The application of production function analysis for the estimation of fertilizer requirements of wheat in northern NSW

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell ◽  
RJ Esdaile
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Mathematical Model

A procedure for the statistical analysis and the interpretation of factorial type field experiments for the assessment of fertilizer requirements is described and demonstrated using data from 49 field experiments in northern New South Wales. Yield data for each site are represented by the mathematical model : Y = b0 + b1N + b2N0.5 + b3P + b4P0.5 + b5NP + b6(NP) 0.5+ b7REPwhere N and P are nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates respectively and REP =replicate. This model is used to solve the simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements, using computer techniques. The data indicate widespread deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus, but, in general, only applications of phosphorus fertilizer can be justified at present prices. The development of more efficient procedures for applying nitrogen fertilizers or the reduction in their cost could lead to greater requirements for nitrogen fertilizers. The severity of the widespread nitrogen deficiency is, in general, not sufficient to seriously affect the estimation of phosphorus fertilizer requirements for the majority of sites.

The effects of frequency and extent of defoliation, summer irrigation, and fertilizer on the production and survival of the grass Danthonia caespitosa Gaud

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Hodgkinson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival

The effects of extent and frequency of defoliation on the growth and survival of Danthonia caespitosa were measured in a series of field experiments. Additional treatments, of summer irrigation and application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, were included in some of the experiments to assess how they modified the effects of defoliation. During the summer, complete defoliation increased the shoot yield of plants which had not been irrigated, but yield was decreased in the irrigated treatments. Frequent, partial defoliation increased yields of irrigated plants but decreased yields of plants not irrigated. Depression of yields was caused by both tiller death and reduced regrowth of individual tillers. In an experiment lasting 2 years, plants were completely defoliated monthly, bimonthly or tri-monthly or left intact, and shoot yields, tillering characteristics and plant survival under the treatments were compared. Monthly defoliation depressed yields and rate of tillering and accelerated the death rate of plants, particularly during the summer and autumn periods. Plants also died when cut bimonthly but the rate was slower. Plants irrigated during the first summer generally died at a faster rate than plants not irrigated. Tillering was more rapid during the autumn and early winter months. Midwinter application of fertilizer to plants cut bimonthly greatly stimulated shoot yields and seed production in the spring but not in the following year. Examination of tiller apices showed that floral induction took place prior to the beginning of July. Many apices were elevated above the 'grazing level' by early September, and flowering and seed set occurred in October.

The effect of fertilizers and season on the yield and composition of wheat in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Application

Twenty two fertilizer experiments with wheat were carried out over a wide range of soil and environmental seasonal conditions in southern N.S. W. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of wheat are described. Seasonal environmental effects were examined by comparing the relative response to fertilizers of vegetative growth in the early spring with the final response of the harvested grain. Grain yield response to fertilizers is commonly restricted by seasonal conditions. Overcorrection of the phosphorus or nitrogen deficiencies may cause excessive early vegetative growth which exhausts soil moisture reserves before grain development has been completed. Loss of grain yields through this phenomenon is described locally as haying off. The chief danger in this respect seems to be from excessive nitrogen levels in the soil following a clover pasture. Assessments of economically desirable fertilizer applications on the basis of field experiments can only be based on statistical averages of seasonal conditions in each locality. The trials indicate, however, that the common application rate of superphosphate to wheat is inadequate in this region and should be at least doubled.

Efficiency of utilization of nitrogen fertilizers on representative soils from southern New South Wales

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (83) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Osborne ◽  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Uptake

The effects were examined in a glasshouse study of three forms of nitrogen fertilizer (urea, ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate) on the yield, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in six representative farming soils from the southern slopes and plains of New South Wales. The results indicated an average recovery of 82 per cent of applied nitrogen across the three forms of fertilizer and the six soils. Ammonium sulphate led to decreases in soil reaction of the order of 0.8-1.5 pH units and lower recoveries; sodium nitrate increased pH. Ammonium sulphate as a source of nitrogen is considered undesirable as it gave lower dry matter yields and nitrogen recovery values compared with the other fertilizer forms. In addition, because of its effect on soil reaction, it could lead to the loss of nutrients by leaching or fixation processes.

