Hybrid pennisetum in a warm temperate climate: effects of plant density on summer production

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Pearson ◽  
DTW Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Pennisetum Americanum ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Spray Irrigation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Hybrid Pennisetum ◽  
Warm Temperate

Productivity of vegetatively propagated hybrid pennisetum (Pennisetum americanum x P. purpureum) was assessed throughout summer in two years at densities of 1,4 and 9 plants m-2 at two time of defoliation schedules under natural rainfall and with spray irrigation. In the establishment year the highest summer yield was 10 t ha-1 and in the second year 18 t ha-1. In both years yields did not increase above 4 plants m-2 under natural rainfall and did not differ more than 20 per cent according to the defoliation schedule or irrigation treatment. The regrowth after defoliation, perennation and attainment of higheryielding sward in the second season suggest hybrid pennisetum is more suited to certain multiple forage cropping systems than are annual tropical grasses, e.g. pearl millet, sorghum and corn.

Hybrid pennisetum in a warm temperate climate: productivity span and effects of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on summer production and survival

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 982 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon ◽  
CJ Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Hybrid Pennisetum ◽  
Warm Temperate

Changes in dry matter yield and its components and plant survival were examined in hybrid pennisetum under different rates of nitrogen fertilization on irrigated and dryland areas throughout two growing seasons. The productivity of first, second and third year stands was studied. Production was markedly seasonal; almost half of the maximum annual yield of 11.4 t ha-1 came from six weeks regrowth in mid-summer. Summer production was restricted by drought and in 1975-76 by low temperatures and radiation. There was interaction between environmental conditions and responses to N. When conditions were favourable the dry weight and leaf area responses were linear. Under moisture stress, or low temperatures and radiation, plants responded only to intermediate levels of N because of suppressed leaf and tiller production. Protein concentration increased with N. Protein and digestibility were adequate for animal production except in mid-summer, when rapid plant development under irrigation and high N resulted in digestibility values of less than 60 per cent. Survival was high except when plants were cut just prior to winter, i.e. in April, or high rates of N fertilizer were applied. Production increased in the second year because of tiller multiplication; individual tiller weights decreased. Productivity was maintained into the third year.

scholarly journals Appraisal of cowpea cropping systems and farmers’ perceptions of production constraints and preferences in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Baba Mohammed ◽  
Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo ◽  
Muhammad Lawan Umar ◽  
Mohammad Faguji Ishiyaku ◽  
Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Sole Cropping

Abstract Background Low plant density and wide intra-plant spacing in traditional cowpea cropping systems are among the factors responsible for low yield on farmers’ fields. Sole cropping and improved intercropping systems have been advocated in the last few years to increase yield in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria. This study investigated the level of adoption of high yielding cowpea cropping systems including factors that influenced their use and farmers’ perceived production constraints and preferences. A total of 420 farmers across 36 villages of northern Nigeria were interviewed, and data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics to appraise farmers predominant cowpea cropping systems and factors that determine the use of sole versus intercropping were identified with the aid of binary logit regression. Furthermore, pairwise comparison ranking was deployed to understand farmers’ view of cowpea production constraints and preferred traits. Results The results revealed that, many of the farmers (42%) still grow cowpeas in the traditional intercropping and a good number (25%) cultivate the crop as a sole crop, while 23% had fields of cowpeas in both sole and intercropping systems. Farmers reported the incidence of high insect pests, limited access to land, desire to have multiple benefits, and assurance in the event of crop failure as reasons for preference for intercropping over sole planting. The pairwise comparison ranking of constraints and preferences revealed insect pests, Striga, drought and poor access to fertilizers as major constraints to increased productivity. Many farmers indicated high yield as the most preferred trait. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for increased education and training of cowpea farmers on the importance of growing cowpeas in sole cropping and or improved intercropping systems. Genetic improvement efforts should focus on developing cowpea varieties that address farmers production constraints and reflect the diversity of consumers’ preferences for the crop. Hence, breeding for resistance to insect pests and high yield is recommended as an important priority of cowpea breeding programmes in the region.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Balance of Effluent Irrigated Silage Cropping Systems in Southern Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Chris J. Smith ◽  
Val O. Snow ◽  
Ray Leuning ◽  
David Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Effluent Reuse ◽  
Spray Irrigation ◽  
N Loading

