Effect of damaging main stem terminals at various stages of flowering, on yield of cotton in south-east Queensland

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Bishop ◽  
RE Day ◽  
PRB Blood ◽  
JP Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Fruit Formation

Damage by the cotton tipworm, Crocidosema plebeiana Zeller, was simulated in field trials by the removal of terminal buds (tipping) at different phenological stages coinciding with tipworm presence on cotton grown in south-eastern Queensland. The effect of this damage was considered in relation to the induced changes in crop morphology, fruit production, yield and harvestability of cotton grown under field conditions. No significant differences in fruit formation and yield were established. There were significant delays in times to 50 per cent flowering and boll opening in plants tipped before squaring had commenced. Changes in the location of monopodial branches arising from the main stem were induced in plants tipped pre-squaring but this did not significantly affect the harvestability.

scholarly journals Flowering, Sex Expression, and Fruiting of Pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) Cultivars under Various Temperatures in Greenhouse and Distant Field Trials

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Wien ◽  
S.C. Stapleton ◽  
D.N. Maynard ◽  
C. McClurg ◽  
D. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Distant Field ◽  
Prolonged Delay ◽  
Fruit Formation

Field production of decorative pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.) in New York occasionally results in markedly delayed fruit production in spite of normal vine growth. These episodes of fruitlessness appear to be associated with periods of high temperatures. To determine the link between temperature and pumpkin flowering and fruiting, a series of multilocational field trials and confirmatory greenhouse experiments were carried out. The field trials were conducted in the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 in Ithaca and Albany, N.Y.; Queenstown, Md.; and Bradenton, Fla.; and in Ithaca and Bradenton in 1998. Mean growing season temperatures were 20, 21, 24 and 28 °C, respectively, at the four locations in 1996 and 1997. Delay in fruit formation was indicated by the main stem node number at which the first fruit developed. In Ithaca and Albany, the six cultivars formed their first fruit at node 17, but fruit production shifted to node 24 at Queenstown, and to node 26 or more at Bradenton. The prolonged delay in fruiting at the warmest site resulted in a 74% decrease in total yield of the C. pepo cultivars in 1996 and 1997, compared to Ithaca and Queenstown. In contrast, the yields and yield components of the C. maxima cultivar Prizewinner were similar at all four sites. Greenhouse trials in which `Howden' and `Baby Bear' were grown at 32/27, 25/20, and 20/15 °C confirmed that high temperatures delay formation and anthesis of female flowers. This and other published work indicates that there are genetic differences in susceptibility to high temperature flower delay that could be exploited to improve pumpkin performance.

scholarly journals COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Klára Kosová ◽  
Miroslav Klíma ◽  
Ilja Tom Prášil ◽  
Pavel Vítámvás
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lea Proteins ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

scholarly journals Albedo and estimates of net radiation for green beans under polyethylene cover and field conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1763-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Leonaldo de Souza ◽  
João Francisco Escobedo ◽  
Maria Terezinha Trovareli Tornero
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Solar Elevation ◽  
Global Irradiance

This paper describes the albedo (r) and estimates of net radiation and global solar irradiance for green beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivated in greenhouse with cover of polyethylene and field conditions, in Botucatu, SP, Brazil (22º 54' S; 48º 27' W; 850 m). The solar global irradiance (Rg) and solar reflected radiation (Rr) were used to estimate the albedo through the ratio between Rr and Rg. The diurnal curves of albedo were obtained for days with clear sky and partially cloudy conditions, for different phenological stages of the crop. The albedo ranged with the solar elevation, the environment and the phenological stages. The cloudiness range have almost no influence on the albedo diurnal amount. The estimation of radiation were made by linear regression, using the global solar irradiance (Rg) and net short-waves radiation (Rc) as independent variables. All estimates of radiation showed better adjustment for specific phenological periods compared to the entire crop growing cycle. The net radiation in the greenhouse has been estimated by the global solar irradiance measured at field conditions.

scholarly journals Edaphoclimatic aptitude and agricultural production environments of the bean culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
A. V. Silva ◽  
J. F. Silva Filho ◽  
M. C. T. Silva ◽  
N. C. A. Vaz ◽  
M. L. G. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Type I ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Production Environments ◽  
Terminal Buds

