Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of dryland grain sorghum at Katherine, Northern Territory. 4. 15-nitrogen studies on nitrogen carrier and method of application

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Effective Source

The effect of nitrogen source and method of application on yield and N uptake of dryland grain sorghum was studied, using 15-nitrogen labelled fertilizers. The nitrogen sources were ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea, and the methods were banded, mixed and split application, using a rate of 50 kg N ha-1 throughout. The experiment was conducted over two wet seasons, 1970-71 and 1971-72. Method of application increased yield and nitrogen uptake in the order banded > mixed > split. Source of nitrogen resulted in the order ammonium sulphate = ammonium nitrate > urea. In the drier season, urea behaved somewhat differently, i.e. banded urea > banded ammonium nitrate= banded ammonium sulphate. Calculation of percentage recovery in general confirmed these results. It was concluded that nitrogenous fertilizer is more effective when banded, and that urea was a less effective source of nitrogen than the two ammonium salts. The results obtained with 15-nitrogen revealed a significant treatment effect that was not apparent in non-tracer experiments namely, the poor performance of urea in the second year. Because of its greater sensitivity, and because it identifies the nitrogen derived from fertilizer, the 15-nitrogen technique has scope for use in field experiments comparing fertilizers and cultural techniques.

Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of dryland grain sorghum at Katherine, Northern Territory. 3. Effect of nitrogen carrier, time and placement

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 834 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Different nitrogen carriers, and placements and strategies of application to dryland grain sorghum growing in a clay loam soil were compared in field experiments at Katherine, Northern Territory. The nitrogen carriers were ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, urea and anhydrous ammonia ; placements were banding, mixing into the topsoil, and broadcasting; and strategies consisted of split application, and varying time of broadcasting. The rate used throughout was 50 kg N ha-1.Responses to the various treatments varied between the two seasons (1970-71, 1971-72) due to differing soil moisture conditions. There was a response to broadcasting nitrogen after emergence, giving higher grain yield and nitrogen yield than earlier broadcasting or application with the seed. Banded nitrogen (both seasons) and split nitrogen (one season) were superior to other methods of applying nitrogen with the seed. The only yield differences between sources of nitrogen were with broadcast application, where ammonium sulphate proved superior in one season, and with respect to apparent recovery of nitrogen by the crop, when the order ammonium nitrate > ammonium sulphate > urea was observed in both seasons. It is suggested that in this environment and on this soil, nitrogen is not particularly susceptible to volatilization, and broadcasting urea and ammonium fertilizer onto dry soil may retain nitrogen within the rooting zone, in comparison with nitrate, which is more susceptible to leaching. Incorporated fertilizer is more susceptible to nitrification and subsequent leaching, while banded nitrogen appears to resist nitrification and leaching.

Field experiments comparing ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled with spring barley

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Devine ◽  
M. R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Yields

1. Twenty-one experiments were carried out in various parts of England and Scotland in 1959–61 comparing two or more of the nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, combine-drilled in compound fertilizers for spring barley.2. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate combine-drilled at rates from 35 to 105 lb./acre of nitrogen checked early growth slightly in some of the experiments, with no important difference between the two sources, which also gave similar grain yields.3. Calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled at 45 lb./acre of nitrogen had no large effect on early growth, while at 70 and 90 lb./acre both fertilizers seriously delayed brairding and reduced the plant population in many of the experiments, especially in eastern England. They gave lower yields than ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate in many of the experiments in which early growth was affected, and gave lower mean yields at all rates of application.4. In eleven of the experiments, broadcast applications of two or more of the four nitrogen fertilizers were compared. All sources gave similar mean yields.5. There was a slightly smaller yield from combine drilling than from broadcasting ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, and a markedly smaller yield from calcium nitrate and urea.

