Comparative mortality rates of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in central Queensland

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Zebu Breed ◽  
Zebu Cows

A study was made over several years of lifetime mortality rates of both purebred Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds and of several generations of crosses between the breeds. Of 4,678 calves born during the period, 4.7 per cent died at or within one week of birth. A further 2.3 per cent of those remaining died before weaning and a further 1.1 per cent died from weaning to 15 months. Sixteen of 22 calves born as twins were perinatal mortalities. Perinatal losses were highest in purebred Zebus (Africander and Brahman) and in first generation Brahman crossbred (BX) calves. Africander crossbreds (AX) generally had the lowest mortality rates of all crossbreds at each stage of the life cycle. Perinatal mortalities were however high in both F1 AX and F1 BX calves born to primiparous purebred British (Hereford and Shorthorn) heifers. Over all crossbred generations, perinatal mortalities were highest in calves from 3-year-old heifers and decreased with age of dam. More males (4.7 per cent) than females (2.9 per cent) died at or near birth. Mortalities in F1 BX males (10.3 per cent) were the highest of all groups. Relatively high or low birth weight was associated with high perinatal mortalities in the crossbreeds. Losses of stock after weaning were generally higher in the British breed-types than in the Zebu breed-types with the greatest differences in adult mortality rates. Annual mortality rates of breeding cows of each breed were studied over a similar period. 9,537 cow years were involved in the study. Mortality rates of both purebred and crossbred British cows were higher than for purebred and crossbred Zebu cows. One contributing cause was the difference in numbers of cows of each breed that died while calving. In all, 1.4 per cent of British crossbred calvings resulted in the death of the cow compared with 0.6 and 0.3 per cent for comparable AX and BX cows. Losses were negligible in purebred Zebus. Mortality rates in adults generally increased slowly with age and were highest in 8 - 10-year-old cows.

Comparative drought resistance of Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred herds in central Queensland. 2. Relative mortality rates, calf birth weights, and weights and weight changes of breeding cows

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Weight

The mortality rates, weight changes and associated effects of a. draught in 1969 were observed in a herd of Shorthorn x Hereford (SH), Brahman x SH (BX) and Africander x SH (AX) crossbred cows and small herds of purebred Brahman and Africander cows at 'Belmont', Queensland. About half of the cows calved over a two month period from mid-October 1969. All the cows were weighed in February 1968, February and October 1969 and in January 1970 and the data from the crossbreds analysed by the method of least squares. The weights and weight changes of both the calving and non-calving groups followed a similar pattern though the weight changes of the non-calving group were of greater magnitude. The weights showed that the three crossbreds reached the same mature weight but at different rates. The SH cows reached mature weight least rapidly, had the highest mean weight loss during the drought and had the lowest mean gains after the season broke. Weight changes both during and after the drought were however dependent on lactational status in February 1969. The mean weight loss of cows that weaned a calf in 1969 (wet) was similar for all breeds. However, the mean loss of the dry SH cows was significantly greater than that of the dry BX and AX cows. Previously wet cows exhibited compensatory gains after calving but the gain of the wet SH cows was the lowest of the crossbred means. The mean birth weight of the SH calves was reduced below the long term mean by about 4 kg but birthweights of BX and AX calves were similar to those in other years. During the drought the purebred Brahmans lost the least and the purebred Africanders lost the most weight of all breeds. However, the nature of the data precludes any strict comparisons from being drawn. Mortality rates of breeding cows were recorded from 1960 to 1969. Rates were generally highest for the SH, particularly in the drought years of 1965 and 1969. Some reasons are advanced which may explain the differences in performance of the breed types.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kinerja Pertumbuhan Sapi Silangan Belgian Blue dan Peranakan Ongole

