The effect of cutting interval and associate grass species on the growth of Stylosanthes species near Ingham, north Queensland

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (93) ◽  
pp. 546 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Cutting Interval

Five Stylosanthes guianensis accessions (cvv. Schofield, Cook and Endeavour, CPI 33706 and 40294), four S. scabra accessions (cv. Seca, CPI 34925,40205 and 40289), two S. viscosa accessions (CPI 33941 and 40264 B) and Centrosema pubescens (Common centro) were grown in small, fertilized swards with either Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk or Panicummaximum near lngham in northern Queensland. The swards were cut every 4,8,12 or 16 weeks to 10 cm above the ground for three years and herbage yield and botanical composition measured. Herbage yields of all Stylosanthes accessions declined over the three years while those of C. pubescens and the sown grasses increased after the first year. In the final year S, viscosa accessions yielded 200 kg ha-1 of dry matter or less, S. scabra accessions less than 2000 kg ha-1 and S. guianensis accessions and C. pubescens more than 2000 kg ha-1. The yields and proportions of legume and miscellaneous species were lower in B, decumbens plots than P. maximum plots. After the first year, cutting interval had no effect on legume yield. Grass yields were similar with cutting intervals of 12 or 16 weeks, but when plots were cut every 4 or 8 weeks B. decumbens outyielded P. maximum. The legume content of the S, guianensis plots cut every 12 or 16 weeks was higher than that of those cut every 4 or 8 weeks. The proportion of C, pubescens in the swards increased linearly as cutting interval increased. S. guianensis cvv. Schofield and Cook, and CPI 40294 had high growth rates early in the growing season while S. guianensis cvv. Schofield, Cook and CPI 33706 had high growth rates late in the season. B, decumbens had a higher growth rate than P. maximum during both the early and late growing season periods. S. guianensis cv. Cook was the best legume accession but S. guianensis CPI 40294 and S. scabra require further testing. None of the new accessions was more compatible with B. decumbens than existing cultivars.

scholarly journals Recovery of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae from three grass species contaminated in the autumn

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Abdallah da Rocha ◽  
Patrizia Ana Bricarello ◽  
Gilberto Pedroso da Rocha ◽  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Experimental Plots

This experiment aimed to assess the recovery of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiana, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast-cross and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana. The experimental module comprised six plots, with two plots per herbage species. Larval survival was assessed from autumn to winter, under the effect of two herbage-paring heights (5 and 30 cm). TThe paring was carried out immediately before contamination with faces containing T. colubriformis eggs. The feces and herbage were collected at one, two, four, eight, 12 and 16 weeks after feces had been deposited in the experimental plots. In general, larvae were recovered from both herbage and feces until the 16th week. The longer persistence of these larvae in the environment was probably due to warmer temperatures. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture was not influenced by the height of plants, except for Brachiaria and Aruana herbage in the fourth week. Regarding the concentrations of larvae per kg of dry matter (L3/kg DM), recovery was higher from low pasture in all three herbage species. During the autumn, the development and survival of the T. colubriformis free-living stages were not affected by the different herbage species.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND MIXTURES WITH DIFFERENT SOWING DATES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
V. A. Petruk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Period

The results of field studies for 2017 - 2019 are presented. yields of perennial grasses sown at different times of the growing season. Spring, summer, and winter sowing periods were compared. Alfalfa, clover, rump, and also their mixtures were sown in 2017 under the cover of barley. The value of the cover crop yield of spring and summer sowing periods did not differ significantly and amounted to 4-5 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. Winter barley crops have not formed. On average, over 2 years of use, the highest yields were observed in alfalfa-crust grass mixtures - 3.4 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. The lowest yield was obtained in the single-species seeding of the rump. Correspondingly, in the spring, summer and winter periods of sowing, the yield of rump was 1.6; 1.1 and 1.3 t / ha. With a late sowing period, the yield of perennial grasses is significantly lower compared to spring and summer. With winter sowing periods, the yield was the highest for grass stands of alfalfa and alfalfacrust grass mixture - 2.3 and 2.4 t / ha. It should be noted that in the second year of use, the yield by the sowing dates in single-species crops and grass mixtures is leveled. The winter crops of perennial grasses in the first year of use formed a low yield. Only in the second year (third year of life) the productivity of perennial grasses of winter sowing began to increase. Consequently, in the area under perennial grasses of the winter sowing period, during one growing season (the next year after sowing), the crop was not actually formed. Based on the data obtained, production can be recommended for spring and summer planting of perennial grasses under the cover of barley. The winter sowing period provides economically valuable crop yields only by the third year of life.

