Energy intake regulation by layers according to diet, productivity and environment

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Intake Regulation

The voluntary nutrient intake and productivity of White Leghorn x Australorp crossbred layers given diets ranging in metabolizable energy (M.E.) from 11.30 to 13.81 MJ kg-1 were examined to determine their ability to adjust daily energy intake. Pullets housed on deep litter and in cages had a characteristic M.E. intake of 1.35 and 1.30 MJ per bird day respectively. Pullets in deep-litter pens regulated their energy intake until the M.E. content of the diet reached 12.97 MJ kg-1 but 'overconsumed' by 7.7 per cent when the dietary energy was raised to 13.81 MJ M.E. kg-1. Caged pullets were less able to regulate energy intake and 'overconsumed' by 8.0 and 14.8 per cent when the diet contained 12.97 and 13.81 MJ M.E. kg-1 respectively. During the period of production studied it would appear to be economic to use diets of up to 12.1 3 MJ M.E. kg-1 though the optimum may be less, depending on the production situation. Productivity was not significantly altered when the protein of the diets was either reduced according to predicted 'overconsumption', or lowered to as little as 14.2 per cent when the highest energy diet was given. Savings in the cost of high energy diets may, therefore, be achieved by adjusting the protein content for 'overconsumption'. Birds offered a diet containing 13.81 MJ M.E. kg-1 for five hours per day had a productivity and efficiency of energy utilization similar to that of birds on lower energy diets ad libitum. The greater cost per unit energy of such a diet, however, militates against restricted feeding of high energy diets under field conditions. An unexpected peak in egg production and efficiency of energy utilization was observed when access to the diet with an M.E. content of 13.81 MJ kg-1 was allowed between 11.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. each day. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets has been determined for two diets, one high in energy and the other low.2. Both groups laid at the same rate (245 eggs/bird) throughout the year.3. Birds fed the low-energy diet ate more food, but the intakes of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both groups.4. The cost of food perton was higher for the high-energy diet; per bird per year it was the same for both groups.

scholarly journals Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 32° in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Fat Diets

Heat production (HP) and the intake and retention of energy and nitrogen were measured in growing broiler fowl kept at 32° and given diets with metabolizable energy contents from 8 to 15 MJ/kg and crude protein (N × 6·25; CP) contents of 130 and 210 g/kg. The temperature of 32° was chosen for comparison with earlier measurements at 20° to minimize heat produced for the maintenance of body temperature. The effects of diet composition were observed when the same birds were taken from 20 to 32°. The tendency for energy intake to increase with dietary energy concentration was less at 32 than at 20°. The lower heat increments measured for the high-fat diets did not, therefore, confer an increased ability to sustain higher energy intake at 32°. HP was about 17% lower at 32 than at 20°; the change in HP between 20 and 32° was not significantly influenced by diet composition. The absence of significant effects of diet composition on HP, combined with the significant trend in energy intake, produced significant differences (related both to dietary energy and dietary protein concentrations) in total energy retention and in the partition of retained energy between protein and fat. As at 20°, variation in energy retention and in the composition of retained energy were the main responses to variation in dietary CP concentration and energy intake; a significantly higher energy cost of unit protein accretion on the low-CP diets was insufficient to produce an elevation in total HP because the higher unit energy cost was balanced by a lower absolute rate of protein accretion.

The effect of ad lib feeding on the efficiency of energy utilization in growing and lactating cattle

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
J.J.M.H. Ketelaars
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation

Recently, we have proposed a new theory of feed intake regulation in ruminants (Ketelaars and Tolkamp, 1992a,b; Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992). This theory attributes great significance to the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for feed intake regulation. In brief, we assume that feed intake behaviour of ruminants aims at maximizing the ratio of net energy intake (representing the benefits of feeding) relative to oxygen consumption (representing the metabolic costs of feeding). Starting from this assumption, we have shown that knowledge of the efficiency of ME utilization obtained under conditions of restricted feeding can be used successfully to predict voluntary intake (Tolkamp and Ketelaars, 1992).If, indeed, voluntary feed intake and the efficiency of ME utilization are so intimately related, the question comes up what the effect of ad lib feeding is on the overall efficiency of ME utilization (total net energy intake, NEI, as a fraction of ME intake, MEI). This paper investigates this question by means of model calculations for growing and lactating cattle according to the UK energy evaluation system.