The nitrogen (N) balance in a double-cropped, effluent spray irrigation system was examined for several years in southern Australia. The amounts of N added by irrigation, removed in the crop, and lost by ammonia (NH3) volatilisation, denitrification, and leaching were measured. Results from the project provide pig producers with the knowledge necessary to evaluate the efficiency of such systems for managing N, and enable sustainable effluent reuse practices to be developed. Oats were grown through the winter (May to November) without irrigation, and irrigated maize was grown during the summer/autumn (December to April). Approximately 18 mm of effluent was applied every 3 days. The effluent was alkaline (pH 8.3) and the average ammoniacal-N (NH4++ NH3) concentration was 430 mg N/l (range: 320 to 679 mg N/l). Mineral N in the 0- to 1.7-m layer tended to increase during the irrigation season and decrease during the winter/spring. About 2000 kg N/ha was found in the profile to a depth of 2 m in October 2000. N removed in the aboveground biomass (oats + maize) was 590 and 570 kg N/ha/year, equivalent to ≈25% of the applied N. Average NH3volatilisation during the daytime (6:00 to 19:00) was 2.74 kg N/ha, while volatilisation at night (19:00 to 6:00) was 0.4 kg N/ha, giving a total of 3.1 kg N/ha/day. This represents ≈12% of the N loading, assuming that these rates apply throughout the season. The balance of the N accumulated in the soil profile during the irrigation season, as 15N-labelled N studies confirmed. The high recovery of the15N-labelled N, and the comparable distribution of 15N and Br in the soil profile, implied that there was little loss of N by denitrification, even though the soil was wet enough for leaching of both tracers.

Evaluation of the allergenicity of various types of urban parks in a warm temperate climate zone

Aerobiologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kasprzyk ◽  
T. Wójcik ◽  
P. Cariñanos ◽  
K. Borycka ◽  
A. Ćwik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Parks ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Temperate Climate Zone

scholarly journals Vegetation and climate from Late Quaternary Thimi Formation (Phaidhoka Section), Bhaktapur, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Deepak Banjade ◽  
Kabir Sharma ◽  
Khum N. Paudayal
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Formation Zone ◽  
Palynological Study ◽  
Deltaic Deposit ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

The Thimi Formation is fluvio-deltaic deposit that constitutes the uppermost part of the sedimentary sequence in the Kathmandu Basin, and is featured by carbonaceous and diatomaceous clay, silty clay, silt, fine to medium grained sand beds, and thin to medium lignite beds. The Phaidhoka Section is located on the way to Nala from Chyamasingh, and is one of the major exposures of the Thimi Formation. Forty four samples were collected from 25 m thick surface exposure for palynological study. The study revealed the dominance of gymnosperm over the angiosperm and herbaceous members. The pollen diagram suggested Pinus, Picea and Quercus as the most dominant trees whereas Poaceae is other dominant among the grasses. Three major pollen assemblage zones were marked in the Thimi Formation. Zone P-I indicated warm temperate climate, whereas zone P-II and P-III indicated cold temperate climate. Molluscan operculum in the upper part indicated shallow water condition. The Bovid molars, limb and pelvic bones from the middle part of the section confirm the early findings of molar bones in this area.

Optical properties of traditional clay tiles for ventilated roofs and implication on roof thermal performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giuseppe ◽  
Simona Sabbatini ◽  
Nikita Cozzolino ◽  
Pierluigi Stipa ◽  
Marco D’Orazio
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Indoor Comfort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clay Tiles ◽  
Warm Temperate

A remarkable advantage of clay tiles roof coverings in hot climates is the realization of a ventilated air layer between them and the roofing underlay that allows a natural and forced convection through the tiles joints and the channel from eaves to ridge, thus cooling the roof materials. However recently, in many countries, regulatory developments on buildings energy efficiency or buildings sustainability certification protocols are increasingly encouraging the use of alternative strategies, with the aim of reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect and the buildings’ cooling consumptions. Among them, the use of ‘cool’ materials for roof covering. These mandatory or voluntary measures de facto push the construction products market towards specific directions, risking penalizing traditional components such as clay tiles. This article reports the results of experimental and numerical activities carried out in order to extensively characterize the optical properties of clay tile materials and investigate their impact, also coupled with above sheathing ventilation, on the thermal performance of a ventilated roof under warm-temperate climate. In the first phase of the research, the main optical properties of over 30 different clay products have been experimentally characterized in order to get a clear and extensive picture of such properties for the materials spread in the market. In a second phase, starting from the thermal data collected on an experimental real-scale building, a dynamic energy analysis tool was calibrated and used to perform simulations by varying the optical properties of the roof covering thus assessing the impact on the roof temperatures, also in comparison to a clay tiles roof. The results underline that the use of the above sheathing ventilation obtained through clay tiles is an effective strategy to reduce roof temperatures, even if covering materials are not qualified as ‘cool’, thus impacting on both UHI and indoor comfort.

