The effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on the winter growth of pastures in a tablelands environment

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment

Second-year grass swards near Canberra, A.C.T., responded well in August and September to nitrogen (urea or ammonium sulphate) applied in June or July, with increases in yield of up to 17 lb of dry matter for each lb of nitrogen applied. Mixed grass-clover swards showed smaller responses in total dry matter after applications of urea in July, but applications of urea in April produced no significant response. In 1961, when the grass component of the mixed swards responded to urea applied in April, there was a concurrent clover suppression before the early September harvest, which eliminated any potential increase in total yield. Seasonal differences and the date of nitrogen application influenced the extent of August-September responses more than the particular grass species. The grasses differed greatly in their mean yields, irrespective of the nitrogen treatment, and also in their influence on the yield of the associated clover, but the response to nitrogen by the grass component was essentially similar for Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), Clunes perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa L.), and Demeter fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.).

YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF FORAGE SEEDINGS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Grant ◽  
C. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment

Over 2 tons of dry matter per acre were obtained from pure seedings of timothy and of brome in the seeding year with an application of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Nitrogen at 200 and 400 pounds per acre produced no further significant yield increase. In the second year, yields were significantly increased by each increment of nitrogen applied in the seeding year up to and including 400 pounds per acre with brome and 200 pounds per acre with timothy. Nitrogen content of grasses increased with each increment of nitrogen in the seeding year but this effect was not consistent in the second year. Over the 2-year period grasses recovered approximately 65 per cent of the applied nitrogen at the 100- and 200-pound levels and about 40 per cent at the 400-pound level.Red clover and alfalfa seeded in mixture with timothy and with brome were about equal in yield to grass alone plus 100 pounds of nitrogen in the seeding year and were much superior in the second year. Application of 100 pounds of nitrogen to grass-legume mixtures increased both yield and nitrogen content in the first cutting. In subsequent cuttings, total yield and legume fraction of the yield were often depressed by nitrogen treatment; exceptions were noted where legume stands were weak.Apparent nitrogen fixation by the legumes was consistently reduced by nitrogen treatment. Vigorous legume stands had an apparent nitrogen fixation of 60 pounds per acre in the seeding year and up to 200 pounds in the second year.

scholarly journals Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
P. Kubelková ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L.,<I>Phleum pratense</I> L., <I>Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (<I>a</I> = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, <I>b</I> = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, <I>c</I> = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and ED<sub>DM</sub> = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.05 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.08 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>) h<sup>–1</sup>). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of ED<sub>DM</sub> were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of ED<sub>DM</sub> were determined for <I>Lolium perenne</I> (ED<sub>DM2</sub> = 753.2, ED<sub>DM5</sub> = 631.1 and ED<sub>DM8</sub> = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values of 0.757 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.863 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.906 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave <I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for ED<sub>DM2</sub>, ED<sub>DM5</sub> and ED<sub>DM8</sub>, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant <I>P</I> < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

The effects of frequency of defoliation on the yield response of a perennial ryegrass sward to a wide range of nitrogen application rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cutting Frequency

SummaryIn a 3-year experiment on a sward of S. 23 perennial ryegrass 21 rates of nitrogen fertilizer ranging from 0 to 897 kg/ha were applied annually on plots cut three, five or ten times per year. The cutting dates within each frequency were decided on the basis of herbage growth stage. Four-parameter exponential curves fitted to the herbage yield data show that the pattern of response to nitrogen application in the five cuts per year treatment was markedly similar to that reported for a previous experiment (Reid, 1970). Alterations in the cutting frequency affected the pattern of dry-matter yield response to nitrogen, but not that of crude-protein yield response. The combined effects of cutting frequency and nitrogen rate are illustrated by response surfaces fitted to the dry-matter yield results using an extension of the equation for the curves fitted to the individual frequency results. These surfaces show that as the number of cuts per year was increased the total yield and the response to nitrogen decreased, but the response was maintained to an increasingly high nitrogen rate. The practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to intensive grazing managements for dairy cows.

scholarly journals Sowing ratio, NS fertilisation and interactions of Lolium sp. and Festulolium grown in mixtures with Trifolium repens

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Beata Grygierzec ◽  
Kamila Musial ◽  
Lidia Luty
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Multiple Objects ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Research Objects ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Positive Interference

Current ecological trends for production of forage for livestock indicate a need for small usage of fertilisers while increasing productivity. The study aimed to assess yield and interactions of selected Lolium and Festulolium species grown in mixtures with Trifolium repens and fertilised with NS, regarding mutual interactions based on available indicators. A two-year field study (2016–2017) was carried out in southern Poland and the research objects were designed on degraded chernozems. The highest yield was observed for mixtures: L. multiflorum + T. repens and L. × boucheanum + T. repens sown in the proportion 50 : 50, fertilised with N<sub>50</sub>S<sub>15</sub>. The mean dry matter yield was higher in the 1<sup>st</sup> year of the study, in all variants of fertilisation and types of mixtures. The land equivalent ratio differed for species in individual objects, for individual cuts and study years, and was most often higher than 1.0, which points to a positive interference between species in mixtures. Also, the competitive ratio index was often higher than 1.0, which means that grass species were more competitive than white clover. However, in the second year of study T. repens was dominant in multiple objects.  