The effect of rate, form and timing of fertilizer N on nitrogen uptake and grain N content in spring malting barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. McTaggart ◽  
K. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out on six sites in eastern Scotland between 1987 and 1989 to determine the effect of nitrogen on the yield, N uptake and grain N concentration of spring barley grown for malting. The effects of fertilizer applications at rates from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1 and the timing of application were studied, using three fertilizer forms: calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate. Calcium nitrate applications significantly increased grain N concentrations (P < 0·05), and grain yields (P < 0·01 and 0·05) at two sites, above the values obtained with the other fertilizers, but there was no effect at the other sites. Split applications of calcium nitrate increased yields above those from single applications in some treatments at two sites. At low rates, recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer was greatest when applied as calcium nitrate. Recovery fell at higher rates in calcium nitrate treatments, but rose in ammonium sulphate treatments. Uptake of fertilizer N, during the period of stem elongation in June, was significantly greater (P < 0·05) in the calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate treatments. Maximum uptake was usually reached by the time of anthesis. Uptake of soil N was not as great during the early sampling periods, but continued up to harvest in most treatments. There was evidence of losses, between anthesis and harvest, of fertilizer N previously taken up by the crop. The uptake of soil N remained constant over the range of fertilizer treatments except with ammonium sulphate, where there was evidence of increased uptake at higher fertilizer rates, possibly due to ‘pool substitution’ of 15N-labelled fertilizer. The variation in soil N uptake between sites was greater than the variation in fertilizer N uptake caused by different forms of fertilizer and different application times.

Field experiments comparing ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate as top-dressings for winter wheat and grassland

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Devine ◽  
M. R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments

Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate wore compared as top-dressing applications in thirty-six field experiments on winter wheat and eighty-nine on grassland in various parts of Great Britain in 1956-62. The rates of application were 35-60 lb./acre of nitrogen for winter wheat and 30-100 lb./acre for grassland in one application only.

Aqueous ammonia compared with other nitrogenous fertilizers as solids and solutions on grass

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
A. P. Draycott
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Single Application

SUMMARYField experiments with Italian ryegrass cut four times a year compared aqueous ammonia with ammonium sulphate and with a mixture of ammonium nitrate and urea (equal parts by weight). In 1963 four rates of nitrogen, 224, 448, 672 and 896 lb/acre, were applied as single and split dressings of injected aqueous ammonia, as solid ammonium sulphate and as injected solution of ammonium sulphate. There was little difference in total dry-matter yield between a single injection of aqueous ammonia and the split dressing of solid. Injecting ammonium sulphate solution eliminated scorch caused by single applications of solid supplying 448 lb N/acre or more and gave significantly greater dry-matter yields. A single application of 448 lb N/acre provided enough nitrogen to sustain the response of the grass to the end of the season.In 1964 a single injection of aqueous ammonia was compared with ammonium nitrate/urea applied as solid or solution at 280, 560 and 840 lb N/acre. There was no difference in total dry-matter yield between aqueous ammonia and ammonium nitrate/urea at rates of 560 and 840 lb/acre. At 280 lb/acre a split dressing of solid produced most dry matter. More than 280 lb N/acre was required, therefore, as a single application in spring to last the whole season, but this rate of nitrogen applied as a split dressing was almost sufficient to give maximum yield.In both experiments the seasonal distribution of dry matter was similar for single and split applications except in 1963 when large single injections of ammonium sulphate produced greater yields at the third cut than the split applications. The percentage of nitrogen recovered in the harvested grass decreased as nitrogen rate was increased and was greater from single than split applications. Recovery of nitrogen from aqueous ammonia was less efficient from four injections than one, and was greater in 1964 than 1963 due to better penetration of the sward by injector tines. Least nitrogen was recovered from surface-applied solutions of ammonium nitrate/urea. Regressions of dry-matter yield on nitrogen yield showed that single injections of aqueous ammonia were as efficient as other fertilizers tested.

EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
K. B. MCRAE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses

Methods and time of application of labelled nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-534
Author(s):  
E. P. Papanicolaou ◽  
V. D. Skarlou ◽  
C. Nobeli ◽  
N. S. Katranis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Maize Grain

