Some effects of continuous use of herbicides in sultanas in the Sunraysia area

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

As an alternative to cultivation, repeated yearly applications from 1964 to 1968 of simazine plus or minus amitrole gave satisfactory weed control in sultanas at two sites in the Sunraysia area. The minimum rates needed of simazine per year were 1.3 and 3.3 lb an acre at the lighter and heavier soil sites respectively. There were no differences in residual weed control if amitrole was added to these amounts. Sultana maturity and yield, leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and soil organic matter, pH and cation exchange capacity were all unaffected by the herbicide applications.

The Impact of Plant Hedgerow in Three Gorges on the Soil Chemicophysical Properties and Soil Erosion

2012 ◽  
Vol 500 ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xing Lü ◽  
Hong Jiang Zhang ◽  
Yu He Wu ◽  
Jin Hua Cheng ◽  
Jian Qiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Three Gorges ◽  
Zanthoxylum Bungeanum ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Through the research and sampling analysis on different plant hedgerow in sloped farmland in Three Gorges reservoir area, we will conduct research on the impact of plant hedgerow in Three Gorges on the chemicophysical properties of soil and soil erosion. The results show that the plant hedgerow mainly composed by Morus alba, Citrus reticulata, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Vitex negundoand Begonia fimbristipula can decrease the soil density as well as sand content and increase soil porosity, soil water content, silt content and clay content to some extent. The organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and cation exchange capacity and other chemical indices of soil in different locations in plant hedgerow indicate as maximum in on-band, minimum in inter-band, middle both upper-band and below-band. In the same slop with no plant hedgerow, the organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and cation exchange capacity and other chemical indices of soil show a trend of increasing from the top to the bottom of the slop, which reveals that these substances own a feature of accumulation by moving to the bottom. The strength of soil anti-corrosion in different plant hedgerow is: Vitex negundoand (79.2%)> Citrus reticulata (36.4%)> Morus alb (22.4%)> Zanthoxylum bungeanum (18.9%)> Begonia fimbristipula (15.3%)> CK (8.7%), and the soil anti-corrosion indices in plant hedgerow are decreasing with the increase of soil immersion time, besides, the former and the latter are 3 times polynomial function. For those 5 plant hedgerows, Vitex negundoand owns the best impact on improving soil chemicophysical properties and reducing soil erosion.

Influence of organic waste amendments on selected soil physical and chemical properties

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. Hogue ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Exchange Capacity

Sandy, infertile soils can benefit from the addition of organic waste amendments. Annual applications of organic wastes for as long as 4 yr increased soil organic matter content, decreased soil bulk density, and increased soil water retention of a coarse-textured soil. However, soil water-holding capacity was not necessarily increased, and there was a limited effect on soil cation exchange capacity. Key words: Cation exchange capacity, water retention, soil pH, soil organic matter, soil bulk density

scholarly journals Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroecosystems in southwestern Nigeria

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Adenrele Adeniyi ◽  
Willem Petrus de Clercq ◽  
Adriaan van Niekerk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Assessment Index

Abstract. Cocoa agroecosystems are a major land-use type in the tropical rainforest belt of West Africa, reportedly associated with several ecological changes, including soil degradation. This study aims to develop a composite soil degradation assessment index (CSDI) for determining the degradation level of cocoa soils under smallholder agroecosystems of southwestern Nigeria. Plots where natural forests have been converted to cocoa agroecosystems of ages 1–10, 11–40, and 41–80 years, respectively representing young cocoa plantations (YCPs), mature cocoa plantations (MCPs), and senescent cocoa plantations (SCPs), were identified to represent the biological cycle of the cocoa tree. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in each plot and analysed in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Factor analysis of soil data revealed four major interacting soil degradation processes: decline in soil nutrients, loss of soil organic matter, increase in soil acidity, and the breakdown of soil textural characteristics over time. These processes were represented by eight soil properties (extractable zinc, silt, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, total porosity, pH, and clay content). These soil properties were subjected to forward stepwise discriminant analysis (STEPDA), and the result showed that four soil properties (extractable zinc, cation exchange capacity, SOM, and clay content) are the most useful in separating the studied soils into YCP, MCP, and SCP. In this way, we have sufficiently eliminated redundancy in the final selection of soil degradation indicators. Based on these four soil parameters, a CSDI was developed and used to classify selected cocoa soils into three different classes of degradation. The results revealed that 65 % of the selected cocoa farms are moderately degraded, while 18 % have a high degradation status. The numerical value of the CSDI as an objective index of soil degradation under cocoa agroecosystems was statistically validated. The results of this study reveal that soil management should promote activities that help to increase organic matter and reduce Zn deficiency over the cocoa growth cycle. Finally, the newly developed CSDI can provide an early warning of soil degradation processes and help farmers and extension officers to implement rehabilitation practices on degraded cocoa soils.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter and Cation Exchange Capacity in an Oxisol under Different Land Uses

