Losses of nitrogen and other soil constituents from two soils in filled-in lysimeters

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Drover
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
K 13 ◽  
Soil Constituents ◽  
Clover Pasture

The results of an eight year lysimeter study conducted at Muresk, Western Australia, are presented. The lysimeters contained two soils, a lateritic sandplain and a noncalcic brown soil, upon which various agronomic treatments were imposed. Mean annual leaching losses of nitrate-nitrogen from the sandplain soil were 4 to 7 lb N per acre under fallow and 6 lb N per acre from subterranean clover pasture. Losses of nitrate-nitrogen from wheat, either with added urea or clover residues (equivalent to 60 lb N per acre) were much higher, viz, 14 to 21 lb N per acre. From the noncalcic brown soil, losses under fallow were 3 to 6 lb N per acre, under clover pasture 2 lb N per acre, and under wheat, either with urea or clover residue added, 4 to 19 lb N per acre. For the sandplain soil, mean annual losses per acre of constituents other than nitrogen were 6 lb K ; 13 lb Ca ; 5 lb Mg ; less than 0.2 lb P ; and 2 to 7 lb S. For the noncalcic brown soil the losses were much lower, viz., 1 lIb K ; 7 lb Ca ; 3 lb Mg; less than 0.2 lb P ; and 0 to 7 lb S. The leaching losses of K, Ca and Mg were related to plant cover, being higher under wheat than under fallow, particularly with the sandplain soil. A n attempt was made to relate changes in nitrogen content of the surface soil at the end of the experiment to the net gain (input minus output) of nitrogen over the same period. This approach was unsatisfactory due largely to the statistical errors associated with soil sampling.

Seasonal fluctuations in mineral sulphur under subterranean clover pasture in southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Clover Pasture

Seasonal changes in sulphate sulphur were studied in a soil under subterranean clover pasture. Fluctuations in sulphate content were found to be similar to those in nitrate. Both sulphate and nitrate accumulated in the surface soil during summer, immediately after senescence of the pasture. High concentrations were maintained throughout the summer-autumn period and these decreased to low values in winter and spring. The higher values in summer probably resulted from mineralization of soil organic matter under favourable moisture and temperature conditions, and lack of plant uptake. Minor fluctuations were associated with partial leaching by rainwater. The low values in winter and spring were probably brought about by leaching and plant uptake, together with low rates of mineralization at low soil temperatures.

Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean L.). III. The effect of plant density

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Yates
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Australian Wheat

Various aspects of seed production in a number of strains of subterranean clover sown at fire seeding rates at two sites in the Western Australian wheat-belt were investigated. Dry matter yields and percentage leaf in the foliage were also recorded. Percentage leaf increased with plant density in the earlier-maturing, stemmy strains, so that differences amongst strains diminished as density increased. The differences amongst strains in number of inflorescences when grown as single plants were largely eliminated under dense sward conditions, so that the two main factors in seed production were number of seeds per inflorescence and mean seed weight. The proportion of burrs above and below ground varied widely amongst strains, and was influenced by plant density in some strains. It is postulated that the extent of burr burial depends on the interaction between strain, environment, and condition of the surface soil. Burr burial improved the efficiency of seed-setting, particularly in the more severe environment. Strain differences in seeds per inflorescence below ground were relatively small, but within each strain, values were higher in the more favorable environment. The efficiency of seed-setting above ground differed considerably amongst strains and between the two environments, and tended to increase with plant density particularly in the earlier-maturing strains. Correlations were established between seeds per inflorescence above ground and the amount of plant cover in these strains. An artificial covering of wood-wool also improved seed-setting above ground. Mean seed weight followed the same general pattern as seeds per inflorescence.

Comparing different sources of sulfur for high-rainfall pastures insouth-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources

The dry herbage yield increase (response) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture (>85% clover) to applications of different sources of sulfur (S) was compared in 7 field experiments on very sandy soils in the > 650 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia where S deficiency of clover is common when pastures grow rapidly during spring (August–November). The sources compared were single superphosphate, finely grained and coarsely grained gypsum from deposits in south-western Australia, and elemental S. All sources were broadcast (topdressed) once only onto each plot, 3 weeks after pasture emerged at the start of the first growing season. In each subsequent year, fresh fertiliser-S as single superphosphate was applied 3 weeks after pasture emerged to nil-S plots previously not treated with S since the start of the experiment. This was to determine the residual value of sources applied at the start of the experiment in each subsequent year relative to superphosphate freshly-applied in each subsequent year. In addition, superphosphate was also applied 6, 12 and 16 weeks after emergence of pasture in each year, using nil-S plots not previously treated with S since the start of the experiment. Pasture responses to applied S are usually larger after mid-August, so applying S later may match plant demand increasing the effectiveness of S for pasture production and may also reduce leaching losses of the applied S.At the same site, yield increases to applied S varied greatly, from 0 to 300%, at different harvests in the same or different years. These variations in yield responses to applied S are attributed to the net effect of mineralisation of different amounts of S from soil organic matter, dissolution of S from fertilisers, and different amounts of leaching losses of S from soil by rainfall. Within each year at each site, yield increases were mostly larger in spring (September–November) than in autumn (June–August). In the year of application, single superphosphate was equally or more effective than the other sources. In years when large responses to S occurred, applying single superphosphate later in the year was more effective than applying single superphosphate 3 weeks after pasture emerged (standard practice), so within each year the most recently applied single superphosphate treatment was the most effective S source. All sources generally had negligible residual value, so S needed to be applied each year to ensure S deficiency did not reduce pasture production.

