Effect of irrigation interval and plant population on growth, yield and water use of soybeans in a semi-arid environment

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Reduced Water

The influence of irrigation interval and plant population on seed yield, yield components and water use of soybeans was examined. Plant populations of 12,20 and 28 plants m-2 were furrow irrigated at irrigation intervals of 70 mm and 140 mm of estimated evapotranspiration. Although 12 plants m-2 yielded significantly less than 28 plant m-2, plant population had little influence on plant performance or on water use. Any effect was small when compared with the effect of irrigation interval. Highly significant differences were recorded between the two irrigation intervals. Extending the irrigation interval to 140 mm reduced seed yield by 1286 kg ha-1 or 34 per cent. The drop in yield resulted principally from a substantial decrease in the number of pods per plant. There was little effect on protein and oil content of the seed. Crop water use at the 70 mm interval was 786 mm or 75 per cent of pan evaporation. Although the 140 mm interval reduced water use by 15 per cent, production of seed and protein was less efficient. Peak demand for soil moisture coincided with the end of flowering-early pod fill period.

Plant population studies on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in subtropical Australia. 3. Growth and water use during a terminal drought stress

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
MJ Bell
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress

Two peanut cultivars of different botanical type (Virginia and Spanish) were grown at 3 plant population densities (40000, 120000 and 240000 plants/ha) and relied solely on stored soil water in a deep kraznozem soil for water requirements. Protracted crop water deficits occurred from flowering to maturity. Plant population influenced both the temporal and spatial patterns of water use, with high density crops extracting water from lower depths sooner than low density crops. Higher water use prior to early podfilling in high density crops was associated with more rapid leaf area development. Reproductive development was strongly influenced by plant population density, with more pods per m2 in low than in high density crops. Lower leaf water potential and individual leaf photosynthetic rates in the middle of the day during the pegging and early podding phase suggested that high crop water deficits had lowered assimilate availability and reduced reproductive potential in high, compared with low, density crops. The results indicate that there is scope for increasing pod yield when peanut is growing solely on stored water, by reducing plant population. The timing of water use, as distinct from the amount of water used, was the major determinant of pod yield.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation and Plant Population Effects on Leaf Quality and Yield of Spinach

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095D-1095
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Giovanni Piccinni ◽  
Darrin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Use Efficiency

A two-year experiment was conducted to determine yield, water use efficiency, and leaf quality responses to deficit irrigation and plant population of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Three irrigation regimes were imposed with a center pivot system, 100%, 75%, and 50% crop evapotranspiration rates (ETc). Spinach seeds were planted on 11 Nov. 2003 at three plant populations: 494 (P-1), 618 (P-2), and 741 (P-3) thousand seeds/ha on cvs. DMC 16 and ASR 157, and on 15 Oct. 2004 at four plant populations: 655, 815, 988, and 1149 thousand seeds/ha on cv. DMC 16. Harvests were done on 3 Mar. 2004 and 26 Jan. 2005. In the first season, marketable yield was not reduced by deficit irrigation, but water use efficiency was significantly higher for 50% ETc compared to 100% ETc. The cv. DMC 16 had a significantly lower percentage of stem weight than ASR 157 (8.3 vs. 16.4%). The cv. ASR 157 had an excess of stem weight at 100% and 75% ETc compared to 50% ETc at P-1, but similar at P-2 and P-3. The cv. DMC 16 had a trend of reduced stem weight for P3 at 50% ETc. In the second season, marketable yield was reduced by deficit irrigation. However, water use efficiency was significantly higher for 50% ETc compared to 100% ETc, but similar to 75% ETc. Deficit irrigation also decreased the percentage of stem weight. Despite a slight increase in the percentage of of yellow leaves, but not in percentage of of stem weight, marketable yield and water use efficiency were significantly higher at 1149 thousand seeds/ha. This study showed that deficit irrigation in combination with increased plant population has the potential to increase yield and water savings, without adversely affecting leaf quality.

