Factors affecting the rate of milk flow in pipeline milking machines

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
DJ Clarke ◽  
AK Lascelles
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Flow

A factorial experiment has been carried out to determine the effects of varying the level of vacuum, air admission, and reserve air on milking rate and the amount of strippings, in high pipeline, low pipeline, and large diameter low pipeline milking machines. The low pipeline and the large diameter low pipeline machines were found to milk 10.1 and 12.1 per cent faster, respectively, than the high pipeline machine. The large diameter low pipeline operating without air admission was 6.3-7.5 per cent faster than the low pipeline machine operating with and without air admission. Milking rate was 16.1 per cent faster at 15 than at 12 inches Hg vacuum and about 6 per cent faster at 17 and 5 cubic feet per minute (c.f.m.) reserve air than at no reserve air. The admission of air at the claw piece resulted in 9 per cent faster milking with the high pipeline and 9.5 per cent slower milking with the large diameter low pipeline machine. There was no difference in milking rate in the low pipeline machine with or without air admission. The fastest milking rate was observed with the large diameter low pipeline without air admission. However, this system probably has no real advantage over the low pipeline providing the diameter of milk pipe of the latter is sufficient to cope with high rates of milk flow.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Milk Flow Traits in Dairy Cows: Results of a Field Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sandrucci ◽  
A. Tamburini ◽  
L. Bava ◽  
M. Zucali
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Flow

Large-Diameter Line Pipe Expanding Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Xia He ◽  
Rong Chang Li
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Shape Accuracy ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Array Optimization

Mechanical expanding process for large diameter line pipe, a detailed analysis of factors affecting the quality of the final products of the mechanical expansion and proposed optimization using orthogonal array optimization method, as an indicator of dimensional accuracy and shape accuracy of the products, combination of a variety of specifications of mechanical expanding products, the main process parameters to be optimized. Analysis and discussion of results, revealing the degree of influence of various factors on the quality of the final product, and gives the optimum combination of the results. Experiments show that the combination of optimized process parameters, and more help to improve the accuracy of the size and shape of products.

Understanding and Mitigating Under-Deposit Corrosion in Large Diameter Crude Oil Pipelines: A Progress Report

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Place ◽  
Michael R. Holm ◽  
Colin Cathrea ◽  
Tom Ignacz
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Emulsified Water ◽  
Batch Treatment

This paper is an exploration of factors affecting internal corrosion of transmission pipeline systems (<0.5% S&W), as well as a progress report on research aimed at improving chemical mitigation of this threat in heavy oil product streams. Typical pipeline corrodents and corrodent transport mechanisms are explored. Transmission quality hydrocarbon products are shown to carry micro-emulsified water, various solid particles, solid particles with micro-attached water, and bacteria. While micro-emulsified water can be considered benign owing its ability to be transported harmlessly without accumulation; water-wetted solid particles have sufficient density to reach the pipe floor. Patterns of internal corrosion on a transmission pipeline are used to demonstrate the significance of solids accumulation leading to under-deposit corrosion. Analysis of pipeline sludge reveals significant populations of different bacterial species indicating the existence of a robust biomass capable of creating or sustaining a corrosive environment. Corrosivity testing of pipeline sludges was performed using two static autoclave coupon methods. One test method demonstrated that the addition of chemical inhibitor directly to the pipeline sludge could reduce corrosion rates as effectively as batch treatment of a clean coupon. A rotating mechanical contactor was designed and built to facilitate the blending of corrosion inhibitor with pipeline sludge under ‘like-pipe’ flow conditions, but results of sludge corrosivity testing using this device are not yet available.

Analysis on Segment Floating in the Construction of Large-Diameter Crossing-River Shield Tunnel

2015 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Run Lai Zhang ◽  
Li Ming Tang ◽  
Kun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Frictional Force ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Shield Tunnel ◽  
Shield Tunneling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Grouting Pressure ◽  
Rapid Setting ◽  
Grouting Material ◽  
Longitudinal Stiffness ◽  
Initial Solidification

Segment floating is a common problem met in the construction of large-diameter crossing-river shield tunnel. The factors affecting segment floating are discussed first and analyzed by numerical simulation, including the properties of grouting material, the speed of shield tunneling, grouting pressure difference, the tunnel longitudinal stiffness, frictional force between segment rings and weight of the supporting system. The simulation results indicate that segment floating will reduce by shortening slurry’s initial solidification time, slowing shielding speed, improving the tunnel longitudinal stiffness as well as increasing the frictional force between segment rings. And some measures are given such as applying new rapid-setting slurries, shear pins, rubber mats with high friction coefficient and pre-stressed bolts

scholarly journals The interactive effects of competition and predation risk on dispersal in an insect

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 20140287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina B. Baines ◽  
Shannon J. McCauley ◽  
Locke Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ecological Conditions

Dispersal dynamics have significant consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes. Previous work has demonstrated that dispersal can be context-dependent. However, factors affecting dispersal are typically considered in isolation, despite the probability that individuals make dispersal decisions in response to multiple, possibly interacting factors. We examined whether two ecological factors, predation risk and intraspecific competition, have interactive effects on dispersal dynamics. We performed a factorial experiment in mesocosms using backswimmers ( Notonecta undulata ), flight-capable, semi-aquatic insects. Emigration rates increased with density, and increased with predation risk at intermediate densities; however, predation had minimal effects on emigration at high and low densities. Our results indicate that factorial experiments may be required to understand dispersal dynamics under realistic ecological conditions.

