N accumulation without affecting grain yield. This study at 5 site-years in Québec consisted of six N fertilizer rates (20–250 kg N ha−1). The NNI, NL concentrations, RCM values, and soil (0–0.15 m) NO3-N content were measured weekly from July to early August, while soil NO3-N content to a 0.90-m depth was measured in late August and October. During the growing season from July to early August, the proportion of data points above the average soil NO3-N content was greater under non-limiting N conditions (NNI ≥ 0.88, NL concentrations ≥ 32.7 mg N g−1 leaf DM, or RCM values ≥ 0.95) than under limiting N conditions. Furthermore, the mean soil NO3-N content of the data points above the general average was much higher under non limiting than limiting N conditions in late August (167 vs. 78 kg NO3-N ha−1 for NNI and RCM; 166 vs. 112 kg NO3-N ha−1 for NL concentration) and October (68 vs. 49 kg NO3-N ha−1). High soil NO3-N accumulation during the season and at harvest occurs only when in-season plant-based N indicators are greater than their threshold values.

Impact of biochar on nitrate accumulation in an alkaline soil

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Zhong Zhang ◽  
Xia-Hui Wang ◽  
Zhang-Liu Du ◽  
Xin-Ren Liu ◽  
Yi-Ding Wang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Nitrate Retention ◽  
Significant Difference

The effects of biochar on alkaline soils in high-yielding agricultural fields remain poorly understood. Nitrate variation in soils due to biochar application without a change in soil pH, is a great concern relating to both crop yield and nitrate leaching. In this study, we monitored changes in dynamics of soil nitrate accumulation and effects on grain yield due to biochar application in a temperate, high-yielding region. Biochar derived from corncob was applied to an alkaline soil at biochar rates (kg ha–1) of 0 (CK), 2250 (C1), and 4500 (C2) for each of two crop seasons in 2007. A treatment with 750 kg biochar-based fertiliser ha–1 (CN) for each of two crop seasons was also included. Biochar had no significant effect on soil water content to 1 m soil depth. Biochar tended to increase the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the 0–20 cm soil layer and nitrate retention to 1 m soil profile, but there was no significant difference between biochar treatments and CK. Grain yield of C1, C2, and CN was improved by 10.3%, 16.9%, and 15.5% compared with CK, respectively, but only C2 was significantly different from CK. Grain yields of winter wheat with biochar application showed a trend similar to soil CEC and average soil-nitrate retention, suggesting that the increases in grain yield were mainly attributable to improvements in soil CEC and soil nitrate retention due to biochar application in the alkaline soil. In conclusion, the effects of biochar on soil water retention, soil nitrate retention, and grain yield were very limited in alkaline soil in a high-yielding region.

Effects of precision planting patterns and irrigation on winter wheat yields and water productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. MAO ◽  
W. W. ZHONG ◽  
X. Y. WANG ◽  
X. B. ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Precision Planting

SUMMARYThe production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by crop population structures and field microclimates. This 3-year study assessed the effect of different precision planting patterns and irrigation conditions on relative humidity (RH), air and soil temperature within the canopy, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), evapotranspiration (ET), water productivity (WP) and grain yields. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2014 on a two-factor split-plot design with three replicates. The experiments involved three precision planting patterns (single row, alternating single and twin rows [hereafter ‘single–twin’] and twin row) and three irrigation treatments (0 mm (I0), 90 mm (I90) and 180 mm (I180)). Planting patterns and irrigation treatments exerted a significant effect on RH, air and soil temperature, iPAR, ET, WP and grain yield. The lowest RH and iPAR levels were detected in the single row pattern. When the irrigation treatment was identical, the highest soil and air temperatures were detected in the single row pattern, followed by the single–twin row and twin row patterns. Compared with the single row, the single–twin and twin row patterns increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4, WP by 4·7 and 5·7% and yields by 6·0 and 7·9%, respectively. Compared with I0, the I90 and I180 irrigation treatments increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4%, and WP by 4·7 and 5·7%, respectively. The grain yields of the twin row pattern were 5·8 and 1·7% higher than those of the single row and single–twin row patterns, respectively. Compared with I0, I90 increased yield by 19·3%. The twin row pattern improved crop structure and farmland microclimate by increasing RH and iPAR, and reducing soil and air temperatures, thus increasing grain yield. These results indicated that a twin row pattern effectively improved grain yield at I0. On the basis of iPAR, WP and grain yield, it was concluded that a twin row pattern combined with an I90 irrigation treatment provided optimal cropping conditions for the North China plain.

