Comparison of some apple rootstocks using Granny Smith and Jonathan as scion varieties

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
JEL Cripps ◽  
F Melville
Keyword(s):  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Western Australian

An apple rootstock experiment designed to find the most suitable rootstocks for Western Australian conditions is described in which Northern Spy, Pomme de Neige seedling rootgrafts and Seedling were compared with Malling Merton 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 111, 113, 11 4, 115, Malling 25 and Merton 793 over a period of fourteen years with Granny Smith and Jonathan as scion varieties. Trees on Northern Spy and MM 104, 106, 109 and 111 carried heavy crops of fruit in proportion to their size. Some members of the Malling Merton series, such as MM 106 and 109, induced precocity of bearing.

scholarly journals Dw2, a New Dwarfing Locus in Apple Rootstocks and Its Relationship to Induction of Early Bearing in Apple Scions

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Yizhen Wan ◽  
Dariusz Kviklys ◽  
Leticia Romero ◽  
Richard Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Map ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Rootstock Breeding

The ability of certain apple rootstocks to dwarf their scions has been known for centuries and their use revolutionized apple (Malus ×domestica) production systems. In this investigation, several apple rootstock breeding populations, planted in multiple replicated field and pot experiments, were used to ascertain the degree of dwarfing when grafted with multiple scions. A previous genetic map of a breeding population derived from parents ‘Ottawa 3’ (O.3) and ‘Robusta 5’ (R5) was used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of traits related to scion vigor suppression, induction of early bearing, and other tree size measurements on own-rooted and grafted trees. The analysis confirmed a previously reported QTL that imparts vigor control [Dw1, log of odds (LOD) = 7.2] on linkage group (LG) 5 and a new QTL named Dw2 (LOD = 6.4) on LG11 that has a similar effect on vigor. The data from this population were used to study the interaction of these two loci. To validate these findings, a new genetic map comprised of 1841 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was constructed from a cross of the dwarfing, precocious rootstocks ‘Geneva 935’ (G.935) and ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9), resulting in the confirmation and modeling of the effect of Dw1 and Dw2 on vigor control of apple scions. Flower density and fruit yield data allowed the identification of genetic factors Eb1 (LOD = 7.1) and Eb2 (LOD = 7.6) that cause early bearing of scions, roughly colocated with the dwarfing factors. The major QTL for mean number of fruit produced per tree colocated with Dw2 (LOD = 7.0) and a minor QTL was located on LG16 (LOD = 3.5). These findings will aid the development of a marker-assisted breeding strategy, and the discovery of additional sources for dwarfing and predictive modeling of new apple rootstocks in the Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program.

ACIDIC PEROXIDASES OF APPLE ROOTSTOCKS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID L. WELLER
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Sucrose Gradient ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Gel Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Isoenzyme Patterns

The peroxidase activity in extracts of shoot bark from Michigan State Apple Clone (MAC) 24 and in extracts of roots of MAC 24, East Mailing Long Ashton (EMLA) 27, and Oregon Apple Rootstock (OAR) 1 were characterized as being primarily acidic by broad range sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing. Gel isoelectric focusing (GIEF) using a narrower conventional or immobilized pH gradient showed that this activity could be separated into about a dozen isoenzymes. The GIEF isoenzyme patterns of MAC 24 shoot bark extract peroxidase and root extract peroxidases of MAC 24, EMLA 27, and OAR 1 differed. Similar values were obtained for the molecular weight of the peroxidase activity of these extracts. The results indicate that the acidic isoenzymes of apple peroxidase are of similar size.Key words: Apple, rootstocks (apple), peroxidase, molecular weight, isoenzymes

scholarly journals Fire Blight Resistance of Budagovsky 9 Apple Rootstock

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Russo ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Multiple Trials ◽  
High Level