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Jakaria Jakaria ◽  
Edwar Edwar ◽  
Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum ◽  
Rudy Priyanto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRAK. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kinerja pertumbuhan sapi persilangan Belgian Blue (BB) dan sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) pada turunan pertama (F1). Sapi persilangan (BB dan PO) yang digunakan sebanyak 15 ekor terdiri atas jantan 6 ekor dan betina 9 ekor, selain itu digunakan 8 ekor sapi PO betina yang dipelihara di Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang Bogor. Peubah yang diamati adalah bobot lahir (BW), bobot sapih (WW) 205 hari, bobot 1 tahun (YW), pertambahan bobot badan harian dari lahir (GBW) sampai sapih (GWW) dan pertambahan bobot badan harian dari sapih (GWW) sampai umur 1 tahun (GYW). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan perbedaan antar sapi silangan (BB-PO) dengan sapi PO dilakukan uji t. Hasil analisis bobot badan dan pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa, bobot badan sapi silangan BB dan PO lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sapi PO pada WW 205 hari (165,2±21,3 kg dan 115±15,2 kg), YW (365 hari) (240,7±28,1 kg dan 194,9±26,1 kg) dan GBW sampai GWW (0,675±0,097 kg dan 0,441±0,059 kg). BW dan GWW sampai GYW tidak berbeda antara sapi silangan BB-PO dengan PO. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa program cross-breeding sapi BB dengan PO dapat meningkatkan kinerja bobot badan dan pertumbuhan.  (Growth performance evaluation of belgian blue and ongole crossbreed) ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of cross-breeding of Belgian Blue (BB) and Ongole Grade (PO) cattle in the first generation (F1). Crossbred of BB and PO cattle used as many as 15 individuals consisting of 6 males and 9 females, also, 8 individual PO females are used which are kept in the Livestock Embryo Center (BET) Cipelang, Bogor. The observed variables were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) 205 days, 1-year weight (YW) 365 days, daily body weight gain from birth (GBW) to weaning (GWW) and daily body weight gain from weaning (GWW) until the age of 1 year (GYW). Data were analyzed descriptively and the difference between cross-breeding (BB-PO) cattle and PO cattle was analyzed by t-test. The results of body weight and growth analysis showed that crossbred BB and PO cattle were higher than PO cattle at WW 205 days (165.2 ± 21.3 kg and 115 ± 15.2 kg), YW (365 days) (240.7 ± 28.1 kg and 194.9 ± 26.1 kg ) and GBW to GWW (0.675 ± 0.097 kg and 0.441 ± 0.059 kg). BW and GWW to GYW do not differ between crossbred BB-PO and PO cattle. The results of this study indicate that the cross-breeding program for BB cattle with PO cattle breeds can improve the performance of body weight and growth.

scholarly journals Age-Independent Adult Mortality in a Long-Lived Herb

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edelfeldt ◽  
Lindell ◽  
Dahlgren
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Age Independent ◽  
Long Term Studies

Relative to mammals and birds, little is known about the mortality trajectories of perennial plants, as there are few long-term demographic studies following multiple yearly cohorts from birth to death. This is particularly important because if reproductively mature individuals show actuarial senescence, current estimations of life spans assuming constant survival would be incorrect. There is also a lack of studies documenting how life history trade-offs and disturbance influence the mortality trajectories of plants. We conducted Bayesian survival trajectory analyses (BaSTA) of a 33-year individual-based dataset of Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. gotlandica. Mortality trajectories corresponded to “Type III” survivorship patterns, with rapidly decreasing annual mortality rates for young plants, but with constant mortality for reproductively mature individuals. We found trade-off effects resulting in a cost of growth for non-reproductive plants but no apparent cost of reproduction. Contrarily to our expectation, young plants that had previously shrunk in size had a lower mortality. However, accounting for trade-offs and disturbance only had minor effects on the mortality trajectories. We conclude that BaSTA is a useful tool for assessing mortality patterns in plants if only partial age information is available. Furthermore, if constant mortality is a general pattern in polycarpic plants, long-term studies may not be necessary to assess their age-dependent demography.

