Water entry, water use and seasonal-moisture regimes in flood-irrigated Riverina soils

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Loveday ◽  
DR Scotter
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Field Plots

Soil water regimes were followed on a range of Riverina soils in field plots of subterranean clover, using a flood irrigation schedule typical for the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas. During winter, matric potentials remained high. During autumn and spring, potentials dropped rapidly on most soils after irrigation and the plants experienced considerable water stress and yields suffered. The rapidity of the drop in potential and the intensity of the subsequent water stress and depression of yield varied widely between soils. The variations in matric potential between soils may be explained in terms of the large differences in water-storage increment at irrigation. Mean increments ranged from 3.8 cm of water for a loam over clay profile to 12.5 cm for sandy-textured profiles. The range in water-storage increments was reflected in the water use of the plots, some of which lost water at barely half the potential evapotranspiration rate. For the period May 5 to October 23, the maximum water use was 44 cm compared with a Penman estimate of 38 cm for potential evapotranspiration. Water use and plant growth fell below the potential to the extent that water was not available because of low intake.

Water balance of annual and perennial pastures on a duplex soil in a Mediterranean environment

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R . Ward ◽  
F. X. Dunin ◽  
S. F. Micin
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Rooting Pattern ◽  
Regional Groundwater

Dryland salinity in southern Australia is largely due to inadequate water use by annual agricultural crops and pastures. Perennial pastures, such as lucerne, have been proposed as a possible means of increasing water use whilst maintaining flexibility in agricultural rotations. In a trial located on a duplex soil near Katanning, Western Australia, lucerne and subterranean clover pastures both used water at rates indistinguishable from potential evapotranspiration during the winter and early spring of 3 consecutive years (1995–97), and completely exhausted water stored in the A horizon. Lucerne, through a deeper rooting pattern and by maintaining activity in the summer and autumn, used approximately 50 mm more water than the annual pasture during each 12-month period. This resulted in reduced deep drainage below 1.2 m in the 1996 season (30 mm compared with 80 mm under annual pasture). With average regional groundwater recharge in the range 10–50 mm, the reductions in drainage observed under lucerne show promise in reducing the regional impact of dryland salinity.

The growth and development of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) in ungrazed swards at Katherine, N.T

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis

At Katherine, N.T., swards of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.) were sown in late November and late December, 1964, and sampled every two weeks during the growing season. At each harvest the dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus yields of stem, leaf and petiole, inflorescence, unshed pods, shed leaf, and shed pods were determined. Crop growth rates and net assimilation rates (leaf weight basis, ELW), were derived for both plantings and compared with calculated soil water storage. Drought in January and February restricted growth during the vegetative phase, but rapid growth resumed when water stress was relieved by rain in March. Maximum dry matter yield (5400 lb an acre) and mean crop growth rate (42.3 lb an acre a day) for the November sowing were similar to those measured for Townsville lucerne at Katherine and elsewhere. Maximum crop growth rates (250 and 110 lb an acre a day for the November and December sowings respectively) appear to be about the same as those recorded in the field for subterranean clover. The strong influence of water stress on growth was emphasized by the close relationship demonstrated between ELW and calculated soil water storage. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was restricted during water stress and both were redistributed to reproductive parts of the plant during flowering and seeding, nitrogen more readily than phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents (1.9-2.0 per cent N and 0.70-0.75 per cent P) were lower than those recorded for other tropical and temperate pasture legumes. The implications of the low phosphorus contents of Townsville lucerne as cattle feed are discussed.

scholarly journals Water Use Dynamics of Peach Trees under Postharvest Deficit Irrigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard

Postharvest deficit irrigation is a potential strategy for conserving valuable fresh water for production of early season tree fruit crops such as peaches. However, water use dynamics under deficit irrigation conditions that can be described as seasonal changes in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) are largely unknown. A three-year field study was carried out in a 1.6 ha peach orchard to determine seasonal ETc and Kc characteristics. The orchard was divided equally into 72 plots, in which 12 randomly selected plots received deficit irrigation and the remaining 60 plots received full irrigation. A Bowen ratio flux tower was installed in the orchard to make meteorological measurements for estimating an integrated ETc for the orchard. The study showed that from July to August 75-85% of the daily net radiation was used by latent heat or partitioned into ETc. The average monthly cumulative ETc was 151 mm in June, 162 mm in July, and 155 mm in August. Kc values under deficit irrigation conditions or termed as Deficit_Kc was computed as ratios of the ETc over potential evapotranspiration or ETo, and were compared with Kc derived from a lysimeter study under non-water stressed conditions or termed as Lysimeter_Kc. The maximum Deficit_Kc values were 0.90, 1.03, and 1.07 for the three field seasons but all were smaller than 1.20, the maximum Lysimeter_Kc. The study demonstrated that water stress under deficit irrigation can be characterized in Kc values. The approach may be used to detect if portions of an orchard or the entire orchard are under water stress. Conversely, the method may provide guidance on deploying deficit irrigation practices with pre-determined Deficit_Kc.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Factors and Human Activities on Water Resources in the Aral Sea Basin

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur T Berdimbetov ◽  
Zhu-Guo Ma ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Sana Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Aral Sea Basin ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
The Mean

The Aral Sea in Central Asia plays an essential role in the socio-economic development of the region. During the last six decades, there has been remarkable changes observed in the water level and areal extent of the Aral Sea Basin; however, the causes behind these changes are unclear. This study quantifies the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on Aral Sea and the contributions made by these drivers to the variations observed in the Aral Sea Basin. The spatial and temporal seasonal variations in groundwater budget have been analyzed using the total water storage (TWS) of the basin from 2002 to 2015. The results from this study revealed significant increases in the the mean air temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration rate from 1960 to 2015 in the Aral Sea Basin. The TWS time-series shows a statistically significant declining trend of about 2 to 4 cm per year presented by the surface water storage. Based on the average monthly values of TWS, March 2005 presented the highest anomaly ~7.85 cm, while October 2008 showed the lowest anomaly ~8.22 cm between 2002 to 2015. The groundwater level indicates a small increasing trend of approximately 0.05 cm/year during the study period. Furthermore, the negative relationship between water level, climatic, and anthropogenic factors showed that these factors projected critical impact on the water level fluctuations within the Aral Sea Basin.