The performance of subterranean, rose, and cupped clovers under set-stocking

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
GB Taylor ◽  
GW Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Gravelly Soil ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Clover Pasture

Pasture swards of the annual clovers Trifolium subterraneum (CV. Geraldton), T. hirtum (CV. Kondinin), and T. cherleri (CV. Yamina), and a mixture of all three were sown on a gravelly soil at Bakers Hill, Western Australia, in 1964. All pastures were set-stocked at 5 sheep ha-l from April 1965-April 1968, and at 8 sheep ha-1 from April 1968-March 1970. From 1966 onwards the amount of pasture dry matter on offer in July and September was two to four times as great on the subterranean clover pasture as on rose or cupped clover pastures. Moreover, the subterranean clover pasture resisted invasion by volunteer annuals more strongly. The mixed clover pasture was dominated by subterranean clover by 1966, and remained so thereafter. For the first four seasons of grazing, wool production was consistently higher (on average, 14 per cent higher) on rose clover than on subterranean clover pasture, and slightly lower still on cupped clover. In the fifth season, when grazing pressure was higher than previously, the rose and cupped clovers 'crashed', and subterranean clover produced most wool. We argue that the higher wool production on rose clover during 1965-1969 was due to some factor additional to digestible organic matter intake.

The performance of young sheep grazing pastures sown to combinations of lucerne or subterranean clover with ryegrass or phalaris

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (56) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
KFM Reed ◽  
RW Snaydon ◽  
A Axelsen
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
High Production ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Pasture

Young sheep were rotationally grazed, at two stocking rates, on pasture sown to combinations of two legume species (lucerne or subterranean clover) and two grass species (a mixture of annual and biennial ryegrass or phalaris) at Canberra. Liveweight gains were 45 per cent greater, and wool production was 10 per cent greater, on the lucerne dominant pasture (87 per cent lucerne) than on the grass dominant subterranean clover pasture (8 per cent subterranean clover). The differences were maximum during summer, but also occurred during spring. Mortality and supplementary feed requirement on grass dominant pasture was double that on lucerne pasture. Liveweight gains were 13 per cent greater on pasture sown to ryegrass than on pasture sown to phalaris. Sheep mortality was eight times greater on the phalaris than on the ryegrass pasture, and survival feed requirements at least double. The superior animal production from lucerne pasture was due mainly to the ability of lucerne to grow during periods of low rainfall and to maintain a high production of legume in the pasture.

Herbicides for the selective control of barley grass in irrigated clover pastures

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
VR Squires
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Slight Damage

Three herbicides, 2,2- DPA (2,2-dichloropropzonzc acid), diquat dibromide (9, l0-dihydro-8a, 10a-dizonia phenanthrene dibromide) and paraqmt di (methyl sulphate) (1,l-dimethl-4,4,-bipryridylium di (methyl sulphate) ) were tested with a view to controlling barley grass (Hordeum leporinum Link) in clover pastures. The tolerance of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) to sodium 2,2-DPA was determined. 2,2-DPA caused severe damage to subterranean clover (resulting in the loss of one season's production) and slight damage to white clover at a rate which controlled the grass-2 lb an acre acid equivalents. Diquat dibromide applied at 2 lb an acre (active cation) in mid winter gave complete control of barley grass in a subterranean clover pasture. Springfields of clover on treated plots were double those of the unseated control. Paraquat di (methyl sulphate) gave satisfactory control of barley, grass at 0.5 lb an acre, as an early post emergence spray, with no increase in subterranean clover yields, At the 1 lb an acre rate barley grass control was complete.

Elevation-Based Soil Sampling to Assess Temporal Changes in Soil Constituents

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chang ◽  
Ben Ellert ◽  
Xiying Hao ◽  
George Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Soil Constituents

Effect of season, trash and fungicides on fungi associated with subterranean clover

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Clover Pasture

In field studies we monitored the effects of time of season, trash and fungicides on the populations of fungi associated with leaves and petioles of newly sown subterranean clover, particularly in relation to the development of disease symptoms. These effects were compared with the fungal population changes occurring in a nearby established subterranean clover pasture. A range of fungi, notably Leptosphaerulina trifolii, Phoma medicaginis and Stemphylium globuliferum, were found to colonise subterranean clover cotyledons, leaves and petioles readily throughout the growing season from as early as 1 week after emergence. The incidence of L. trifolii and S. globuliferum was reasonably consistent throughout the growing season. Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Myrothecium verrucaria, P. medicaginis and Trichoderma spp. were more prevalent later in the season. Fusarium avenaceum and other Fusarium spp. were more prevalent early in the season, while Pithomyces chatarum and S. botryosum were more prevalent midseason. The fungi isolated showed no ability, under the conditions of this investigation, to cause disease, and there was no correlation between fungi isolated and disease symptoms observed. The incidence of several fungi, especially L. trifolii and P. medicaginis, was greatly increased by the presence of trash from the previous season but was greatly decreased by regular applications of fungicide.

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