Calcined Christmas Island C-grade rock phosphate as a fertilizer

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (74) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
DN Wright

A series of four pot experiments and one field experiment was conducted on two soils in northern Tasmania to compare calcined Christmas Island C-grade rock phosphate (CIP) with superphosphate as a source of phosphorus for pasture plants. On an acid, loamy sand CIP alone was better than superphosphate alone for the establishment of pasture plants. The initial response to CIP was best where a high rate of fine material was mixed into the surface soil. The residual response from the coarser CIP was greater than from the fine material. Yield responses from CIP plus ground limestone were lower than from CIP alone, particularly from the coarser grade of CIP. On the other soil, a krasnozem, CIP was inferior to superphosphate as a source of phosphorus.

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
B Palmer

Calcination of Christmas Island C-grade ore at temperatures up to 1050�C produces phosphorus fertilizers that differ greatly in effectiveness as determined by citrate extraction and plant growth. Maximum effectiveness is obtained by calcination at temperatures between 500� and 650�C, and is best predicted by extractions of between 1 and 3 h duration in neutral ammonium citrate. Alkaline ammonium citrate and citric acid are poorer indicators of phosphorus availability. The mineralogical and chemical properties of the calcines may be used to explain variations in amounts of citrate soluble phosphorus for different temperatures of calcination. Incubation of moist 500�C calcined C-grade ore induces recrystallization (i.e. reversion) of some crandallite, resulting in a decrease in the solubility of phosphorus in neutral ammonium citrate and its availability to plants.


1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Palmer ◽  
R. S. Jessop

Wheat production in Australia relies heavily on superphosphate to maintain maximum grain yields. The current rock-phosphate supplies for superphosphate manufacture are derived from Nauru and Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean; these supplies are anticipated to last only for the next 10–20 years. The supplies of ‘A’ grade ore (apatite) which can be used directly for superphosphate production are greatly overshadowed by large amounts of lower grade rock phosphate which is high in total phosphate but low in apatite. This material is termed ‘C’ grade rock and, to date, it has found little use in Australian agriculture.


1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Palmer ◽  
MDA Bolland ◽  
RJ Gilkes

The influence of calcination temperatures up to 1050�C on the effectiveness of Christmas Island C-grade ore was determined in glasshouse trials with wheat. All calcines were capable of supporting the same maximum yield. Maximum effectiveness, equivalent to one-third that of superphosphate, occurred for calcination temperatures between 450�C and 600�C. Re-evaluation of the results of other workers indicated that a similar value for relative effectiveness applies to their work on a variety of species.


2017 ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Thi Thao Nhi Tran ◽  
Dinh Toan Nguyen

Background and Purpose: Stroke is the second cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability. Using the clinical scale to predict the outcome of the patient play an important role in clinical practice. The Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) score has shown broad utility, allowing prediction of clinical outcome and death. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducting on 102 patients with acute ischemic stroke using THRIVE score. The outcome of patient was assessed by mRankin in the day of 30 after stroke. Statistic analysis using SPSS 15.0. Results: There was 60.4% patient in the group with THRIVE score 0 – 2 points having a good outcome (mRS 0 - 2), patient group with THRIVE score 6 - 9 having a high rate of bad outcome and mortality. Having a positive correlation between THRIVE score on admission and mRankin score at the day 30 after stroke with r = 0.712. THRIVE score strongly predicts clinical outcome with ROC-AUC was 0.814 (95% CI 0.735 - 0.893, p<0.001), Se 69%, Sp 84% and the cut-off was 2. THRIVE score strongly predicts mortality with ROC-AUC was 0.856 (95% CI 0.756 - 0.956, p<0.01), Se 86%, Sp 77% and the cut-off was 3. Analysis of prognostic factors by multivariate regression models showed that THRIVE score was only independent prognostic factor for the outcome of post stroke patients. Conclusions: The THRIVE score is a simple-to-use tool to predict clinical outcome, mortality in patients with ischemic stroke. Despite its simplicity, the THRIVE score performs better than several other outcome prediction tools. Key words: Ischemic stroke, THRIVE, prognosis, outcome, mortality


2012 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Jian Liang ◽  
Xiao Wei Wu ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Quan Lin Jin ◽  
Zhao Li Ma ◽  
...  

This article describes the high rate superplastic forming. The high rate superplastic forming technology is a new complex process,which integrates hot stamping and superplastic forming .It has feature of rapidity of the hot stamping and character of excellent formability of the superplastic forming.We obtained the best proportion of the hot forming and the superplastic forming through simulation experiment, and formed a car’s abonnet by applying the proportion.Compared with the high rate superplastic forming,the forming quality is better than that of hot forming. and the forming time is less than that of superplastic forming. Result shows that ,the high rate superplastic forming technology can meet the requirements for mass production.