The estimation of the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
South Wales

The usefulness of five contrasting methods of soil analysis for estimating the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales has been investigated, using yield data provided by 27 field experiments. Because the level of yield of wheat is strongly affected by seasonal environmental conditions poor correlations are obtained between soil analysis and absolute or relative yield of wheat, Much better and often significant correlations are obtained between soil analysis and the absolute increase in yield from fertilizer application. The best correlations were obtained with an 0.5M NaHCO3 extraction of soil phosphorus. A regression response surface calculated from these relationships provides a method for making direct estimates of fertilizer requirements for maximum economic return to farmers under average climatic conditions. The precision of these estimates is limited more by the flatness of the response surface and uncontrolled variation in the field data, than by inadequacies in the representation of available phosphorus by the NaHCO3 analysis.

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer sources and placement methods in maize (Zea mays L.) using labelled fertilizers

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Papanicolaou ◽  
V. D. Skarlou ◽  
C. Nobeli ◽  
N. S. Katranis
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus

SUMMARYThe influence of various nitrogen and phosphorus sources, applied at the preseeding stage with two placement methods, on maize yield and fertilizer utilization, was studied in two field experiments and a pot experiment with a calcareous, heavy to medium heavy textured recent alluvial soil.Phosphorus alone had no effect on crop yield. Nitrogen alone or nitrogen (various forms) and phosphorus had a clear positive effect on crop yield. As to the various sources the observed differences in the crop yield of the field experiments were not significant, while in the pot experiment ammonium sulphate gave the highest yields.The data on the phosphate concentrations in the tops derived from phosphate fertilizer (Pf) indicate that the presence of nitrogen increased the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer. From the tested placement methods the incorporation method appears clearly superior in the pot experiment with a similar trend in the field experiment for all sources except ammonium phosphate-sulphate.The utilization coefficients of the nitrogen fertilizer sources suggest that ammonium and urea were better utilized than nitrates, that the higher nitrogen utilization reflected higher yields and that phosphorus fertilizer exerted a beneficial effect on nitrogen fertilizer utilization. Finally they suggest that the addition of 120 kg N/ha enhanced the amount of soil nitrogen taken up in the maize grain by 53%.

Responses of Cereals to Fertilizers in Northern Nigeria. II. Maize

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Goldsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Quadratic Response

SummaryField trials in Northern Nigeria have shown that the yield of introduced varieties of maize can be economically improved with combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Three response areas have been defined. In the south, where most of the maize is grown, the initial response is to nitrogen. Further north, with the exception of one small area in which the response is almost entirely to phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen and equal limiting factors. Estimates of the most profitable combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus to use in each area have been obtained from quadratic response surfaces fitted to the yield data of the experiments.

The calibration, interpretation, and evaluation of tests for the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in Northern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell ◽  
RJ Esdaile
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus

A general procedure is described for the estimation of fertilizer requirements from measurements on all factors that affect plant response to fertilizer. Tests for fertilizer requirement are defined as all measurements of factors that affect the fertilizer requirements of a crop, and the calibration procedure is based on the prediction of yield response functions for particular sites from test measurements representing the sites. Several tests can be used simultaneously for the prediction of fertilizer requirements, and this is demonstrated by the calibration of the soil tests, NaHCO3-soluble phosphorus, NaHC03-soluble potassium, and pH, against yield response of wheat to phosphorus fertilizer using data from 49 field experiments in northern New South Wales. The value of rainfall and clay content as tests was also investigated but their contributions to the calibration equations were non-significant. The application of economic principles for the estimation of optimal phosphorus fertilizer requirements is demonstrated. Fertilizer requirements decrease with increase in the value of NaHCO3-soluble phosphorus, with increase in pH, and with decrease in NaHCO3-soluble potassium. A statistical and economic evaluation of the tests is made on the basis of the regression surfaces established under the calibration procedure, and it is concluded that the value of testing for phosphorus fertilizer requirements is considerable.

