An evaluation of indices of available soil nitrogen

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Storrier ◽  
AT Hanly ◽  
HI Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer

Various chemical and biological measures of available soil nitrogen were evaluated as potential soil tests by estimating their relationship with the dry matter production and nitrogen uptake of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from twelve soils treated with several rates of nitrate fertilizer. The response of the ryegrass to fertilizer was similar for all soils, and did not show any relationship with the soil tests. However, the mean dry matter yield and mean nitrogen uptake for all treatments were significantly related to some of these tests. Generally, soil nitrogen indices that measured total mineral nitrogen at planting or included this value with an estimate of the potentially available organic nitrogen gave the higher correlations. Incubation nitrogen values gave lower correlations. The best index of available soil nitrogen was based on a multiple regression involving total mineral nitrogen and alkali-permanganate soluble nitrogen. It accounted for 92 and 96 per cent of the variation in dry matter yield and plant nitrogen uptake respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of the rate and method of nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake and utilization by broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

1999 ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Everaarts ◽  
P. De Willigen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Band Placement ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of the rate and method of nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake and utilization by broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) was studied in four field experiments. The methods of application were broadcast application vs band placement and split application. Maximum uptake of nitrogen by the crop was around 300 kg ha-1. In one experiment, band placement positively influenced nitrogen uptake. Split application did not influence nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen application resulted in a higher head dry matter production, but the efficiency of nitrogen utilization for the production of head dry matter decreased with higher amounts of nitrogen applied. Nitrogen application decreased the dry matter content of the heads. In half of the experiments, band placement of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in extra head dry matter production and lower head dry matter contents. At the optimum rates of band placed nitrogen application, the nitrogen harvest index in the experiments ranged from 27 to 30%. The amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest generally increased with increasing amounts of nitrogen applied. Band placement resulted only in one experiment in lower amounts of mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest. The mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest can be unevenly horizontally distributed, both with broadcast application and band placement of nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of nitrogen unaccounted for at harvest increased with increasing amounts of nitrogen applied, but was always less than the amount of nitrogen in crop residues. At the optimum rates of band placed nitrogen application, the amount of nitrogen in crop residues ranged from 120 to 155 kg ha-1. With broccoli cultivation, the nitrogen in the crop residues forms the single largest source of potential loss of nitrogen to the environment.

Evaluation of the nitrogen contribution of legumes to subsequent cereals

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. A. Danso ◽  
I. Papastylianou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Barley Crop

SummaryThe effects of a preceding (1986/87) season's crop of vetch (Vicia saliva) or oats (Avena sativa), either singly or as two different mixtures, on the nitrogen uptake and growth of a succeeding barley crop (Hordeum vulgare) were examined in Cyprus in 1987/88, on field plots previously labelled (1984/85) with 15N enriched organic matter. Grain as well as the vegetative material were harvested before planting the barley. Barley after vetch accumulated 61 % more nitrogen than barley after oats, while, for the mixtures, the nitrogen yields in the succeeding barley crop did not differ significantly from those of barley grown after oats. The 15N enrichment in barley indicated that fixed N2 from vetch contributed little nitrogen to the available soil nitrogen pool and to the nitrogen in barley. Most of the increased assimilation of nitrogen in barley following vetch (compared to barley after oats) was attributable to a greater availability of soil nitrogen arising from the lower soil nitrogen uptake by the preceding vetch than oats. The dry matter yield of barley following vetch was 84% higher than for barley after oats, while barley after the vetch-oats mixtures yielded 38–54% higher than barley following oats. It was concluded that greater nitrogen availability to the cereal following the legume was not the sole cause of the dry matter yield responses observed.

scholarly journals DIFFERENT STABILITY METHODS FOR CULTIVAR RECOMMENDATION IN ELEPHANT-GRASS FOR ENERGY PURPOSES IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Brito da Silva ◽  
Rogerio Figueiredo Daher ◽  
Bruna Rafaela da Silva Menezes ◽  
Maria Lorraine Fonseca Oliveira ◽  
Maria do Socorro Bezerra Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Non Parametric

ABSTRACT The elephant-grass undergoes successive cutting and periodical evaluations that it possible to identify clones with high stability for dry matter production, which can be used for energy production. The present study was carried out to evaluate stability dry matter yield for different parametric and non-parametric methods in elephant grass genotypes for biomass production undergoes successive cutting in the agroclimatic conditions of the Norte Fluminense (RJ, Brazil). The variable measured in the 40 genotypes was dry matter yield (DMY) at 2009, 2010 and 2011 in a field study designed as randomized block design with two replicates. Each sample was grown in different environment condition. The stability methods tested were the Yates and Cochran’s, Plaisted and Peterson’s, Wricke’s ecovalence, Annicchiarico’s, Lin and Binns’ and Kang and Phan’s. Results indicated that cutting (E) and genotypes (G) influenced significantly on the performance of dry matter yield. The non-parametric stability methods were effective for the evaluation of stability in dry matter yield. Genotypes Mercker, Pinda-México, Mercker 86-México, Guaçu/IZ, Mercker Pinda, P-241-Piracicaba and Cubano Pinda were stable stability dry matter yield. Hence, there are genotypes may be exploited in future breeding programmes in order to improve productivity of upland elephant grass over environment.