The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying III. The effect of the continued application of nitrogenous fertilizers to grassland

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
First Year ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
General Reduction

1. The experiment previously described (series 4, Holmes, 1949) on the effect of massive applications of nitrogenous fertilizers on the productivity of a ryegrass dominant pasture was continued for 3 years (1946, 1947, 1948). The manurial treatments ranged from none to the application of 312 lb. nitrogen per acre and this was applied with and without 135 lb. P2O5 and 168 lb. K2O per acre. Farmyard manure was applied to one block in 1948.2. With the heaviest nitrogen treatment plus phosphate and potash the average yield for 3 years was 8000 lb. dry matter and 1640 lb. crude protein (similar to the yield in 1946) compared with a control yield of 4720 lb. dry matter and 590 lb. crude protein. The yields declined from year to year when phosphate and potash were not applied, the decline being greatest with the heaviest application of nitrogen.3. The seasonal distribution of the yield of herbage was very considerably modified by the time when fertilizers were applied.4. The botanical composition of the swards was related to the yield, 70% of the grasses in the highest yielding sward being perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot while the lowest yielding sward contained only 35% of these grasses.5. The manurial treatments had no effect on the pH, loss on ignition or the content of readily soluble P2O5 in the soil, but in the first year there was some evidence of a general reduction of readily soluble K2O to a low level.

Herbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy pastures and their relationship with animal performance under upland conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Davies ◽  
T. E. H. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Species

SUMMARYHerbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) pastures were obtained whilst rotationally grazed by ewes and their single lambs at a fixed stocking rate of 25/ha on an upland site (305 m O.D.) in mid-Wales. Drymatter production of cocksfoot averaged 32·1 kg/ha/day over the 3-year duration of the trial (1975·7) and was 13·3 kg/ha/day lower than that of the other three grass species. This resulted in a 8 kg/ha/day reduction in dry-matter intake on cocksfoot; this was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that achieved on the other grasses, which were similar to one another around 36 kg/ha/day.In vitro digestibility of the herbage ranked in the order perennial ryegrass > timothy = cocksfoot > tall fescue. Intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI) was lower on cocksfoot than on perennial ryegrass and timothy. Differences were also detected in crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and sodium composition between species.Dry-matter intake was positively correlated with herbage growth rates (r = 0·95, P < 0·001) but not to digestibility of herbage on offer (r = 0·18). Both ewe and lamb live-weight gains were positively related to intake of dry matter and DOMI.Reference is made to comparative yield data between the grasses obtained under cutting trials. In the 2nd and 3rd harvest years (1967–1967) growth rates in the grazing experiment were 76, 61, 81 and 80% of the 66·2, 66·7, 67·8 and 65·0 kg D.M./ha/day obtained under a cutting regime on perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy swards respectively. This illustrates the danger involved in assessing the potential of grasses based on such information.The results are discussed in relation to the value of the species for use under grazing in the uplands.

scholarly journals Effects of a New Herbicide (Aminocyclopyrachlor) on Buffalograss and Forbs in Shortgrass Prairie

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Harmoney ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Robert Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Shortgrass Prairie ◽  
And Control