Factors affecting vacuum within the teatcup liner during milking

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Thiel ◽  
P. A. Clough ◽  
D. R. Westgarth ◽  
D. N. Akam
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuation ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Practical Consequence ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pulsation Cycle

SummaryFactors associated with the milking cluster and the long milk tube which cause a diminished or a fluctuating vacuum within the liner of the teatcup assembly during simulated milking with an artificial udder fell into 3 groups. 1. Lower milk flow rates and admission of air at the clawpiece greatly decreased vacuum fluctuation within a pulsation cycle and increased the mean level of vacuum in the liner during that part of the cycle in which milk was flowing from the teat. 2. Larger bore of the short milk tube connecting the liner to the clawpiece, pulsation of the teatcup liners in pairs instead of all 4 together, and larger volume of the clawpiece bowl in the main decreased fluctuation in vacuum within the liner. 3. Larger bore and shorter length of the long milk tube connected to the clawpiece and decreased height above the outlet of the clawpiece to which the milk was raised mainly increased the mean vacuum in the liner during that part of the cycle in which milk was flowing from the teat.In a milking experiment with 75 cows mean overall fluctuations in milking vacuum within the liner in a pulsation cycle at peak flow were 11·5 and 4·8 inHg and corresponding mean levels of vacuum during that part of the cycle when milk was flowing from the teat were 11·75 and 13·0 inHg. There were no differences in milking performance of practical consequence.

Factors affecting mouthpiece chamber vacuum in machine milking

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Borkhus ◽  
Odd Rønningen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Factorial Trial

The vacuum in the mouthpiece chamber (MPC) was measured in a factorial trial with two liners (DeLaval 964008-01 and DeLaval 999007-03), two pulsator ratios (60 and 70%) and morning and evening milking over eight milkings of ten cows. Teat length and diameter were measured before and after milking, and maximum milk flow rate and depth of penetration of the teat into the teatcup were also recorded. The MPC vacuum at peak flow rate was classified as stable, at various levels, in 79% of the recordings. In the rest of the milkings the vacuum declined gradually, and this decline was associated with gradually deeper penetration of the teat into the teatcup. The DeLaval 964008-01 liner with the narrower bore and larger mouthpiece opening gave lower MPC vacuum at peak flow rate than did the wider bore DeLaval 999007-03 with the smaller mouthpiece opening. Morning milking gave higher MPC vacuum than evening milking. Increased maximum milk flow rate and increased length and diameter of the teat gave decreased MPC vacuum. The teats were longer before milking in the morning than in the evening. However, during peak flow rate, the teats had penetrated deeper into the teatcup in the evening than in the morning. A marked change in MPC vacuum in the transition to the period of flow rate can be used to identify the start of over-milking of an individual teat. A general model explaining the MPC vacuum as the outcome of the balance between air leakage past the mouthpiece lip and the leakage past the teat in the liner barrel is suggested.

scholarly journals 579 PB 082 FACTORS AFFECTING REGENERATION AND ROOTING OF APRICOT SHOOTS DERIVED FROM IMMATURE EMBRYOS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 514f-514
Author(s):  
Joseph C. Goffreda ◽  
Anita Scopel
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Woody Plant Medium ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Stage 1

Immature embryos or cotyledons were cultured at three stages of development (PF1=3, 30-60, or 100) from two unrelated apricot genotypes. Explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.4-D (0 or 1 μM) and either BA or TDZ (0, 0.5. 5.0 or 20 μM). Stage 1 embryos cultured on MS media without hormones tended to form embryoid-like structures. Regeneration was highest with stage 2 cotyledons on media containing between 5-20 μM TDZ and 1.0 μM 2.4-D; shoot morphology was abnormal at the highest level of TDZ. In another factorial experiment, stage 2 cotyledons were cultured on media containing TDZ (six levels, 0 to 20 μM) in combination with either 2.4-D (0 or 1 μM) or IBA (0, 1, or 5 μM), Regeneration of normal shoots was highest on the medium containing 5 μM IBA and no TDZ. Regenerated shoots were transferred to woody plant medium (WP) containing 3% sucrose and supplemented with 6 μM 2iP and 2.2 μM BA to promote stem elongation. Shoots were transferred to WP media supplemented with NAA or IBA to induce rooting. Culture on media containing 10 μM IBA in total darkness induced rooting in less than two weeks.

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