Effects of weaning and supplementation on performance of Brahman cross cows and their progeny

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Holroyd ◽  
GWJ Mason ◽  
ID Loxton ◽  
PT Knights ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Native Pastures

In a 3-year study in the dry tropics, 2 management practices of dry season supplementation of cows and early weaning of calves were concurrently examined as possible techniques for improving reproductive, liveweight and survival performance of Brahman cross cows (phenotypically 1/2 - 3/4 Bos indicus) grazing native pastures. Cows were either supplemented with a drylick mixture of salt, urea and sulfur (DL) commencing in July for 4-6 months; supplemented with a crisis mixture of salt, urea, grain, molasses, meatmeal and monoammonium phosphate (CM) in the latter part of the dry season; or were not supplemented (C). Mating commenced in January, and calves were either early weaned (EW) at the end of mating in April (mean age of 5 months) or late weaned (LW) in July (mean age of 8 months). Supplements and weaning treatments had little effect on cow liveweight, except between early weaning and late weaning when EW cows gained more or lost less weight (mean advantage of 30.8 kg) than LW cows and were heavier (mean advantage of 44.8 kg) than LW cows at late weaning time. Across all years, 1.4, 2.1 and 4.2% of cows in DL, CM and C groups respectively died from malnutrition or required survival feeding; whereas, in the second and third years, mortality rates due to malnutrition were 0.7 and 2.1% in EW and LW groups respectively. Neither supplement nor weaning treatments had any significant effect on lactating cow pregnancy rates, although data pooled across treatments showed that liveweights at various stages pre-mating were correlated with pregnancy rate. Supplementation or weaning treatments did not influence calving date or birth weight, but LW calves grew significantly faster (mean advantage of 0.52 kg/day) between early weaning and late weaning and were significantly heavier (mean advantage of 57.4 kg) at late weaning than EW calves.

scholarly journals Follicular dynamic and repeatability of follicular wave development in Peranakan Ongole (PO) cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imron ◽  
Iman Supriatna ◽  
. Amrozi ◽  
Mohamad Agus Setiadi
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

<p class="abstrak2">Superovulation treatment on PO cattle (Bos indicus) was less responsive compared to Bos taurus breed. It might due to the difference of their follicular dynamic. This study was conducted to investigate the follicular dynamics and its repeatability in PO cattle. Follicular dynamics observations conducted on 9 cows trough ultrasound scanning every day. Observations of wave patterns repeatability were performed in 6 cows which its wave pattern already known on the next consecutive IOI.  Research result indicated that PO cattle had 3 (66%) and 4-waves (34%) pattern. The first wave of 3 and 4-waves pattern emerged on day -0.4+0.9 and 1.4+1.1 respectively.  The second wave of 3 and 4-wave pattern emerged on day 9.8+1.5 and 7.4+1.9 respectively.  The pattern of 3 waves has a longer follicle dominant duration (11.6+1.5 day) in the first wave of estrous cycle, compared with 4 waves pattern (10+2.92 and 7+1.00 day respectively). The growth rate of dominant follicle was not different significantly between the 3 and 4-waves pattern (0.87+0.23 and 0.94+0.25 mm/day respectively). Similarly, ovulatory follicle diameter between 3 and 4-waves pattern was also not different significantly (12.24+12.34 and 12.30+12.23 mm respectively). Observation of wave patterns repeatability in 6 PO cows indicated that PO cattle had high repeatability in follicular wave pattern (0.88) and the number of growing follicle was 0.91.  This study resulted data for dynamic of follicular development, wave pattern, its repeatability which be expected to design the protocol of superovulation treatment or other reproduction technologies based on follicular dynamic to improve its result in PO cattle.</p><p> </p>