Common Bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L) is one of the main food sources in Brazil, hás cultural and nutricional values. Its cultivation can be found mosthy by small producers with small production áreas and some technological types, and extends throughout the national territory. The objective of this research was to elaborate a review about the edaphoclimatic adaptability and agricultural production environments of the bean crop. Since, beans can be sown at three times of the year, in which edaphoclimatic characteristics are defined as: 1 st crop (Sowing performed between August and October); 2nd crop (Sowing performed from January to April); and autumn crop winter crop, in which sowing occurs from May and, characterized as annual crop. In the 3rd harvest the use of irrigatin system, made by sprinkler system. However, sowing in different harvest may be influenced by the type of culivar used, as it hás Type I characterization because it hás a determined growth habit with reproductive terminal buds in the main stem and branches, while the second (types II, III and IV) have indeterminate growth habit with vegetative terminal buds on the main stem and branches. However there is a difference between the three types in the plant, the type III prostrate sinze and type IV plant that hás large climbing capacity. Although it demonstrates these attributes, the bean also hás during its biological cycle the vegetative and reproductive phases, which are divided into tem stages. The vegetative phase (V) consists of stages V0, V1, V2, V3 and V4 and the reproductive phase (R), of stages R5, R6, R 7, R8 and R9 being crucial for the development of the crop. Despite these stages of bean development, it hás wide adaptation and geographical distribuion, the bean  is very little tolerant to extreme environmental factors, being a relatively demanding crop with reagard to most edaphoclimatic conditions. Thus, the agroclimatic characteristics of the region and the requirements and limitations of common bean are of fundamental importance for the choice of an environment where the crop can grow and develop well, in order to obtain optimum yield, taking full advantage of the cultivar. and other practices or technologies employed in order to provide positive effects on the crop.Common Bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L) is one of the main food sources in Brazil, hás cultural and nutricional values. Its cultivation can be found mosthy by small producers with small production áreas and some technological types, and extends throughout the national territory. The objective of this research was to elaborate a review about the edaphoclimatic adaptability and agricultural production environments of the bean crop. Since, beans can be sown at three times of the year, in which edaphoclimatic characteristics are defined as: 1 st crop (Sowing performed between August and October); 2nd crop (Sowing performed from January to April); and autumn crop winter crop, in which sowing occurs from May and, characterized as annual crop. In the 3rd harvest the use of irrigatin system, made by sprinkler system. However, sowing in different harvest may be influenced by the type of culivar used, as it hás Type I characterization because it hás a determined growth habit with reproductive terminal buds in the main stem and branches, while the second (types II, III and IV) have indeterminate growth habit with vegetative terminal buds on the main stem and branches. However there is a difference between the three types in the plant, the type III prostrate sinze and type IV plant that hás large climbing capacity. Although it demonstrates these attributes, the bean also hás during its biological cycle the vegetative and reproductive phases, which are divided into tem stages. The vegetative phase (V) consists of stages V0, V1, V2, V3 and V4 and the reproductive phase (R), of stages R5, R6, R 7, R8 and R9 being crucial for the development of the crop. Despite these stages of bean development, it hás wide adaptation and geographical distribuion, the bean  is very little tolerant to extreme environmental factors, being a relatively demanding crop with reagard to most edaphoclimatic conditions. Thus, the agroclimatic characteristics of the region and the requirements and limitations of common bean are of fundamental importance for the choice of an environment where the crop can grow and develop well, in order to obtain optimum yield, taking full advantage of the cultivar. and other practices or technologies employed in order to provide positive effects on the crop.

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart McLean ◽  
Susan Brandon ◽  
Roger Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fox Control

Cabergoline is a potent inhibitor of prolactin release and a potential fertility control agent for foxes. To understand how cabergoline could behave in baits deployed for fox control, we conducted laboratory and field trials to investigate the stability of cabergoline when (1) in solution, (2) injected into a bait (deep-fried liver and Foxoff®) and (3) exposed to a range of environmental conditions, including burial. Cabergoline, dissolved in a 1% acetic acid solution, and its carboxylic acid hydrolysis product can be assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When stored at 4°C and at room temperature, cabergoline in solution was stable for up to 36 days. When stored under cool (≤15°C), dry conditions, cabergoline (800 µg) in commercial Foxoff® and deep-fried ox-liver baits was stable for 28 and 7 days, respectively; stability was reduced by increases in temperature (tested up to 40°C) and humidity. Recovery of cabergoline from buried baits exposed to a range of field conditions decreased rapidly in the first week, but after 56 days remained detectable at levels of 6–22% of the injected amounts. This study has important implications for baiting campaigns that use cabergoline for fox control.

scholarly journals Variation of Thermal Time, Phyllochron and Plastochron in Passion Fruit Plants With Irrigation Depth and Hydrogel

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Adailza G. Cavalcante ◽  
Lourival F. Cavalcante ◽  
Alian C. P. Cavalcante ◽  
Antônio G. de L. Souto ◽  
Carlos E. M. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Phenological Phases

