The effect of management during spring on the growth of a mixed annual pasture containing capeweed (Arctotheca calendula)

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum

A number of grazing and mowing treatments were imposed in spring on a mixed annual pasture mainly comprising capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) 36 per cent and barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) 27 per cent, with a small amount of (4 per cent) subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). The effects of treatments on flowering, seed setting and subsequent autumn production were followed, with special reference to any possible reduction in capeweed content. Seed numbers of all species were reduced by grazing throughout spring (barley grass was least affected) and by late mowing (severe reduction in the grasses), but early mowing had little effect. The mowing treatments all increased the content of capeweed and subterranean clover in the pasture next autumn and reduced the amount of grass, especially barley grass. Close grazing increased barley grass content and, if it continued throughout the spring, capeweed content also increased. Seed germination following rain in January varied considerably between treatments, but was not greater than 3 per cent on any. It was highest where dry pasture residues were present, and clover and capeweed seed germinated more than grass seed. It was concluded that spring management is unlikely to offer scope for reduction in capeweed content of pastures.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 4. The effect of some management practices on barley grass content

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

The effects of three grazing treatments and three mowing treatments on the dominance of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in an annual pasture were examined. Different spring grazing patterns did not markedly alter the amount of seed. Mowing favoured the legume component; topping less so than cutting lower as for hay or silage. However, none of these practices totally prevented barley grass from setting seed, and their effects were partly offset by late irrigation. Oversowing with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) did reduce barley grass seed setting but alone u-as not effective in changing botanical composition. Compared with Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), barley grass showed greater persistence.

Plant factors influencing the nutritive value of some temperate annual pasture species

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Brome Grass

Changes in herbage production, dry matter content, nitrogen content and in vitro digestibility of two sown species-subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) - and five common volunteer species-capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), musky crowfoot (Erodium moschatum), barley grass (Hordeum leporinum), ripgut brome grass (Bromus rigidus) and soft brome grass (Bromus mollis)-were measured throughout their growth cycle. The volunteer species compared favourably with the sown species for these measurements and should be capable of providing nutritious grazing for animals.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 3. Some factors affecting balance with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum

Mixed swards of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) of two densities were grown at two levels of nitrogen. Growth was started at two different times mid- April and mid-May-and at each time half the plots were subjected to moisture stress. The swards were harvested after nine weeks of growth. The survival of clover plants was reduced by an early start, moisture stress and nitrogen addition : much more so than barley grass. The root : shoot ratios of both species were calculated ; both showed some sensitivity to the time of break and moisture stress, and the grass was also affected by the other two factors. Total sward production and the ratios of clover to grass varied widely Grass daminance was favoured by moisture stress or a late break, and both of these factors tended to override the effect of higher soil nitrogen in determining clover-grass balance. Total sward production more dependent on density than any other factor, especially with the later start. Higher nitrogen was effective in boosting production only if the break was early and there was no moisture stress.

Effect of fertilizer nitrogen, stocking rate and autumn deferment of grazing in association with hay cutting on the root structure of annual pasture species

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Doyle ◽  
MJ Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Main Components

Length, weight, branching and chemical composition of roots of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and subterranean clover, (Trifolium subterraneum), the main components of a non-irrigated pasture were measured in the fourth year of an experiment on pastures grazed by Corriedale wethers. The grazing treatments were in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 3) replicated three times, with three stocking rates, two levels of nitrogen fertilizer and two methods of management. Grass and clover density was reduced progressively as stocking rate was increased from 10 to 12 to 17 wethers ha-1 but the surviving plants at maturity had vigorous root systems. This performance of annual species contrasts with that of perennial pasture species where root development and root branching may be expected to decline with increase in grazing pressure. Applications of nitrogen fertilizer annually at rates of 0 or 67 kg ha-1 had little effect on density of grasses or clovers but clover roots were lighter and had fewer rhizobia nodules where nitrogen fertilizer had been applied. The management of pasture by deferment of grazing during regeneration was beneficial to clover plants in that their root structure was larger at maturity; similar effects were not evident in grass roots.

Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) 1. The importance of the microevironment

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Yates
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mature Seeds

An investigation was made of the relative efficiency of above- and belowground seeding, under unfavourable environmental conditions, in the subterranean clover variety Red Leaf, which normally sets some seed above and some below the ground. The experiment included artificial shielding of burrs in sponge rubber to simulate the protective effects of natural burial. Seed-setting, expressed in terms of mature seeds as percentage of reflexed florets, was considerably better when development occurred at or below the soil surface, or when burrs were enclosed in rubber, than when untreated burrs did not come in contact with the soil.The presence of moisture in the surface soil improved seed-setting above the ground. Breakdown of seed-forming processes occurred both before and after the stage at which seed development could be detected. Seeds formed above the surface were of light weight and gave very poor germination; seeds which had been buried or enclosed in rubber were much heavier and percentage germination was high; and those formed on the surface were intermediate.The results emphasize the importance of the microenvironment of individual inflorescences and burrs, and the value of protective or modifying influences, during the whole period of seed development in this species.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

Superphosphate utilization in clover ley farming. I. Effects on pasture and sheep production

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Sheep Production

From 1962 to 1966 an experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., with dry Merino sheep on an annual clover-grass pasture, in which the stocking rate and the rates of topdressing with superphosphate were varied. In the first year Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) responded to superphosphate, particularly at the lowest stocking rates. In the following 2–3 years there was a change to Hordeum leporinum Link (barley grass) dominance. A greater amount of subterranean clover persisted over the years on the unfertilized plots than on the fertilized plots. Clover burr on these treatments was associated with better liveweight performance by sheep over the dry summer-autumn period. However, after the autumn rains germinating barley grass on the topdressed plots allowed rapid liveweight gains to be made by the sheep on those treatments. Greasy wool production per head, averaged over four shearings, was 4.81, 4.36 and 3.86 kg at 5, 10 and 15 sheep per ha respectively. Superphosphate had no significant effect on wool production. Liveweights decreased as the stocking rate increased. However, at a given stocking rate, the liveweight changes were influenced by changes in pasture composition induced by topdressing with superphosphate, as much as by total available pasture. It appears that in this clover ley farming area topdressing can be omitted in the pasture phase of a wool production system after 700 kg superphosphate ha-I have been applied to the soil.

Seed-Setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium Subterraneum L.). II. Strain-environment interactions in single plants

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Yates
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The relationship between seed-setting (expressed as mature seeds per inflorescence), strain, and environment was investigated in subterranean clover, with special reference to burr burial. Single plants of a range of maturity types were grown in two environments, one cool and moist, the other hot and dry but with frequent watering of the plant roots. In the mild environment, early-maturing strains buried a high proportion of burrs, and late-maturing strains relatively few. Under the more severe conditions, late-maturing types buried the majority of their burrs. Seed-setting in buried burrs was generally good, and relatively constant in all the strains and the two environments tested. The capacity to set seed above the ground varied widely amongst strains, and within each strain was greater in the mild environment. The results indicate that seed-setting is influenced strongly by the microenvironment of inflorescences and developing burrs, and that strains differ in sensitivity to such microenvironment. Burr burial is apparently a protective mechanism against unfavourable factors (probably low relative humidity and high temperature) of the atmospheric environment. Under the more severe environmental conditions, there was a positive correlation between seed-setting above the ground and percentage leaf in the plant tops. It is presumed that this was due partly to amelioration of the microenvironrnent by the foliage. The negative relationship between efficiency of seed-setting above the ground and proportion of burrs buried is discussed in terms of natural selection. The microenvironmeilt, and the differential response of strains, affected not only the number of seeds per inflorescence, but also the weight and viability of the seeds produced. The concept of a threshold embryo weight for viability is discussed.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Johnson ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
P.J. Murray ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
I.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Root Feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenneL. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

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