The effect of level and pattern of energy intake during late pregnancy on the performance of housed Scottish Blackface ewes

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Constant Energy

SUMMARYSixty Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) were given during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. In two treatments 1600 and 2000 kcal M E were given daily over the total period while in the remaining treatments daily ME intakes were 1200 and 1600 kcal ME during the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and 2000 and 2400 kcal ME during the last 3 weeks. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes were constant at approximately 30 g per head daily in the constant energy treatments and 15 and 45 g per head daily in the first and second periods respectively for the low-high energy treatments.Energy intake had no statistically significant effect on lamb birth weight nor on ewe net body-weight change (change from the start of the experimental feeding period to immediately post partum). Ewes on low-high energy intakes had a significantly lower net body-weight loss than did ewes on constant energy intakes. Pattern of feeding had no significant effect on lamb birth weights. Negative nitrogen balances were found during the first feeding period where the daily DCP intake was approximately 15 g per head.

scholarly journals Impact of high energy oral nutritional supplements consumed in the late afternoon on appetite, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors in females with lower BMI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Fatima ◽  
Konstantinos Gerasimidis ◽  
Charlotte Wright ◽  
Dalia Malkova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Daily Energy

Abstract Background/Objective Morning consumption of a single dose of high-energy oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in females with a lower BMI displaces some of the food eaten at breakfast but increases overall daily energy intake. This study investigated the effectiveness of ONS intake in the late afternoon and for longer duration. Subjects/Methods Twenty-one healthy females (mean ± SD, age 25 ± 5 years; BMI 18.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2) participated in a randomised, crossover study with two experimental trials. In the afternoon of days 1–5, participants consumed either ONS (2.510 MJ) or low-energy PLACEBO drink (0.377 MJ) and recorded food eaten at home. On day six, energy intake was measured during buffet meals, and energy expenditure, appetite measurements and blood samples were collected throughout the day. Result Over the 5-day period, in the ONS trial energy intake from evening meals was lower (ONS, 2.7 ± 0.25 MJ; Placebo, 3.6 ± 0.25 MJ, P = 0.01) but averaged total daily energy intake was higher (ONS, 9.2 ± 0.3 MJ; PLACEBO, 8.2 ± 0.4 MJ, P = 0.03). On day six, energy intake, appetite scores, plasma GLP-1 and PYY, and energy expenditure were not significantly different between the two trials but fasting insulin concentration and HOMAIR, were higher (P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity score based on fasting insulin and TAG lower (P < 0.05) in ONS trial. Conclusion Late afternoon consumption of ONS for five consecutive days by females with a lower BMI has only a partial and short-lived energy intake suppression and thus increases daily energy intake but reduces insulin sensitivity.

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

A note on the response of British Friesian steers to trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol, and to alternation in dietary energy intake

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Galbraith ◽  
K. J. Geraghty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Main Effects

ABSTRACTFour steers from a group of eight British Friesian steers were implanted with 300 mg trenbolone acetate and 30 mg hexoestrol at the beginning of a 90-day trial period. The remainder were untreated. They were offered diets that varied in estimated content of metabolizable energy as follows (MJ/day): day 0 to 34 (period A), 100; day 35 to 60 (period B), 50; and day 61 to 90 (period C), 75 increasing to 110. Implanted steers gained significantly more live weight in periods A and C, and lost less in period B, than controls. Implanted steers had significantly elevated concentrations of plasma glucose in period A, and lower values for plasma urea and serum albumin throughout. Differences between control and implanted steers for the other blood constituents studied, including growth hormone, insulin and prolactin, were small and not significant. The main effects of changes in dietary energy intake on blood composition included significant increases in both groups of animals in the concentration of free fatty acids and growth hormone during underfeeding (period B). These concentrations decreased in period C, concomitant with significant increases in the concentrations of insulin and prolactin.

Energy utilization in the laying hen in relation to ambient temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Davis ◽  
O. E. M. Hassan ◽  
A. H. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Balances

SummaryEnergy balances have been determined, using the comparative slaughter procedure, over 3-week periods on groups of laying hens kept at ambient temperatures of 7·2, 15·6, 23·9, 29·4 and 35 °C.Energy intake declined as the environment became warmer (kcal ME/kg¾/day = 203· 1·13°C); heat production, as measured by the difference between energy intake and energy retention, also declined with increasing ambient temperature (kcal/kg¾/day = 151 – 1·11°C). There was a linear relationship between heat production and ambient temperature with no thermoneutral zone or critical temperature.The energy available for egg production remained almost constant at 50 kcal/kg¾/day equivalent to a rate of egg production of 82% at each ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Energy utilization by Hereford and Simmental males and females

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Ferrell ◽  
T. G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Simmental Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Water Gain

ABSTRACTPost-weaning metabolizable energy intake, growth of empty-body chemical components and efficiencies of energy utilization were evaluated for Hereford intact males (17) and females (16) and Simmental intact males (15) and females (16) during a 212-day feeding period. Within each breed × sex subclass, animals were assigned to one of three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake: (1) 544 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, (2) 795 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, and (3) ad libitum. Body composition of each animal was estimated at the beginning and end of the feeding period by deuterium oxide dilution.Protein and water gain of Hereford and Simmental cattle were similar at restricted levels of intake but were greater for Simmental than for Hereford cattle at ad libitum intakes. Similarly, rates of protein and water gain tended to increase more rapidly in response to increased energy intake by males than by females. Hereford males gained fat and energy slightly more rapidly than Hereford females, but Simmental males gained fat and energy at slower rates than Simmental females.Males had higher maintenance requirements and tended to use ME with less efficiency for maintenance and gain than females. Hereford cattle had lower maintenance requirements and used ME with greater efficiency for both maintenance and gain than Simmental cattle.

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