Effect of date and final irrigation on yield and yield components of sunflowers in a semi-arid environment

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Browne
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Semi Arid

In the semi-arid irrigation areas of south-western New South Wales, many sunflower crops receive no irrigation after flowering. In these dry climates, such premature termination of irrigation could be leading to substantial yield losses. The effect of date of final irrigation on yield and yield components of sunflowers (cv. VNIIMK 6540) was thus examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, seed yield was increased by 19 per cent when final irrigation was applied 22 days after mid-flowering, rather than at mid-flowering. The higher yield resulted principally from an increase in the number of harvestable seeds. Higher frequency of irrigation further increased seed yield by 9 per cent via increase in seed weight. Estimated total consumptive water use by treatments ranged from 546 to 677 mm and the regression of yield (kg ha-1) on water use (mm) was y = 3.9x - 47.4 (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). In the second experiment, in which all treatments were irrigated at a high frequency, seed yield was increased by 30 per cent and total oil yield by 48 per cent when final irrigation was applied 16 days after mid-flowering, rather than at mid-flowering. Both seed weight and seed number were increased by the later irrigation. No further yield improvement was achieved by extending the irrigation season to encompass physiological maturity (a mean 31 days after mid-flowering).

Growth and Yield of Irrigated Sesame II. Effects of Population and Variety on Reproductive Growth and Seed Yield

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
A. H. El Nadi ◽  
M. H. Lazim
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Irrigation Interval

SUMMARYFour local sesame varieties were tested at three plant populations. Increase in plant density increased seed yield, which was positively related to number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, heights of main stems and numbers of nodes per plant. Changes in soil moisture did not affect relative turgidity, whereas stomatal openness decreased as the irrigation interval became longer.

Adaptation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) to Mediterranean-type environments: effect of time of sowing on growth, yield, and water use

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
S. P. Loss ◽  
D. L. Pritchard ◽  
K. L. Regan ◽  
D. Tennant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seed Yields

This study examined the adaptation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv. Digger) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments of southern Australia and determined the effect of time of sowing on growth, yield, and water use. Phenology, canopy development, radiation absorption, dry matter production and partitioning, seed yield, and water use were measured from a range of sowing times at a number of field locations in south-western Australia in 1994, 1995, and 1996. Contrary to previous results with poorly adapted cultivars, our study showed that lentil is well adapted to low to medium rainfall regions (300-500 mm/year) of south-western Australia and that seed yields greater than 1·0 t/ha and up to 2·5 t/ha can be achieved when sown early. Even in the dry season of 1994 when May-October rainfall was <200 mm, yields of approximately 1·0 t/ha were produced from early sowings. Seed yields were reduced with delayed sowing at rates of 4-29 kg/ha · day. Sowing in late April or early May allowed a longer period for vegetative and reproductive growth, rapid canopy development, greater absorption of photosynthetically active radiation, more water use, and, hence, greater dry matter production, seed yield, and water use efficiency than when sowing was delayed. Early-sown lentils began flowering and filling seeds earlier in the growing season, at a time when vapour pressure deficits and air temperatures were lower, and used more water in the post-flowering period when compared to those treatments where sowing was delayed. The values of water use efficiency for dry matter and grain production, and transpiration efficiency, for early-sown lentil (up to 30 kg/ha · mm, 11 kg/ha · mm, and 20 kg/ha · mm, respectively) were comparable to those reported for cereal and other grain legume crops in similar environments. The development of earlier flowering cultivars than Digger with greater dry matter production together with improved agronomic packages will increase and stabilise lentil yields in low rainfall environments of southern Australia.

scholarly journals Light interception and utilization of four grain legumes sown at different plant populations and depths

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
D. L. McNEIL ◽  
G. D. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Development

Canopy development, radiation absorption and its utilization for yield was studied in four grain legume species Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Lupinus angustifolius and Pisum sativum. The grain legumes were grown at different plant populations and sowing depths over two seasons in Canterbury, New Zealand. The green area index (GAI), intercepted radiation, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased significantly (P<0·001) with increased plant population. Narrow-leafed lupin produced the highest maximum biomass (878 and 972 g/m2, averaged over all populations during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) and intercepted more radiation (600 and 714 MJ/m2, averaged over all populations during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) than the other three legumes. In all four species, in both trials, the highest plant populations reached their peak GAI about 7–10 days earlier than legumes sown at low populations. Cumulative intercepted PAR was strongly associated with seed yield and crop harvest index (CHI).The RUE increased (from 1·10 to 1·46 and from 1·04 to 1·34 g/MJ during 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively) as plant population increased and was highest in the highest yielding species (e.g. 146 and 1·36 g/MJ for narrow-leafed lupin in both experiments). The larger leaf canopies produced at the higher plant populations reduced the extinction coefficient (k).The results suggest that in the subhumid temperate environment of Canterbury, grain legume species should be selected for the development of a large GAI. This should maximize PAR interception, DM production and, consequently, seed yield.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF TOMATO FARMERS’ IRRIGATION PRACTICE IN PAMPAIDA MILLENNIUM VILLAGE, IKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-509
Author(s):  
A. Ahmed ◽  
M. A. Oyebode ◽  
H. E. Igbadun ◽  
E. Oiganji
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Use Efficiency