Response of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) to varying seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer rates in a no-till cropping system in Saskatchewan

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.E. May ◽  
M.P. Dawson ◽  
C.L. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
No Till ◽  
Rate Study ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
Precision Planting ◽  
N Rates

In the past, most sunflower research was conducted in tilled cropping systems and was based on wide row configurations established using precision planters. Little agronomic information is available for the no-till systems predominant in Saskatchewan, where crops are typically seeded in narrow rows using an air drill. Two studies were conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the optimum seeding and nitrogen (N) rates for short-season sunflowers in a no-till cropping system. The N rate study used 5 N rates (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 kg N ha−1) with the hybrid 63A21. The seeding rate study used 7 seeding rates (37 000, 49 000, 61 000, 74 000, 86 000, 98 000, and 111 000 seeds ha−1) with two cultivars, AC Sierra (open pollinated) and 63A21 (hybrid). There was a linear yield increase as the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg N ha−1. Based on the N rates tested in this study and current N fertilizer costs below $1 kg−1, sunflower yields and gross returns were most favorable at 90 kg N ha−1. Future N response research with a wider range of N rates is warranted to best determine the optimum N rate. The optimum seeding rate was between 98 000 and 111 000 seeds ha−1 for AC Sierra and between 74 000 and 86 000 seeds ha−1 for 63A21. The optimum plant density, approximately 70 000 to 75 000 plants ha−1, was similar for both cultivars. These results are higher than the current recommended seeding rates for wide-row precision planting systems in areas with a longer growing season.

scholarly journals Evaluation of two earth–air heat exchangers efficiency of different pipe materials within a warm temperate climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 01028
Author(s):  
Mohammed Cherif LEKHAL ◽  
Abderahmane Mejedoub MOKHTARI ◽  
Rafik BELARBI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Performance ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Cooling Mode ◽  
The North ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Warm Temperate

The Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) system was used for many years for both primary heating and cooling applications, especially in the building sector. Its energy performance can be influenced by three principal factors: the EAHE pipe material, the airflow rate, the soil characteristics and the moisture content. The state of the art shows a divergence about the effect of the pipe material on the performance of the EAHE. The aim of this study is to provide an adequate response to this problematic based on experimental analysis. In this regard, we tested two EAHEX of different materials: PVC and Zinc. The comparative study was conducted under a warm temperate climate in the north of Algeria. The data analyses showed that the pipe material can significantly affect the EAHE performance during periods when the EAHE passes from heating to cooling mode. Furthermore, the air outlet temperature differences provided by EAHE Zinc and those of PVC up to about 7.5°C.

Evaluation of Trap Cropping for Control of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in a Broccoli Production System

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1864-1871
Author(s):  
S Sherbrooke ◽  
Y Carrière ◽  
J C Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Trap Crop ◽  
Oviposition Choice ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Trap Cropping

Abstract Trap cropping, in which a trap crop is planted near a cash crop, has been used successfully for reducing pest damage in some agricultural systems. We used a meta-analysis of extensive data on two trap cropping systems, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), exploiting cabbage and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) exploiting maize, to show that oviposition preference for, and high larval mortality on trap crops are important indicators of effectiveness of trap cropping systems. We then evaluated Indian mustard (Brassica juncea var. juncea L. Czern.) (Capparidales: Brassicaceae) and yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton) (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) as trap crops for protecting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) (Capparidales: Brassicaceae) against diamondback moth in Yuma, AZ, using planting configurations compatible with current practices for commercial production and without use of insecticides. In oviposition choice tests, both yellow rocket and Indian mustard were highly preferred over broccoli in the field. Furthermore, the number of larvae and pupae was significantly lower on yellow rocket and Indian mustard compared to broccoli, indicating relatively high mortality on these trap crops. Nevertheless, during the fall and spring growing seasons, no significant differences in the number of individuals on broccoli or proportion of broccoli crowns infested at harvest occurred between plots with trap crops relative to plots exclusively planted to broccoli. Thus, with the plant density and planting patterns used and without use of insecticides, there was no evidence that trap cropping was effective for reducing diamondback moth infestation of broccoli.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Comparing and ranking soil drought indices performance over Europe, through remote-sensing of vegetation

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Peled ◽  
E. Dutra ◽  
P. Viterbo ◽  
A. Angert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Warm Temperate

Abstract. In the past years there have been many attempts to produce and improve global soil-moisture datasets and drought indices. However, comparing and validating these various datasets is not straightforward. Here, interannual variations in drought indices are compared to interannual changes in vegetation, as captured by NDVI. By comparing the correlations of the different indices with NDVI we evaluated which drought index describes most realistically the actual changes in vegetation. Strong correlation between NDVI and the drought indices were found in areas that are classified as warm temperate climate with hot or warm dry summers. In these areas we ranked the PDSI, PSDI-SC, SPI3, and NSM indices, based on the interannual correlation with NDVI, and found that NSM outperformed the rest. Using this best performing index, and the ICA (Independent Component Analysis) technique, we analyzed the response of vegetation to temperature and soil-moisture stresses over Europe.

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