30 Calf Performance and Sex Ratios in Second Generation Reciprocal Nellore-angus Crosses

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Dana Mickey ◽  
James Sanders ◽  
David G Riley ◽  
Andy D Herring
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Reciprocal Differences ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The objectives of this study were to analyze calf weight and sex distribution differences in reciprocal F2 Nellore-Angus calves (n = 559) born 2010–2015 and calves out of these F2 females through 4 yr age (n = 469) born 2012–2018. The F2 animals were produced by 4 F1 parent type combinations from Nellore-sired (NA) vs. Angus-sired (AN) sires and dams. Weight traits were analyzed using mixed models, and sex distribution was analyzed through PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Sire type and dam type affected birth weight (P &lt; 0.05) but not weaning weight of the F2 calves. However, the interaction between sire type and dam type accounted for weaning weight differences (P = 0.038). Birth weight averaged 3.5 kg heavier from NA vs. AN sires, and 2.4 kg heavier from NA vs. AN dams. Weaning weight displayed a different pattern than observed in birth weight with the heaviest calves being NAAN (224.5 ± 3.7 kg) and lightest being ANAN (215.9 ± 3.9 kg). Sire type accounted for important variation (P = 0.036) in the calf sex distribution at birth among F2 calves. Percentage males at birth exceeded the expected ratio for NA-sired calves (66.6%, n = 168) but not for AN-sired calves (49.9%, n = 105). The sire and dam type main effects in the F2 females did not influence weight traits or sex distribution in their calves (from predominantly Angus sires). However, the interaction of sire type x dam type x sex showed a trend in birth weight (P = 0.080) and importance for weaning weight (P = 0.010) where only from ANNA and NANA dams were males heavier than females. These results suggest that some of the calf weight reciprocal differences typically observed among F1 Bos indicus-Bos taurus crosses can persist in later generations.

The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 3. Birth weights and growth to weaning

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Fordyce ◽  
TA James ◽  
RG Holroyd ◽  
NJ Beaman ◽  
RJ Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Generation ◽  
Calving Season

The birth weights and weaning weights of Bos indicus cross calves from 4 inter se mated herd groups in a dry tropical environment were studied. The calving season commenced in late October, about 2 weeks before the start of the pasture-growing season. Second and subsequent generations of 1/2 Brahman and 1/2 Sahiwal crosses and first backcross, and later generations of 3/4 Brahman and 3/4 Sahiwal crosses, were represented. The Bos taurus component of the crosses was primarily Beef Shorthorn. In general, Brahman crosses were heavier at birth and grew faster to weaning than Sahiwal crosses (P<0.05), with consequent advantages in weaning weights of 11 and 6 kg in first backcross and late generation crosses, respectively. There was a birth weight advantage (P<0.05) of 1/2 crosses over 3/4 crosses, which was eroded by the time of weaning. Superior growth rates of 3/4 crosses were primarily expressed in years with greater nutritional stress and appeared to be due to better adaptation to environmental stresses by the calf. The only difference between filial generations was the growth rate advantage (P<0.05) of F2 1/2 crosses over F3 1/2 crosses, apparently due to suckling of F1 and F2 dams, respectively. Males exhibited an 8% average advantage (P<0.05) over females for all weight and growth traits in late generation calves. Calves with mature dams were 1.8 kg heavier (P<0.05) at birth. This, along with their higher (P<0.05) preweaning growth rate (19-49 g/day), resulted in calves with mature dams being 4-10 kg heavier (P<0.05) at weaning than calves of young cows. Differences between years in birth weights and preweaning growth rates were <25% (P<0.05). Birth weight was affected by nutrition of the dam in late pregnancy (early calves were generally about 1 kg lighter than late calves), and growth of calves was higher in years when the pasture growing season commenced earlier.

The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 4. Postweaning growth and carcass traits

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Fordyce ◽  
ID Loxton ◽  
RG Holroyd ◽  
RJ Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Brahman Steers

Postweaning growth to slaughter at 42 months of age in males and to initial mating at 27 months of age in females was studied in 4 inter se mated Bos indicus crosses in a dry tropical environment. Six-monthly growth periods from weaning (at about 6 months of age) generally coincided with wet and dry seasons. The cattle represented were second and subsequent generations of 112 Brahman and 112 Sahiwal crosses and first backcross and later generations of 314 Brahman and 314 Sahiwal crosses, The Bos taurus component of the crosses was primarily Beef Shorthorn. Annual growth averaged 300 g/day, with annual gain ranging from 60 to 180 kg. Average growth rates were about 50 g/day in the dry season (-352 to +374 g/day) and 500 g/day in the wet season (221-830 g/day). Postweaning growth of Brahman crosses was about 4% higher than Sahiwal crosses, with most of this advantage expressed in wet seasons. Sahiwal crosses were earlier maturing than Brahman crosses. Wet season growth was higher in 314 crosses than in 1/2 crosses, which probably reflected significant environmental stress in this period. Higher growth of 3/4 crosses tended to be maintained during dry seasons. Calves born late in a wet season grew more rapidly in dry seasons than early-born calves, so that liveweight differences which were apparent at weaning were reduced by one-third at 24 months of age. The difference between liveweights of weaners with young dams and those with mature dams was also reduced from 12-18 kg to 5-6 kg by 24 months. Dressing percentages of 3/4 cross steers at slaughter were 0.6 units higher than in half crosses, with no difference between Brahman and Sahiwal crosses. Sarcomere lengths, Warner-Bratzler shear force values, and Instron compression values together showed that M. longissimus dorsi muscle samples from 1/2 Brahman steers were the most tender of the breed crosses studied. Samples from Sahiwal cross and 3/4 Brahman steers appeared most affected by connective tissue toughness. Those from 3/4 Sahiwals appeared most affected by meat processing factors, causing them to be the least tender.