Herbicides used to control many forb species in pastures may injure desirable native grass species. Buffalograss, a major component of shortgrass rangeland, often is injured by some growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D and dicamba. Aminocyclopyrachlor (formerly known as DPX-MAT28 and herein termed ACPCR), a new synthetic auxin herbicide chemistry for control of broadleaf weeds, was investigated for injury to buffalograss and control of forbs in shortgrass prairie at varying rates of application. In the season of application, ACPCR at rates of 140 g ai ha−1or less caused buffalograss injury that was either negligible or short-lived, and visual estimates of grass injury were 8% or less at the end of the growing season. At ACPCR rates of 280 g ha−1, more injury was evident at 3 wk after treatment (WAT) than at the end of the season if adequate precipitation was available for new leaf growth. When precipitation was lacking, evidence of injury persisted through to the end of the season when treated at the greatest rate of ACPCR. Buffalograss injury was mainly in the form of browned leaf tips, but total buffalograss dry matter yield was not different between any treatments in either year. The year after treatment, no buffalograss injury was evident from any of the herbicide rates. Final forb control was 97% or greater each year for ACPCR at the 140 and 280 g ha−1rates. In this experiment, rates as low as ACPCR at 140 g ha−1provided excellent forb control and maintained buffalograss productivity.

Biology of Fire Ephemerals of the Sandplains of the Kwongan of South-Western Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Pate ◽  
NE Casson ◽  
J Rullo ◽  
J Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic

The growth, longevity, mineral relationships and reproductive biology of 18 species of fire ephemerals were examined in sclerophyllous shrubland, located mainly within the Jurien : Badgingarra region of the Northern Sandplains of the kwongan of SW. Australia. Ten of the species were monocarpic, completing their life cycle within the 6-8 month winter growing season after a summer or autumn fire. The remaining species were polycarpic, commencing reproduction in their second season and surviving and reproducing for a further two to eight seasons (depending on species). Detailed study was made of growth and dry matter allocation in the dioecious, sexually dimorphic, polycarpic species Tersonia brevipes (Gyrostemonaceae). Monocarpic species tended to produce smaller seeds, and exhibited greater seed output per unit biomass and higher harvest indices for dry matter and minerals than polycarpic species. Certain monocarpic species showed great plasticity in final dry weight, e.g. a 2700-fold difference between largest and smallest individuals in a sample of 250 plants of Stipa elegantissima (Poaceae), and a 180-fold range in a similarly sized sample of Macarthuria apetala (Aizoaceae). The fire ephemerals studied generally exhibited faster seedling growth rates, greater concentrations of P and N (but not of Ca, Mg and K) in seedling dry matter, but usually lesser concentrations of P and N (but not of Ca, Mg and K) in seed dry matter than in cohabiting obligate seeder or sprouter species with potential life spans exceeding 15 years. The above-mentioned features of fire ephemerals are suggested to be of special adaptive significance within the context of exploitation of transiently non-limiting habitat resources immediately following fire.

scholarly journals Effect of ammonium and nitrate source of nitrogen on productivity of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Łotocki ◽  
W. Żelawski
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Pinus Silvestris ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Matter Production

Water culture and sand culture seedlings of Scots pine were investigated in respect to their reaction to ammonium or nitrate source of nitrogen nutrition. Photosynthesis, respiration, and dry matter production were studied in three and four months old plants. The results are preliminary but they have indicated that the effect of various form of nitrogen nutrition on gas exchange and growth rates could change during the growing season.

scholarly journals Timing of drought in the growing season and strong legacy effects determine the annual productivity of temperate grasses in a changing climate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Hahn ◽  
Sara Ernst-Hasler ◽  
Andreas Lüscher ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Annual Biomass ◽  
Effects Of Drought

Abstract. The frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts, is assumed to increase leading to alterations of ecosystem productivity and thus the terrestrial carbon cycle. Although grasslands typically show reduced productivity in response to drought, their effects have been shown to vary quite dramatically. Here we tested in a two-year field experiment, if the resistance and the resilience of grasses towards drought varies throughout a growing season and if the timing of drought, thus, influences drought-induced reductions in annual net primary production (NPP) of grasses. For the experiment we grew six temperate and perennial C3 grass species in a field as monocultures. The grasses were cut six times during the growing season and subject to 10-week drought treatments that occurred either in the spring, the summer or the fall. Across all species, drought-induced losses of productivity were smaller (−20 % to −51 %) than in summer and fall (−77 % to −87 %). This suggests a higher resistance to drought in spring when the productivity of the grasses is the highest and plants are in their reproductive stage. After the release of drought, we found no prolonged suppression of growth. In contrast, post-drought growth rates of formerly drought-stressed swards outperformed the growth rates of the control swards. In 2014, the overcompensation after drought release was similar in all seasons, but differed in 2015. The strong overcompensation of growth after drought release resulted in relatively small overall drought-induced losses of annual ANPP that ranged between −4 % to −14 % and were not affected by the timing of the drought event. Our results show that (i) the resistance of growth rates in grasses to drought varies across the season and is positively correlated with growth rates in the control, (ii) that positive legacy effects of drought indicate a high resilience of temperate grasses to drought, and (iii) that the high resilience can compensate immediate drought effects on total annual biomass production to a large extent.