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, can cause a fatal infection of apple rootstocks known as rootstock blight. Budagovsky 9 (B.9) apple rootstock is reported to be highly susceptible when inoculated with E. amylovora, although results from multiple trials showed that B.9 is resistant to rootstock blight infection in field plantings. Conflicting results could stem from genetic variation in the B.9 population, appearing as phenotypic differences in rootstock material. However, genetic testing, using 23 microsatellite loci, confirmed the clonal uniformity of B.9 in commerce. Variation in growth habit between B.9 rootstocks originating from two nurseries also has been discounted as a source of disease resistance. Instead, results indicate a possible novel resistance phenotype in B.9 rootstock. B.9 rootstock was susceptible to leaf inoculation by E. amylovora, statistically similar to the susceptible rootstock Malling 9 (M.9). Conversely, inoculation assays targeting woody 4- to 5-year-old tissue revealed a high level of resistance in B.9, whereas M.9 remained susceptible. Although the mechanism by which B.9 gains resistance to E. amylovora is unknown, it is reminiscent of age-related resistance, due to an observed gain of resistance in woody rootstock tissue over succulent shoot tissue. Durable fire blight resistance correlated with tissue development could be a valuable tool for rootstock breeders.

ESTIMATION OF APPLE ROOTSTOCK VIGOR BY THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF LIVING SHOOTS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Taper ◽  
R. S. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Needle Electrode ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
High Electrical Resistance ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Model C ◽  
Daily Periodicity

Electrical resistances of living shoots of 13 apple rootstocks varying in vigor from very dwarfing to very vigorous were measured. A portable, battery-powered Bouyoucos Model C bridge was used, equipped with needle electrode probes that completely penetrated the bark. Data obtained on shoots of the previous year's growth revealed a direct relationship between the electrical resistance of shoots and the known rootstock effect on scion vigor. Dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks had low and high electrical resistance respectively. When resistance was plotted against time there was a close resemblance to curves for daily periodicity of transpiration.

scholarly journals Genomics-assisted prediction of salt and alkali tolerances and functional marker development in apple rootstocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Fei Shen ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Hongcheng Fang ◽  
Changpeng Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
Genotype Effects

Abstract Background: Saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline stress severely affect plant growth and development. The tolerance of plants to these stressors has long been important breeding objectives, especially for woody perennials like apple. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction models for salt, alkali, and salt-alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Results: A total of 3,258 hybrids derived from the apple rootstock cultivars ‘Baleng Crab’ (Malus robusta Rehd., tolerant) × ‘M9’ (M. pumila Mill., sensitive) were used to identify 17, 13, and two QTLs for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress via bulked segregant analysis. The genotype effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers designed on candidate genes in each QTL interval were estimated. The genomic predicted value of an individual hybrid was calculated by adding the sum of all marker genotype effects to the mean phenotype value of the population. The prediction accuracy was 0.6569, 0.6695, and 0.5834 for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress, respectively. SNP182G on MdRGLG3, which changes a leucine to an arginine at the vWFA-domain, conferred tolerance to salt, alkali, and salt-alkali stress. SNP761A on MdKCAB, affecting the Kv_beta domain that cooperated with the linked allelic variation SNP11, contributed to salt, alkali, and salt–alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Conclusions: The genomics-assisted prediction models can potentially be used in breeding saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline tolerant apple rootstocks. The QTLs and the functional markers may provide insight for future studies into the genetic variation of plant abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Genomics-assisted prediction of salt and alkali tolerances and functional marker development in apple rootstocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Fei Shen ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Hongcheng Fang ◽  
Changpeng Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
Genotype Effects

Abstract Background: Saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline stress severely affect plant growth and development. The tolerance of plants to these stressors has long been important breeding objectives, especially for woody perennials like apple. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction models for salt, alkali, and salt-alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Results: A total of 3,258 hybrids derived from the apple rootstock cultivars ‘Baleng Crab’ (Malus robusta Rehd., tolerant) × ‘M9’ (M. pumila Mill., sensitive) were used to identify 17, 13, and two QTLs for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress via bulked segregant analysis. The genotype effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers designed on candidate genes in each QTL interval were estimated. The genomic predicted value of an individual hybrid was calculated by adding the sum of all marker genotype effects to the mean phenotype value of the population. The prediction accuracy was 0.6569, 0.6695, and 0.5834 for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress, respectively. SNP182G on MdRGLG3, which changes a leucine to an arginine at the vWFA-domain, conferred tolerance to salt, alkali, and salt-alkali stress. SNP761A on MdKCAB, affecting the Kv_beta domain that cooperated with the linked allelic variation SNP11, contributed to salt, alkali, and salt–alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Conclusions: The genomics-assisted prediction models can potentially be used in breeding saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline tolerant apple rootstocks. The QTLs and the functional markers may provide insight for future studies into the genetic variation of plant abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Genomics-assisted prediction of salt and alkali tolerances and functional marker development in apple rootstocks.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Fei Shen ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Hongcheng Fang ◽  
Changpeng Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
Genotype Effects