SummaryIn this study two field experiments were conducted on a heavy to medium heavy, calcareous, recent alluvial soil of Central Greece. The main aim of these experiments was to study the effect of the most common nitrogen sources, applied in one or two doses, on maize growth and fertilizer utilization. Foliar application of urea was also a treatment included in these experiments.Phosphorus alone had no significant effect on maize yield. Nitrogen (various forms), alone or in combination with phosphorus, increased the yield and nitrogen content of maize. Maize yield was not significantly affected by the form of nitrogen or by dividing the application of nitrogen. Foliar applications of urea were as effective as soil applications in increasing maize grain yields.The percentage of fertilizer nitrogen taken up (utilization coefficient) ranged between ca. 58% for sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, and ca. 39% for ammonium sulphate and urea, when the fertilizers were applied about 10 weeks after sowing. Foliar urea was nearly as efficiently utilized as urea applied as a sidedressing. Application of the tested fertilizers before sowing was nearly as efficient as or more efficient than application of the fertilizers as a sidedressing at 70 cm plant height (38 days after sowing). Finally, addition of 120 kg N/ha enhanced the amount of soil nitrogen taken up in the maize crop by 33%.

Effect of Pulsed Additions of Nutrients on Oil Biodegradation in Continuous-Flow Beach Microcosms

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Wrenn ◽  
Hao Zheng ◽  
Eugene S. Kohar ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Albert D. Venosa
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Intermittent Feeding ◽  
Oil Biodegradation ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Demand Rate ◽  
Rate Limiting

ABSTRACT Bioremediation of oil-contaminated shorelines can be effected by providing sufficient quantities of certain rate-limiting nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Although stoichiometry, based on the determination of optimal C:N:P ratios from batch oil-biodegradation experiments, traditionally has been the primary method for estimating required nutrient dosages, recent research suggests that nutrient uptake and microbial growth kinetics may be more important in determining the success of oil spill bioremediation. Because nutrient washout can be relatively rapid in intertidal environments, nutrient application strategies must consider the relative rates of nutrient washout and uptake by microorganisms. Because there may be significant differences between ammonium and nitrate with respect to both of these processes, a laboratory investigation of the performance of these two nitrogen sources was conducted in continuous-flow beach microcosm reactors. The behavior of these nutrients was compared under abiotic conditions to determine whether ammonium could be retained in oil-contaminated beaches longer than nitrate by ion exchange. Their ability to support oil biodegradation under continuous and intermittent feeding conditions also was compared. No differences between ammonium and nitrate could be detected based on either criterion, but faster oil biodegradation was observed under pulse-feeding conditions than when the nutrients were supplied continuously. The relatively poor performance of the continuously fed systems was attributed to nutrient limitation because the nutrient input rate was less than the nutrient demand rate.

Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of dryland grain sorghum at Katherine, Northern Territory. 2. Effect of rate and source of phosphorus fertilizer

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (93) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus

Field experiments were conducted at Katherine, Northern Territory, in 1970-71 and 1971 -72 to examine responses of dryland grain sorghum to applied phosphorus at different growth stages. In the first, the effect of rate of application up to 100 kg P ha-1 as triple superphosphate was investigated. Growth responses to phosphorus were noted from mid-elongation onwards, but the magnitude of response varied between seasons, being greater in the higher rainfall season 1970-71. Maximum yields of grain were 7730 kg ha-1 with 50 kg P ha-1 in 1970-71, and 4440 kg ha-1 with 100 kg P ha-1 in 1971-72, which were increases of 49 and 37 per cent respectively over the appropriate zero phosphorus treatment. These suggested an increased requirement for phosphorus over previous recommendations. Phosphorus reduced the time from emergence to anthesis from 68 to 60 and from 70 to 63 days respectively in the two seasons. About half of the plant phosphorus was taken up after anthesis. It was concluded from soil analysis that phosphate-treated plots had an enhanced supply of phosphorus throughout the period of crop growth. In the second study, four phosphorus sources (superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, and diammonium phosphate) were compared. With 25 kg P ha-1 and with constant nitrogen, grain yield response followed the order superphosphate > monoammonium phosphate > diammonium phosphate > triple superphosphate in both years. Triple superphosphate tended to give lower dry matter yields and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations than the other three sources.

Field experiments comparing autumn and spring applications of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate for winter wheat

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Devine ◽  
M. R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Winter Rainfall

1. Ten experiments were carried out on winter wheat in various parts of England in 1959-61, to compare 60 lb./acre of nitrogen broadcast as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate (a) all in autumn, (6) one-third in autumn and two-thirds in spring, (c) all in spring. The winter rainfall was high in four experiments and moderate in six.

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