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

EFFECT OF 3-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION, AND ROOT EXTENSION

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Harold Minshall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Extension growth of the chlorophyll-containing roots of Hydrocharis morsusranae was inhibited by 0.5 p.p.m. of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron) whereas concentrations close to the water saturation point of 230 p.p.m. were required to inhibit extension growth of the non-chlorophyll-containing attached roots of Zea mays and Phleum pratense and the detached roots of Pisum sativum.A total of 15–20 μg of monuron per gram fresh leaf applied through the cut petiole of detached primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris inhibited the increase of dry matter by 90% and suppressed transpiration 40–50%. Internal concentrations of 1–2 μg/g of monuron produced simultaneous enhancement of dry matter increase and of transpiration but concentrations of 5–10 μg/g produced a suppression of dry matter increase concurrently with an enhancement of transpiration. Age of leaf and the time of year in which the plants were grown altered the critical internal concentration levels required to affect dry matter increase and transpiration.Analysis of detached leaves treated with 15–20 μg/g monuron indicated a marked suppression of the formation of non-water-soluble carbohydrate, a slight suppression of the formation of water-soluble nitrogen, but little or no effect on water-soluble carbohydrate or on non-water-soluble nitrogen.In detached leaves o-phenanthroline, 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea resembled monuron closely in symptom development and in their effect on dry matter production and transpiration. Iodoacetamide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline each produced some effects similar to monuron but differed from it in certain respects; Thiourea, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium fluoracetate, ethyl-NN-diphenylcarbamate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were without noticeable effect.

Nitrogen fixation by irrigated lucerne during the first three years after establishment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Gault ◽  
MB Peoples ◽  
GL Turner ◽  
DM Lilley ◽  
J Brockwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
15N Natural Abundance ◽  
Natural Abundance ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matter Production

Nodulation, N2 fixation (estimated by 15N natural abundance methods) and dry matter production were studied in a lucerne (Medicago sativa) crop managed for hay production at Ginninderra Experiment Station, A.C .T. Measurements were taken in the year of establishment and during two subsequent growing seasons. There were three treatments: (1) no inoculation and no annual fertilizer applied, (2) initial inoculation and superphosphate applied annually, (3) no inoculation, superphosphate applied annually and ammonium sulfate periodically. Before planting and after each growth season, soil was analysed for extractable mineral nitrogen, total nitrogen and the 15N natural abundance of this nitrogen, to the depth explored by lucerne roots. Before planting, no appropriate root-nodule bacteria (Rhizobium meliloti) were detected in the soil and initially plants were nodulated only in the inoculated treatment. Thereafter nodulation increased on the other treatments. Eight months after sowing there were no differences between treatments in numbers of R. meliloti g-l soil or in nodulation. In the third growing season, almost 30 kg ha-1 (dry wt) of nodules were recovered to a depth of 25 cm. These nodules were primarily located on fine, ephemeral roots and many appeared to be renewed after cutting of the lucerne. In the year of establishment, dry matter yields (0% moisture) totalled 3 to 4 t ha-1 in three hay cuts. In succeeding years, total yields were in the range 10 to 13 t ha-1 in four or five cuts per season. Nitrogen removed in the harvested lucerne reached 340 to 410 kg N ha-lyr-l in the second and third years and between 65 and 96% of this N arose from N2 fixation, depending on the method of calculation used. Poorer dry matter production and N2 fixation in treatment 1 in the third growing season was attributed to an insufficient supply of available phosphorus. Fixed N removed in Lucerne hay from treatment 2 totalled at least 640 kg N ha-1 in the three years of the experiment. Also, there were substantial increases in soil nitrogen due to lucerne growth. Although soil compaction made the quantification difficult, at the end of the experiment it was estimated that there was at least an extra 800 kg N ha-1 in the total soil nitrogen under lucerne compared to strips of Phalaris aquatica grown between the lucerne plots. It was concluded that lucerne contributed at least the same amount of fixed nitrogen to the soil as was being removed in the harvested hay.

Discrimination in Carbon Isotopes of Leaves Correlates With Water-Use Efficiency of Field-Grown Peanut Cultivars

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Wright ◽  
KT Hubick ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Variation in water-use efficiency (W, g of total dry matter produced/kg water used), and its correlation with cultivar isotope discrimination in leaves (Δ) was assessed in peanut plants grown in small canopies in the field. Plants were grown in separate minilysimeters that were both embedded in the ground and positioned above the crop. Differences among cultivars were found in W and � and the relationship between W and Δ was compared for plants grown in open and closed canopies. Genetic variability in W in plants grown in the field under non-limiting water conditions was demonstrated, with Tifton-8, of Virginia habit, having the highest W (3.71 g/kg) and Rangkasbitung, an Indonesian cultivar of Spanish habit, the lowest (2.46 g/ kg). Variability in W was due to variation in total dry matter production more than that of water use. A strong negative correlation was found between Δ and W, and also between Δ and total dry matter. The relationship between whole plant W, including roots, and Δ was stronger than that between shoot W, without roots and Δ. The improvement occurred because of variation among cultivars in the root to shoot ratio. This highlights the importance of taking account of root dry matter in studies concerning W. There were significant differences in W and Δ between plants in pots above-ground compared to pots in the ground, with above-ground plants having significantly lower values of both W and Δ. The ranking of W and Δ among cultivars was not affected by the contrast in environment, which suggests these parameters are under strong genetic control. Total above-ground dry matter yield at maturity was negatively correlated with Δ, while pod yield was not. It appears a negative association between harvest index and Δ may exist; however not all cultivars used in this and other studies follow this response. Both water-use efficiency, Wand total dry matter production are negatively correlated with Δ in leaves of peanut plants grown in small canopies in the field. Measurement of Δ may prove a useful trait for selecting cultivars with improved W and total dry matter yield under field conditions.

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