A comparison of once- and twice-yearly weaning of an extensive herd in northern Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sullivan ◽  
P. K. O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Summary. In northern Australia, many cows conceive only after their calves are weaned. The subsequent calves are born in the late wet or early dry season. Where producers wean once a year these late calves stay with the cows with resultant increased risk of cow mortality. A second weaning may reduce this risk. From June 1985 to June 1990 we recorded cow liveweights, mortalities and reproductive rates from a herd of 500 Bos indicus-Bos taurus-cross cows at Kidman Springs, Northern Territory. The herd grazed native pastures, and was continuously mated and unsupplemented. Calves were weaned if they weighed 100 kg or more at muster in June (W1) or in either of June and October (W2). In both groups (W1 and W2), 75% of calves were weaned at the June muster, and a further 14% were weaned at the October muster (W2 group). There was no difference in liveweight change, mortality or branding rates between the 2 groups. Overall productivity was low, probably due to poor nutrition during both dry and wet seasons. For example, average branding and mortality rates were 51.8 and 11.8%. Forty-seven percent of all cows were pregnant at the June muster but a quarter of these failed to rear a calf. The low proportion of calves suitable for weaning in October indicated that the weaning times were too close together, and did not allow enough late calves to reach the target liveweight for weaning. Consequently, the benefit of the second weaning was reduced. Weaning times for continuously mated herds should be determined by the time taken for calves born late in the wet season to reach target liveweights for weaning at the second weaning round. Effectively, this means the first weaning should be earlier, perhaps in April, since high temperatures and the increased likelihood of rain make mustering after October difficult.

Comparative drought resistance of Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred herds in Central Queensland. 1. Relative weights and weight changes of maiden heifers

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (56) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Observations were made during a drought in Queensland in 1969 of the comparative weight changes of Brahman X British (BX), Africander X British (AX), and British X British (SH) crossbred heifers which were grazed together under field conditions at the National Cattle Breeding Station 'Belmont', Queensland. The animals were weighed in February and October, 1969, and in January 1970. At all weighings the BX heifers were significantly heavier than both the AX and the SH heifers and the AX were significantly heavier than the SH. From February 1969 to October 1969, when nutritional conditions were most severe, the mean weight loss of the breeds was 42.1 kg. Breed differences in absolute weight losses were not significant but were least for the BX. When the weight losses were adjusted for differences in initial weight, the BX lost 34.9 kg, the AX lost 39.3 kg and the SH heifers lost 50.5 kg. The difference between the Zebu crossbreds (AX and BX) was not significant. From October 1969 to January 1970 the pasture conditions improved and the mean gain of the breeds was 52.1 kg. The BX heifers gained 55.8 kg, 7.4 kg more than the SH heifers. From February 1969 to January 1970, BX and AX heifers gained 12.0 kg and 8.2 kg respectively more than the SH heifers (3.7 kg) ; the difference between the Zebu crossbreds was not significant. Purebred Brahman and Africander heifers lost less weight than any of the crossbreds from February 1969 to October 1969 and made only slightly lower gains from October 1969 to January 1970. Overall gains from February 1969 to January 1970 were highest in the purebred Brahmans. Some possible reasons for the differences in breed performance are advanced.

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