scholarly journals Effect of controlled sprinkler chemigation on wheat crop in a sandy soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
M.A. Sayed ◽  
M.N.A. Bedaiwy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Safe Limits

A two-year experiment was conducted in the desert west of the Nile Delta to study the effect of applying fertilizers and other agronomic chemicals through sprinkler irrigation water (a technique referred to as chemigation) on wheat grain yield. Experiment included three levels of irrigation inputs, namely: I<sub>1</sub> = potential evapotranspiration rate (ET<sub>p</sub>), I<sub>2</sub> = 0.8 ETp and I<sub>3</sub> = 0.6 ET<sub>p</sub>, and included two application method of fertilizers and herbicide (chemication and traditional). Applying chemigation resulted in significant increase in grain yield, ranging between 9.9% and 50.0% with averages of 43.2% and 14.5% over the first and second seasons, respectively. Irrigation treatment I<sub>1</sub> produced higher grain yield than the other two irrigation treatments both under traditional and chemigation methods as a result of better fertilizer distribution in the root zone. Grain yield associated with combined I<sub>1</sub> and chemigation was highest of all treatments and was greater than Egypt's national average by 14% and 9% for seasons 1 and 2, respectively. Chemigation resulted in more uniform distribution of nitrate-nitrogen throughout the root zone with nitrate levels falling within safe limits. Concentrations under traditional application resulted in lower levels in upper soil and greater levels at deeper soil of the root zone exceeding safe limits and subjecting the soil and groundwater to contamination hazards. For both N and K fertilizers, fertilizer use efficiency was greater under chemigation than under traditional application. Efficiencies increased with increasing irrigation water, apparently due to better fertilizer distribution. Applying herbicides with sprinkler irrigation water reduced weed infestation from 48% to 6.5%. As a result of improved yield under chemigation, an increase in revenue per hectare of 112.6% was achieved.

scholarly journals Effect of inoculation associated to leaf sprayed Co+Mo on the yield and grain nutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Francisco Berton Junior ◽  
Julio Cesar Pires Santos ◽  
Cileide Maria Medeiros Coelho ◽  
Osmar Klauberg Filho
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
The Common

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen fixing inoculum associated with Co + Mo leaf spray on the common bean grain yield and grain nutrients, cv. FT Nobre. Three dosages of the inoculant (0, 200 and 400 g/50 kg seeds), combined with four Co + Mo leaf spray levels (T0=0,0; T1=4.9,49; T2=7.3,73; and T3=9.7,97 g ha-1 of Co and Mo, respectively) were tested. The grain yield with the use of the inoculant (400 g / 5O kg seed-1) associated with the higher level of Co+Mo (T2 and T3) was very similar to the mineral nitrogen condition fertilizer recommended for the bean (70 kg ha-1 of N). With the increased inoculant dosage, an increase of the protein content and of P and Mg in the grain was also observed. The results indicated that the mineral nitrogen source could be replaced by inoculation of the seeds with Rhizobium tropici combined with Co + Mo leaf spray.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

Fallowing and wheat production in southern NSW

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn ◽  
RR Storrier ◽  
EG Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