The effect of nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers on three grass species

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Margaret Wolton ◽  
J. S. Brockman ◽  
D. W. T. Brough ◽  
P. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Nutrient Yield ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Large Response

SUMMARYThe effects of annual applications of up to 300 lb/acre of N, 100 lb/acre of P2O5 and 200 lb/acre of K2O on cut swards of S. 24 ryegrass, S. 37 cocksfoot and S. 215 meadow fescue were measured in an experiment lasting 3 years.There were some differences between species in their dry-matter and nutrient yield response to nitrogen and potash applications, but not to phosphate. These differences were inconsistent and over the 3-year period were negligible.A large response to nitrogen was only fully maintained when phosphate and potash were also applied. There was no response above 50 lb/acre of P2O5 in any year. In the second year, 100 lb/acre of K2O was sufficient, but more than this was necessary in the other years. Symptoms of phosphate and potash deficiency were seen where high rates of nitrogen were applied without phosphate and potash respectively.

EFFECT OF RATE AND TIME OF NITROGEN AND INTERVAL OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION ON PERMANENT PASTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson ◽  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
C. R. MacEachern
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

In two 3-year cycles of a field experiment annual N treatments were superimposed on mineral treatments applied annually and triennially to a permanent pasture sward.Applications of P and K were reflected by changes in exchangeable K and acid-soluble plus adsorbed P. There was somewhat greater penetration of K than of P and soil levels of both were generally lowest where rate of N application was highest.Yields varied from year to year but tended to be more uniform with annual than with triennial mineral treatments. In the 6-year period average yields for all 0-, P-, K-, and P–K-treated plots were approximately 1.3, 1.6, 1.5, and 2.0 tons per acre of dry matter. Time of nitrogen application had little influence on total yield but seasonal distribution of herbage was much more uniform with nitrogen applied in summer than in spring. Soil moisture, which was a major factor in the response obtained with nitrogen applied in summer, was limiting during the late summer in two of the three years measured.Percentages of P and K in grass reflected the mineral treatments which had much less influence on botanical composition and species foliage cover than N. This element suppressed legumes, increased grass, and markedly influenced the K level in grass.

Annual ryegrass and Festulolium as companion crops in the establishment of perennial forage crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-623
Author(s):  
Bruce Coulman ◽  
Arend Kleinhout ◽  
Bill Biligetu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Bromus Riparius ◽  
Companion Crop

Annual companion crops are often used in new seedings of perennial forages in western Canada. Fast-establishing grass species that do not overwinter in this region have potential as companion crops to increase seeding year yields without reducing perennial forage establishment. Trials were seeded in two different years at Saskatoon and Melfort, SK, in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones, respectively. Crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.], meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were seeded in pure stands and mixtures with or without an annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or Festulolium (Lolium × Festuca) companion crop at two seeding rates. Forage dry matter yield in the establishment year was increased with annual ryegrass companion crops compared with no companion crop regardless of seeding rate, but was increased only with the higher rate of Festulolium at Saskatoon. Despite using low companion crop seeding rates, stand densities of most of the perennial forage stands were lower than with no companion crop at Saskatoon, but in Melfort, most stand densities did not differ. The annual ryegrass companion crop reduced yields the year after seeding at both sites, while the Festulolium also reduced yields, but not at Melfort for the lower companion crop seeding rate. Dry matter yields were usually not different between companion and no companion crop treatments in the second year after seeding and for 3-yr total yields. The use of these companion crops increased the percentage of the 3-yr total yield produced in the seeding year.

scholarly journals Pasture response to fertiliser inputs under dairy grazing

1996 ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
C.G. Pennell ◽  
T.J. Fraser ◽  
D.B. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Prairie Grass