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (sup1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Paz Ferreiro ◽  
Vicente Pereira De Almeida ◽  
Marlene Cristina Alves ◽  
Cleide Aparecida De Abreu ◽  
Sidney R. Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Land Uses

scholarly journals Effects of land use changes on the dynamics of selected soil properties in northeast Wellega, Ethiopia

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Adugna ◽  
Assefa Abegaz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Land use change can have negative or positive effects on soil quality. Our objective was to assess the effects of land uses changes on the dynamics of selected soil physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from three adjacent soil plots under different land uses, namely forestland, grazing land, and cultivated land at 0–15 cm depth. Changes in soil properties on cultivated and grazing land were computed and compared to forestland, and ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to test the significance of the changes. Sand and silt proportions, soil organic content, total nitrogen content, acidity, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ content were higher in forestlands. Exchangeable Mg2+ was highest in grazing land, while clay, available phosphorous, and exchangeable K+ were highest in cultivated land. The percentage changes in sand, clay, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were higher in cultivated land than in grazing land and forestland. In terms of the relation between soil properties, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ were strongly positively correlated with most of soil properties, while available phosphorous and silt have no significant relationship with any of the other considered soil properties. Clay has a negative correlation with all soil properties. Generally, cultivated land has the least concentration of soil physical and chemical properties except clay and available phosphorous, which suggests an increasing degradation rate in soils of cultivated land. So as to increase soil organic matter and other nutrients in the soil of cultivated land, the integrated implementation of land management through compost, cover crops, manures, minimum tillage, crop rotation, and liming to decrease soil acidity are suggested.

Loss of soil organic matter following cultivation of long-term pasture: effects on major exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
P. M. Fraser ◽  
M. H. Beare
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
C Stocks

Cultivation of grassland is known to lead to the depletion of soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect on the size and composition of the exchangeable cation suite has not been documented. We measured cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (calcium, Ca; magnesium, Mg; potassium, K; sodium, Na), as well as soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–25 cm), 8 years after conversion of long-term ryegrass–white clover pasture (grazed by sheep) to annual crop production. The trial was near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. The trial included three tillage treatments: crops established using intensive cultivation (mouldboard ploughing), minimum tillage (shallow cultivation, ~10 cm), or no-tillage. The 8-year rotation was barley, wheat, pea, barley, pea, barley, barley, barley. A sheep-grazed pasture was maintained as an experimental control. The experiment also included a permanent fallow treatment (maintained plant-free using herbicides; not cultivated). After 8 years under arable cropping, soil C stocks (0–25 cm) were 10 t ha–1 less, on average, than under pasture. The vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) was affected by tillage type, but the total amount of organic matter in the top 25 cm did not differ (P > 0.05) among the tillage treatments. Under permanent fallow (C loss of 13 t ha–1 relative to pasture), total exchangeable cation (Ca + Mg + K +Na) equivalents declined by 47 kmolc ha–1, a 20% decrease compared with pasture. Loss of exchange capacity resulted in the selective release of cations with lower affinity for SOM (K, Na, Mg). Smaller losses of exchangeable cations were recorded under the arable cropping rotation (average 31 kmolc ha–1), with no differences among tillage treatments. Effective CEC (at field pH) decreased under permanent fallow and cultivated treatments because of: (1) depletion of SOM (direct effect); and (2) soil acidification, which eliminated some of the remaining exchange sites (indirect effect). Acidification in the permanent fallow can be attributed to the N mineralisation process, whereas in the cropped systems, excess cation removal in harvested straw and grain accounted for about half of the measured acidification. There was evidence that the organic matter lost under arable cropping and fallow had lower CEC than SOM as a whole.

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