The response of wheat to the length of fallow, to the number of cultivations, and to pre-planting chemical control of weeds on high fertility soils was determined under winter rainfall conditions at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over four years commencing 1960-61. Length of fallow had little influence on the conservation of rainfall except in 1961-62, when approximately twice the average summer rainfall added 1.8 inches of soil moisture per acre 48 inches. Long fallow increased available nitrogen accumulation, but this did not increase yield over either the mechanically prepared shorter fallows, or pre-planting chemical weed control. This was due to losses during the autumn-winter period of some of the excess mineral nitrogen that accrued during the long fallow. High mineral nitrogen concentrations also occurred during the summer on weed-free, uncultivated soils. Grain yield after a single autumn cultivation was as high as after a long fallow except in 1961-62. In this year the long fallow (September to May) significantly increased yields over all other treatments. The absence of any positive yield response to the application of 60 to 80 lb nitrogen an acre to short fallows suggests that mineral nitrogen concentrations were generally adequate for grain production. The addition of nitrogen to long fallows often depressed yields. The dependence of grain yield on adequate weed control is illustrated by a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.849 ; P<0.001) of grain yield with weed growth. It is concluded that in the Wagga Wagga environment weed control is more important than moisture conservation and mineral nitrogen accumulation through fallowing.

scholarly journals Effect of Reduced Nitrogen and Supplemented Amino Acids Nutrient Solution on the Nutritional Quality of Baby Green and Red Lettuce Grown in a Floating System

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlos Tsouvaltzis ◽  
Dimitrios S. Kasampalis ◽  
Danai-Christina Aktsoglou ◽  
Nikolaos Barbayiannis ◽  
Anastasios S. Siomos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Floating System

Excessive nitrogen fertilization results in nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables. Reducing the dose of mineral nitrogen or using alternate fertilizers lowers the nitrate accumulation; however, a critical minimum level of mineral nitrogen is necessary to maintain yield and nutritional quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two levels of mineral nitrogen (100% and 50%) and three levels of an amino acid solution (0, 0.3, and 0.9%) in the nutrient solution of two baby lettuce cultivars (green and red) grown in a floating system. Nitrogen reduction did not affect yield (12.9–13.4 and 11.0–11.3 g/plant, respectively) but reduced nitrate accumulation (by 43 and 19%, respectively) in both green and red lettuce, while enhancing phenolic content (by 28%) and antioxidant capacity (by 69%) in green lettuce and soluble solid (by 7%) and total chlorophyll content (by 9%) in red lettuce. Although nitrate accumulation was prevented (< 355 mg/kg FW) and most nutritional components increased in both lettuce types by amino acids supplementation, plant growth was negatively affected, especially in red lettuce, in both concentrations of amino acids (reduction by 9 and 35% in 0.3 and 0.9%, respectively). In both lettuce types, proline content increased by 0.9% amino acids supplementation (by 45%), implying a probable induction of a stress condition. Mineral nutrients were slightly affected by nitrogen reduction, which was probably perceived as an abiotic stress.

Effects of preflood nitrogen rate and midseason nitrogen timing on flooded rice

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CARRERES ◽  
J. SENDRA ◽  
R. BALLESTEROS ◽  
J. GARCÍA DE LA CUADRA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Index Value

A field study was conducted to investigate the agronomic performance, nitrogen (N) efficiencies, yield components and yield of rice in Spain for different nitrogen treatments. The experimental variants were six preflood N rates (0, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha) and three topdressing patterns: (i) non- topdressed, (ii) topdressed with 50 kg N/ha at mid-tillering stage (MT) and (iii) topdressed at panicle initiation stage (PI). The N status of the plant was measured at different growing stages to determine whether a chlorophyll meter would be useful in making N sidedress recommendations. The results showed that grain yield increased with increasing amounts of preflooding N fertilizers up to 100 kg N/ha. The main effect was on panicle number per unit ground area. The effect of additional N supply on yield components and grain yield depended on application timing. Split applications of N did not improve the agronomic efficiency but reduced days to maturity and lodging and increased the harvest index value. Split applications increased grain yield when the total N rate was 150 kg/ha with the second supply at PI. There was a significant but not very good relationship between N content and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values. The regression equation differed significantly depending on growth stage. The SPAD value may determine the need for N topdressing at MT stage, but not at PI. However, the relationship between SPAD value and the rice yield increase from N topdressing application was not very good.

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