Conversion of sheep and beef farms into dairy units has resulted in research on appropriate fertiliser rates and pasture species to achieve maximum productivity in minimum time. An onfarm trial involving five different mixtures of pasture species (based on fescue, prairie grass, an improved mixture, farmer mixture or original pasture), three rates of nitrogen as urea (0, 50 or 100 kg/ha of N applied half in March and half in August) and four rates of superphosphate (0, 250, 500 or 1000 kg/ha applied annually in March) was established in Canterbury on a Waimakariri sandy silt loam with border-dyke irrigation and an Olsen P of 5 pg/ml. The trial was grazed by dairy cattle as part of the general rotation; plots were not fenced individually. Pasture growth rates were measured pre- and post-grazing using a calibrated pasture probe. Botanical dissections ,were made seasonally and soil samples were taken annually. Pasture dry matter production was greatest from the prairie grass, "improved" mixture and the original pasture, involved often contain a high proportion of annual and perennial, low-producing species. Grass species, nutrient status and management have been identified as the limiting factors in dairy conversion (Kleyngeld & Kleyngeld 1992). Ryegrass and white clover are still the most common species used in pasture renovation (Maloney 1991). However, short-rotation ryegrasses are favoured by some dairy farmers, and in new dairying areas such as Canterbury, optimally producing species may differ from those used in the more traditional North Island dairying areas (Charlton & Belgrave 1992). Nitrogen (N) is recognised as a strategic tool for increasing grass production in winter-spring in summerdry areas (Thomsoneta/. 1991) as well as for extending the milking season for factory supply herds in Southland (Kleyngeld & Kleyngeld 1992). High rates of nitrogen (217 and 324 kg/ha per year) have been found to increase annual net herbage accumulation by 23 and 27%, respectively, in the Waikato, but clover content declined significantly (Harrisetaf. 1994). Maintenance fertiliser requirements have been related to desired stocking rate in the past, based on animal production system and soil type (Computerised Fertiliser Advisory System (CFAS), reaching 13 000,ll 000 and 16 000 kg/ha in years Cornforth & Sinclair 1984). Recently responses in milk one, two and three, respectively; production from yield have been recorded to very high rates (100 kg/ha- IT the fescue increased with time; the 'farmer' mix performed poorly. Nitrogen at 50 kg/ha was generally sufficient to produce maximum yield increases. Increasing superphosphate increased production; this effect decreased with time. Change in Olsen P reflected superphosphate inputs and after three years of differential superphosphate application the Olsen P status was 8, 14, 27 or 42 (corresponding to 0, 250, 500 or 1000 kg/ha superphosphate). Keywords: Bromus wildenowii, dairy conversion, dry matter production Festuca arundinacea, Loliumperenne, nitrogen, Olsen P, superphosphate

Some factors affecting the establishment and early production of oversown grasses

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Dowling ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Prior Application

The effects of rate of sowing, herbicide, and superphosphate on seedling establishment of two oversown improved grass species, their sward performance, and the resultant soil phosphate levels were studied in two experiments at Glen Innes, New South Wales in 1973. The experimental area had received 1250 kg ha-1 superphosphate prior to sowing and was carrying native grasses and white clover (Trifolium repens). In the first experiment, treatments applied were combinations of: four sowing rates (5.5, 11, 22, 44 kg ha-1) ; three herbicide rates (0 + 0, 8.3 + 0.55, 49.5 + 3.3 kg a.i. ha-1 2,2-DPA 4- amitrole) and two superphosphate rates (0, 250 kg ha-1). In the second experiment, three rates each of herbicide (0 + 0, 8.3 + 0.55, 16.6 + 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 2,2-DPA + amitrole) and superphosphate (0, 125, 250 kg ha-1) were applied in a factorial design. Both experiments were sown with Phalaris aquatica and Festuca arundinacea. For both species, seedling numbers increased as herbicide and sowing rates increased but declined with superphosphate application. These main effects were more pronounced during the earlier samplings. Seedling numbers of both species, particularly phalaris declined with time. As herbicide rates increased, total dry matter production was progressively reduced, but production of fescue increased from 19 to 232 and phalaris from 0.5 to 60 kg dry matter ha-1. The addition of superphosphate eliminated the adverse effect of herbicide on the legume component. Superphosphate increased fescue dry matter production but decreased that of phalaris. Prior application of herbicide at the heaviest rate and superphosphate applied at 125 kg ha-1, both increased soil phosphate by approximately the same amount (7.5 and 8.2 p.p.m. respectively).

SEEDLING YEAR MANAGEMENT OF ALFALFA-GRASS MIXTURES ESTABLISHED WITHOUT A COMPANION CROP

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hume ◽  
R. S. Fulkerson ◽  
W. E. Tossell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brome Grass

Alfalfa–grass mixtures established without a companion crop yielded as much as 6900 kg/ha during the seedling year. Two harvests produced higher dry matter yields than three harvests in all mixtures. Mixtures containing DuPuits alfalfa outyielded those containing Vernal. Grass species, which included bromegrass, orchardgrass or timothy, had very little effect on yields. Brome-grass consistently produced lowest alfalfa–grass ratios in the forage. Harvesting at low stubble heights resulted in highest seedling-year yields and a large percentage of alfalfa in the first-cut forage one year after establishment. Alfalfa–bromegrass mixtures yielded more than other mixtures in the year after establishment. Cutting frequency during the year of seeding had little effect on total yield the following year. Establishing alfalfa–grass mixtures using herbicides appeared to be a feasible alternative to establishment under a cereal grain companion crop.

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