The passion fruit demands water for its growth and production. Water management is relevant in regions characterized by low rainfall indices, such as semi-arid regions. In this direction, the use of hydrogel in the soil allows the water that is supplied through irrigation to be better utilized by the plants, reducing leach losses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of hydrogel in soil cultivated with passion fruit and irrigated to various water depths on the thermal time of the phenological stages, phyllochron and plastochron of the plants. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, referring to the soil without and with hydrogel and raising the irrigation depth from 60% to 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration in four replications. The thermal requirements of the phenological phases and of the whole plant cycle, phyllochron of the main stem and the productive branches, and plastochron were evaluated. Increasing the irrigation depth from 60% to 100% reduced the total thermal time values from 3,811.8 to 2,401.3 °C day and from 3,707.8 to 2,628.7 °C day in the soil without and with hydrogel, respectively. The thermal time of the phenological phases and the phyllochron of the main stem and productive branches of the passion fruit were stimulated by an increase in irrigation depth.

scholarly journals Controlling Brown Spot of Pear by a Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide Under Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1816-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Puig ◽  
Concepció Moragrega ◽  
Lídia Ruz ◽  
Emilio Montesinos ◽  
Isidre Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Brown Spot Disease ◽  
Pear Trees

Brown spot of pear, caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is a fungal disease of increasing importance in several pear-growing areas of Europe. Disease control measures include the application of fungicides and sanitation methods. Antimicrobial peptides may be a complement or alternative to conventional fungicides used to manage brown spot disease. In a previous study, the synthetic peptide BP15 showed postinfection fungicidal activity against S. vesicarium in in vitro and detached-leaf assays. In the present study, the efficacy of BP15 (KKLFKKILKVL-NH2) in controlling brown spot of pear was evaluated under field conditions using potted plants and pear trees in orchards. In field trials, the treatments with BP15 or with the fungicide thiram were scheduled according to the infection risk predicted by the BSPcast model. Potted pear plants treated with BP15 showed a disease reduction of about 42 to 60% in five of seven trials. In three of four tree trials, the disease severity on shoots treated with BP15 was significantly lower than in the nontreated controls, with a mean efficacy of 38.2%. It was concluded that BP15 is a good candidate to be further developed as a fungicide for controlling brown spot of pear.

INFLUENCE DE LA TAILLE ET DE LA SAISON SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES FRUITS D’UNE CULTURE DE CONCOMBRE EUROPÉEN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1048
Author(s):  
GUILLAUME GOBEIL ◽  
ANDRÉ GOSSELIN
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Pruning Method ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Supplementary Lighting ◽  
Supporting Structures ◽  
Pruning Methods

A crop of European cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. ’Corona’) was grown under supplementary lighting (HPS) from 12 Mar. 1987 to 31 Jan. 1988. The flowering, as well as fruit development and production of unproductive flowers was studied using four pruning methods, for winter and summer crops. Pruning method 1 resulted in 12–14 fruit on the main stem. Pruning method 2 lengthened production on short secondary suckers and resulted in 18–20 fruit. Pruning method 3 was used to produce 18–20 fruit on the main stem and on a long secondary sucker growing high up on the plant. Pruning method 4 lengthened production on the main stem, which was made to rest on supporting structures. Our results show that the flowering and fruit production rates are closely related. In summer, the flowering and fruit maturation is shortened and the proportion of marketable fruit is increased. The four pruning methods examined allow good control of spontaneous abortions and a high proportion of marketable fruit, which means a high percentage of productive flowers. However, method 2 was more productive with 4.8 and 6.2 fruit wk−1, respectively, for winter and summer crops.Key words: Cucumis sativus, pruning, supplementary lighting, HPS, cucumber (European)

Soil reaction, yields and herbage element content as affected by lime applied on established leys in a multi-site field trial

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. FYSTRO ◽  
A. K. BAKKEN
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trace Element Status ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Site Field ◽  
Induced Changes

Surface liming as a means for controlling the soil reaction in established leys was investigated in a series of 4-year field trials. Application of 625, 1250, 2500 or 5000 kg CaO equivalents/ha in spring of the first year caused an immediate rise in pH in the top 0–25 mm of the soil. The rate and range of the response below 25 mm was related to the precipitation at the experimental sites. Lime-induced changes in pH were not dependent on the initial level of soil reaction, whereas the positive response in grass production was greater and more immediate at sites where pH was below 5·3 rather than above. The increases in yields of macro elements were, in most instances, relatively lower than the increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Important exceptions here were the yields of Ca in all cuts and P in the second cuts, and the yields of Mg when dolomite rather than limestone was applied. The concentration of Ca in the herbage was positively affected by liming according to ruminant needs. The same holds for the concentration of Mg when granulated or coarse dolomite was applied. Liming lowered herbage uptake of Mn, Co and Zn, whereas Mo uptake was increased. There appeared to be no consistent relationship between liming and the plant uptake of Fe and Cu. Dependent on the initial conditions, liming might both improve and worsen the trace element status of harvested herbage with respect to the demands of ruminant animals. It is concluded that frequent surface liming at low rates might be an appropriate strategy for adjusting the soil pH in semi-permanent and permanent pastures.

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