This study was conducted in Pampaida Millennium Village (PMV), Ikara Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria; during the 2009/2010 dry season to assess Tomato farmer’s irrigation water management practice using furrow irrigation. A total of 7 tomato farmers were selected out of 45 farmers for the assessment exercise. Soil moisture content was monitored throughout the growing season using gypsum blocks. The hydraulic performance of the farmer’s plots were assessed.  Similarly, the seasonal water requirement and irrigation schedule for the irrigated tomato were also determined. The results showed that the highest Application Efficiency, Distribution Uniformity and Adequacy of irrigation were obtained in plots T6 (92%), T3 (89%) and T7 (92 %) respectively. The least AE, DU and AI were obtained in plot T1 as 74%, 72% and 63% respectively. The yield obtained ranged from 11.6t/ha to 22.3t/ha. The least yield was obtained in plot T2; while the highest yield was obtained in plot T1. All the assessed farmers maintained a 4day irrigation interval throughout the growing season. The highest crop water use efficiency (CWUE) of 62.80 kg/ha-mm was obtained in plot T1, with a corresponding crop water use (CWU) of 355 mm/season. The least CWUE was obtained in plot T2 (41.6kg/ha-mm) with a corresponding CWU of 399 mm/season. Based on the results obtained it can be deduced that plot T1 gives best results among the assessed farmers’ plots in terms of crop water use efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation, which maximizes net farm profit.

Comparative growth, water use and yield of chickpea, safflower and wheat in south-eastern Queensland

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
GJ Leach
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Use Efficiency

Growth, yield and water use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), were compared with those of wheat (Triticum aestivum), to determine their merits as alternative crops. The experiment was conducted on a vertisol at Dalby in south-eastern Queensland in a season of below average rainfall. Each crop was grown at 4 plant population densities (PPD), namely 14, 28,42 and 56 plants/m2. Above-ground dry matter (DM) production at maturity was largest in safflower (439 g/m2) and smallest in chickpea (253 gIm2). Seed yield was 144 g/m2 for wheat, 100 g/m2 for safflower and 95 g/m2 for chickpea. DM production was closely related to accumulated growing day degrees but the relation weakened with diminishing soil water availability towards maturity. DM production increased with increasing PPD in all crops. However, only chickpea gave a positive seed yield response to PPD. Safflower extracted more water (375 mm) from the top 2 m of the soil profile than wheat (212 mm) and chickpea (195 mm). Overall water use efficiency (WUE) for DM and seed yield was low; wheat had the highest values (1.91 and 0.68 g/m2/mm respectively) and safflower the lowest (1.15 and 0.26 g/m2/mm). We suggest the low values of WUE may be in part a feature of the dry season, with high evaporative demand immediately preceding maturity. Based on 1988 market prices, the best economic returns would be from chickpea, followed closely by safflower and then wheat.

scholarly journals Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment I. Yields and harvest index

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Seed Yields

In 1998/99 and 1999/2000, field trials were conducted to try to explain why grain legume yields and harvest index are more variable than many other crops. Treatments involved varying plant populations and sowing depths and were selected to maximize plant variability. Both yields and harvest index were variable. Total dry matter (TDM) production generally increased as plant population increased up to twice the optimum population. Increases ranged from 80 to 130% with lupins producing the highest yields of 878 and 972 g/m2 of TDM in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 respectively. While plants sown at 10 cm depth produced more TDM than did plants sown at 2 cm, the difference was only 3%. Seed yields followed similar trends to TDM, with maximum yields (mean of 403 g seed/m2) produced at twice the optimum population. Crop harvest index (CHI) was quite variable and ranged from 0·31 to 0·66. Crop HI was lowest (0·43) at the lowest population and increased to 0·55 at twice the optimum plant population. In both seasons, lentil had the highest CHI and lupin the lowest. While CHI was variable there were very close relationships between seed yield and TDM which suggested that maximum seed yield depends on maximizing TDM production. The results also suggest that growers should increase population by a factor of two to obtain maximum seed yields.

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