Modelling the Bioclimatic Niche of a Cohort of Selected Mite Species (Acari, Acariformes) Associated with the Infestation of Stored Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-416
Author(s):  
V. M. Tytar ◽  
Ya. R. Oksentyuk
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Species Distribution Modeling ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
Contemporary Climate ◽  
Future Management

Abstract In this study an attempt is made to highlight important variables shaping the current bioclimatic niche of a number of mite species associated with the infestation of stored products by employing a species distribution modeling (SDM) approach. Using the ENVIREM dataset of bioclimatic variables, performance of the most robust models was mostly influenced by: 1) indices based on potential evapotranspiration, which characterize ambient energy and are mostly correlated with temperature variables, moisture regimes, and 2) strong fluctuations in temperature reflecting the severity of climate and/or extreme weather events. Although the considered mite species occupy man-made ecosystems, they remain more or less affected by the surrounding bioclimatic environment and therefore could be subjected to contemporary climate change. In this respect investigations are needed to see how this will affect future management targets concerning the safety of food storages.

Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south-eastern Queensland. IV. Interaction with sowing arrangement

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
South Eastern

The effect of spatial arrangement and population density on growth, dry matter production, yield and water use of black gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur), green gram (V. radiata cv. Berken), cowpea (V. unguiculata CPI 28215) and soybean (Glycine rnax CP126671), under irrigated, rain-fed fallowed and rain-fed double-cropped culture was evaluated at Dalby in south-eastern Queensland. Equidistant spacings increased initial rates of leaf area index (LAI) development and crop water use compared with 1-m rows at the same population densities. In the irrigated and rain-fed fallowed treatments, where more water was available for crop growth, both seed yields and total crop water use were higher in the equidistant spacings. However, in the double-cropped treatment, where water availability was limited, there was no yield difference between rows and equidistant spacings, primarily because initially faster growth in the latter was offset by more severe water stress later in the season. Higher population density also increased initial crop growth rate and water use, particularly in the equidistant spacings. However, there was no significant yield response to density, presumably because subsequent competition for light/ water offset initial effects on growth. Although absolute yield differences existed between legume cultivars within cultural treatments, there were no significant differential responses to either spatial arrangement or population density among these four cultivars.

Water demand and water use efficiency of winter barley in Hungary

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Z. Varga-Haszonits ◽  
E. Enzsölné Gerencsér ◽  
Z. Lantos ◽  
Z. Varga
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Use Efficiency

The temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use were investigated for winter barley. Evaluations were carried out on a database containing meteorological and yield data from 15 stations. The spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated from 1951 to 2000 and the moisture conditions during the growth period of winter barley were investigated. The water supply was found to be favourable, since the average values of soil moisture remained above the lower limit of favourable water content throughout the growth period, except for September–December and May–June. The actual evapotranspiration tended to be close to the potential evapotranspiration, so the water supplies were favourable throughout the vegetation period. The calculated values of WUE showed an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990, but the lower level of agricultural inputs caused a decline after 1990. The average values of WUE varied between 0.87 and 1.09 g/kg in different counties, with higher values in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. The potential yield of winter barley can be calculated from the maximum value of WUE. Except in the cooler northern and western parts of the country, the potential yield of winter barley, based on the water supply, could exceed 10 t/ha.

scholarly journals How downstream sub-basins depend on upstream inflows to avoid scarcity: typology and global analysis of transboundary rivers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2795-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafsa Ahmed Munia ◽  
Joseph H. A. Guillaume ◽  
Naho Mirumachi ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Matti Kummu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. Countries sharing river basins are often dependent upon water originating outside their boundaries; meaning that without that upstream water, water scarcity may occur with flow-on implications for water use and management. We develop a formalisation of this concept drawing on ideas about the transition between regimes from resilience literature, using water stress and water shortage as indicators of water scarcity. In our analytical framework, dependency occurs if water from upstream is needed to avoid scarcity. This can be diagnosed by comparing different types of water availability on which a sub-basin relies, in particular local runoff and upstream inflows. At the same time, possible upstream water withdrawals reduce available water downstream, influencing the latter water availability. By developing a framework of scarcity and dependency, we contribute to the understanding of transitions between system regimes. We apply our analytical framework to global transboundary river basins at the scale of sub-basin areas (SBAs). Our results show that 1175 million people live under water stress (42 % of the total transboundary population). Surprisingly, the majority (1150 million) of these currently suffer from stress only due to their own excessive water use and possible water from upstream does not have impact on the stress status – i.e. they are not yet dependent on upstream water to avoid stress – but could still impact on the intensity of the stress. At the same time, 386 million people (14 %) live in SBAs that can avoid stress owing to available water from upstream and have thus upstream dependency. In the case of water shortage, 306 million people (11 %) live in SBAs dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. The identification of transitions between system regimes sheds light on how SBAs may be affected in the future, potentially contributing to further refined analysis of inter- and intrabasin hydro-political power relations and strategic planning of management practices in transboundary basins.

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