Abstract Background: Saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline stress severely affect plant growth and development. The tolerance of plants to these stressors has long been important breeding objectives, especially for woody perennials like apple. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction models for salt, alkali, and salt-alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Results: A total of 3,258 hybrids derived from the apple rootstock cultivars ‘Baleng Crab’ ( Malus robusta Rehd., tolerant) × ‘M9’ ( M. pumila Mill., sensitive) were used to identify 17, 13, and two QTLs for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress via bulked segregant analysis. The genotype effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers designed on candidate genes in each QTL interval were estimated. The genomic predicted value of an individual hybrid was calculated by adding the sum of all marker genotype effects to the mean phenotype value of the population. The prediction accuracy was 0.6569, 0.6695, and 0.5834 for injury indices of salt, alkali, and salt–alkali stress, respectively. SNP182G on MdRGLG3 , which changes a leucine to an arginine at the vWFA-domain, conferred tolerance to salt, alkali, and salt-alkali stress. SNP761A on MdKCAB , affecting the Kv_beta domain that cooperated with the linked allelic variation SNP11, contributed to salt, alkali, and salt–alkali tolerance in apple rootstock. Conclusions: The genomics-assisted prediction models can potentially be used in breeding saline, alkaline, and saline-alkaline tolerant apple rootstocks. The QTLs and the functional markers may provide insight for future studies into the genetic variation of plant abiotic stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome in clonal apple rootstock grown on sod-podzolic soils with variant properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
V. V. Bobkova ◽  
S. N. Konovalov ◽  
M. T. Upadyshev
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Callus Tissues

The taxonomic structure of tissue endophytic bacterial microbiome was comparatively studied in microplants (undifferentiated explant callus tissues, passage 25) and 5-year clonal apple rootstocks 57-490 and 54-118 cultured from corresponding tissues (passage 1) on sod-podzolic soils with variant granulometry, chemical, physical and physicochemical properties. Proteobacteria (91.6 %) predominated in vitro tissues among other endophytic bacterial phyla in rootstock 57-490, while Proteobacteria (52.5 %) and Firmicutes (47.4 %) — in rootstock 54-118. The endophytic Firmicutes ratio vs. in vitro tissues decreases (0.7-2.0 %) in roots and more severely (0-0.2 %) in leaves. Endophytic Actinobacteriota are revealed in 11.7 % in roots of the study rootstock in heavy loam soil, whilst in medium loam their ratio drops to 2.74.1 % in roots and 0.1-0.2 % in leaves. The phylogenetic diversity indices estimation for main endophytic bacterial phyla in apple rootstock tissue recovers their essentially lower diversity and evenness in culture endosphere (Shannon index 0.42-1.00) vs. open soil roots (1.34-2.08). The leaves Shannon index is typically low (0.06-0.13) indicating poor diversity and evenness of the main endophytic bacterial phyla.

scholarly journals Micropropagation of the new apple rootstock ‘G. 814’

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Meneguzzi ◽  
Mayra Juline Gonçalves ◽  
Samila Silva Camargo ◽  
Fernanda Grimaldi ◽  
Gabriela Candido Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soil Pests ◽  
Great Yield

ABSTRACT: International breeding programs launched new genetic material of apple rootstocks that in addition to precocity and great yield are resistant to major diseases and soil pests encountered in the largest apple producing regions in Brazil. Given this, there is a necessity for vegetative propagation of these materials for study and possible replacement of existing rootstocks. The objective was to adapt a micropropagation protocol for new apple rootstock ‘G. 814’. In the multiplication phase were evaluated BAP concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4mg L-1 and in the rooting phase were evaluated IBA concentrations: 0; 0.25; 0.50; 1; 1.5 and 2.5mg L-1. These new results demonstrated that this new rootstock selection can be propagated with this tissue culture adapted protocol. For the successful in vitro propagation of apple rootstock ‘G. 814’ it is indicated the use of 1mg L-1 BAP at multiplication phase and 1.5mg L-1 IBA at rooting phase.

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