Liveweight and wool growth of sheep in response to the quantity and botanical composition of annual pasture induced by nitrogen fertilizer and stocking treatments

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
HL Davies ◽  
EAN Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Sheep Production

For five years, three rates of ammonium sulphate (N0, N1, and N3: 0, 280, and 840 kg/ha/year) were applied as a split dressing to ,a pasture of Bromus mollis L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. which was continuously grazed by wethers set-stocked at 8.6 and 12.4 sheep/ha. The N0 treatment produced clover dominance, N1 a mixed sward, and N3 grass dominance. The higher stocking rate increased the proportion of clover in the mixed sward. These differences in botanical composition produced three significant effects on the relation between liveweight gain and quantity of green pasture on offer. An increase in the proportion of clover in the sward increased: (1) the quantity of herbage dry matter on offer required for liveweight maintenance; (2) the maximum rate of liveweight gain; (3) the quantity of dry matter on offer at the point of 90% maximum liveweight gain. Regressions of those three parameters on botanical composition accounted for over 90% of the variance. The effects of treatments on liveweight at other times of the year are also described. In the first year of grazing ammonium sulphate increased liveweight, apparently because of increased pasture on offer after emergence. In subsequent years the effect of ammonium sulphate was reversed: liveweight was reduced, and this was associated with lower nitrogen concentrations in, and lower quantities of, herbage produced. Wool elongation rates were greatest in spring and lowest prior to the germinating rains in autumn. Elongation rate was unaffected by stocking rate and only slightly affected by ammonium sulphate. From January to April, greatest elongation occurred on the grass-dominant N3 paddocks; from May to December greatest elongation occurred on the clover-dominant N0 paddocks. The implications of the role of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to sheep production in the winter rainfall regions of Australia are discussed.

A novel approach to planting grass - legume pastures in the mixed farming zone of southern inland Queensland, Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Whitbread ◽  
C. A. Hall ◽  
B. C. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
Novel Approach

Reliable establishment of pasture systems with a desirable composition of grasses and legumes remains a challenge in the highly variable climates of the northern grain belt of southern inland Queensland. In this paper, an alternative system is proposed whereby legumes and grasses are planted simultaneously in alternative strips. A 4-year study tested the establishment, production, and botanical composition of the tropical legume species Macroptilium bracteatum cvv. Cardaga and Juanita, Lablab purpureus cv. Endurance, and Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra sown as pure stands or with grass strips. The grass strips, and a grass-only treatment, both contained a mix of Panicum maximum cv. Petrie, Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren, and Bothriochloa insculpta cv. Bisset. L. purpureus was relatively unproductive, yielding ~2000 kg/ha dry matter (DM) produced in each of the first 2 years. M. bracteatum produced 2050 and 3300 kg/ha DM in Years 1 and 2, with declining plant populations and DM in subsequent years. C. ternatea produced 960 kg/ha DM in Year 1, 2730 kg/ha DM in Year 2, and continued to persist throughout the trial, albeit at low DM production levels. The grass-only treatment was dominated by the sown grass species, while the legume-based treatments were dominated by a colonising native species, Dichanthium sericeum, in the fourth and final year. Sowing grass strips adjacent to the legume areas proved a successful strategy, with the proportion of sown grasses in the legume strips increasing to >20% of total DM by Year 4. Soil carbon changes did not differ between treatments, but total C in the top 0.15 m increased from 0.99% in Year 1 to 1.13% in Year 4, representing a net gain of 6.5 t/ha in C over 3 years.

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