Studies in soil fertility with special reference to organic manures. I. The field experiments.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
K Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Rice Hulls

The results for five field experiments with organic manures on three related soil types of the grey and brown soils group are reported. Four experiments were with irrigated summer crops and the fifth was a spring crop with supplemental irrigation. Pea trash and rice hulls were the main organic manures used, but chaffed lucerne and rice straw were also used in one of the experiments. Seedling emergence was delayed and reduced by rice straw when only one month was allowed for decomposition, but these effects were absent following three months of decomposition. Rice straw and rice hulls both induced more or less transitory symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in the absence of added nitrogen. Except in one experiment with pea trash on a near-virgin soil, pea trash, chaffed lucerne, and rice hulls all gave highly significant yield increases. Rice straw also gave yield increases when three months were allowed for decomposition. From an examination of the patterns of response in these experiments, together with data for soil water, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus, it is concluded that phosphorus nutrition may be a dominant factor in yield determination, especially with rice hulls, and that nitrogen nutrition exerts a strong modifying influence in some circumstances. Hypotheses concerning the mineralization and biological fixation of nitrogen and phosphorus are discussed, but seem inapplicable to the specific conditions of these experiments. The origin of the additional phosphorus made available in the soil by organic manures with low content of that element emerges as a significant problem calling for solution. Current hypotheses on this point are considered, but it is contended that far more information than is usually obtainable from field experiments would be required to decide which of a number of possible mechanisms plays a significant role in the release or maintenance of this phosphorus.

Interference of Three Annual Grasses with Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda S. Smith ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
J. D. Green ◽  
Wan M. Wanyahaya ◽  
David L. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and Texas panicum were evaluated in field experiments over 3 yr to measure their duration of interference and density on grain sorghum yield. When grain yield data were converted to a percentage of the weed-free control, linear regression predicted a 3.6% yield loss for each week of weed interference regardless of year or grass species. Grain sorghum grown in a narrow (61-cm) row spacing was affected little by full-season interference; however, in wide (91-cm) rows, interference increased as grass density increased. Data from the wide-row spacing were described by linear regression following conversion of grain yield to percentages and weed density to log10. A separate nonlinear model also was derived which could predict the effect of weed density on grain sorghum yield.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Leaf and Seed Applications of the Biostimulant ComCat® under Stress Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Roland Gerhards ◽  
Fructueuse N. Ouidoh ◽  
André Adjogboto ◽  
Vodéa Armand Pascal Avohou ◽  
Berteulot Latus Sètondji Dossounon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Yield Data

Although clear evidence for benefits in crop production is partly missing, several natural compounds and microorganisms have been introduced to the market as biostimulants. They are supposed to enhance nutrient efficiency and availability in the rhizosphere, reduce abiotic stress, and improve crop quality parameters. Biostimulants often derive from natural compounds, such as microorganisms, algae, and plant extracts. In this study, the commercial plant extract-based biostimulant ComCat® was tested in two field experiments with maize in the communities of Banikoara and Matéri in Northern Benin and six pot experiments (four with maize and two with winter barley) at the University of Hohenheim in Germany. Maize was grown under nutrient deficiency, drought, and weed competition, and winter barley was stressed by the herbicide Luximo (cinmethylin). ComCat® was applied at half, full, and double the recommended field rate (50, 100, and 200 g ha−1) on the stressed and unstressed control plants as leaf or seed treatment. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block designs with four replications. The above-ground biomass and yield data of one experiment in Benin were collected. The biostimulant did not promote maize and winter barley biomass production of the unstressed plants. When exposed to stress, ComCat@ resulted only in one out of eight experiments in higher barley biomass compared to the stressed treatment without ComCat® application. There was a reduced phytotoxic effect of cinmethylin after seed treatment with ComCat®. Crop response to ComCat® was independent of the application rate. Basic and applied studies are needed to investigate the response of crops to biostimulants and their mechanisms of action in the plants before they should be used in practical farming.

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