1964 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Vafiadakis ◽  
W. Johnson ◽  
I. S. Donaldson

Earlier work on a water-hammer technique for high-rate forming of sheet metal has been extended to include work on deep drawing using lead plugs. A study of the pressure-time history of a deforming blank during its initial movement is reported. An assessment of the overall efficiency of the process has been made and is found to be about 50 per cent; this is an order of magnitude better than that found with comparable electro-hydraulic and explosive methods.


Author(s):  
Н.Н. ФИЛОНОВА ◽  
С.В. ЯЦЕНКО ◽  
М.К. САДЫГОВА

Оптимизирована рецептура хлеба «Паляница украинская» путем введения 15% пайзовой муки (ПМ) и 5% льняной муки (ЛМ) взамен части пшеничной. Образец с добавкой 15% ПМ и 5% ЛМ имел достаточно высокий показатель бродильной активности и самый высокий показатель подъемной силы – 28 мин в отличие от образца с тем же количеством ПМ, но без добавки ЛМ (43,3 мин) и контрольного образца без добавок (45,5 мин). Добавка в рецептуру хлеба ПМ увеличила в нем содержание белка на 14,68%, золы – более чем в 2 раза. Добавление ЛМ нейтрализовало специфические аромат и вкус пайзы, повлияло на формоудерживающую способность полуфабриката: во время выпечки изделие не расплывалось, выпеченный хлеб имел эластичный пропеченный мякиш с равномерной пористостью, на корке отсутствовали трещины и подрывы. В результате добавки ПМ и ЛМ опытный образец приобрел насыщенный цвет корки и мякиша, приятный аромат, напоминающий аромат ржаного хлеба. Образец хлеба, содержащий 15% ПМ и 5% ЛМ, по истечении 72 ч хранения имел наименьший показатель крошковатости – 3,59% к массе мякиша хлеба и самый высокий показатель набухаемости – 154,5%, лучше других образцов сохранил потребительские качества: вкус и аромат изделия практически не изменились, мягкость мякиша снизилась незначительно. Внесение ПМ взамен части пшеничной в рецептуру хлеба способствует увеличению продолжительности срока хранения изделия, что позволяет рекомендовать использование пайзовой муки в производстве хлебобулочных изделий. The formulation of bread «Palyanitsa ukrainskaya» is optimized by introducing 15% of barnyard grass flour (GF) and 5% of flax flour (FF) instead of wheat flour. The sample with the addition of 15% of GF and 5% of FF had a sufficiently high rate of fermentation activity and the highest rate of lifting force – 28 min in contrast to the sample with the same amount of GF, but without the addition of FF (43,3 min) and the control sample without additives (45,5 min). Additive in bread formulation GF increased its protein content by 14,68%, ash content – more than 2 times. The addition of FF neutralized the specific flavor and taste of the barnyard grass, influenced the form-holding ability of the semi-finished product: during baking the product was not blurred, the baked bread had an elastic baked crumb with uniform porosity, cracks and explosions were absent on the crust. As a result of the addition of GF and FF the prototype acquired a rich color of crust and crumb, a pleasant aroma reminiscent of rye bread. A sample of bread containing 15% GF and 5% FF after 72 h of storage had the lowest crumbiness index – 3,59% by weight of bread crumb and the highest rate of swelling – 154,5%, better than other samples retained consumer qualities: taste and aroma of the product has not changed, the softness of the crumb decreased slightly. Introduction of GF instead of part wheat in the bread formulation helps to increase the duration of the shelf life of the product, which allows us to recommend the use of barnyard grass flour in production of bakery products.


1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJT Norman

In an experiment at Katherine, N.T., the response of birdwood grass-Townsville lucerne (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl and Stylosanthes hurnilis H.B.K.) pasture sown on virgin land to levels of superphosphate and Christmas Island rock phosphate dust and to levels of superphosphate subsequently applied annually for three years was measured. There were no significant interactions between initial and annual applications. Initial applications of 2 and 4 cwt an acre superphosphate both gave higher forage yields of dry matter and nitrogen than 2 and 4 cwt an acre rock phosphate over the experimental period. Phosphorus yield of forage was a function of rate rather than of type of fertilizer. Annual superphosphate applications up to 1 cwt an acre increased the dry matter and nitrogen yields of the grass, but not those of the legume, and increased the phosphorus yield of both. The higher proportion of grass at high superphosphate levels was interpreted as a difference in responsiveness of the two species. A regime of 2 cwt an acre superphosphate initially and 1/2 cwt an acre annually produced 90 per cent of what was considered to be the maximum yield.


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