Integrating Cytolin into a chemical thinning program for red ‘Delicious’ apple

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
S. A. Bound ◽  
K. M. Jones ◽  
M. J. Oakford
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
High Concentrations

Summary. The thinning efficiency of Cytolin and its interaction with the blossom thinner naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and the post-bloom thinner CyLex (a formulation of 6-benzyladenine) were examined in a trial on Hi-Early red ‘Delicious’ apples in northern Tasmania. Cytolin was applied as either a single or split application at 4 concentrations (25, 40, 55, 70 mg/L). The split application was followed by a low rate of NAA at full bloom or by CyLex as a post-bloom thinner. While the higher concentrations of Cytolin achieved some thinning it was not sufficient. Satisfactory thinning levels, with a corresponding increase in fruit size, were achieved by the addition of either NAA or CyLex to the program. There was no consistent difference in thinning effect or fruit size between the single and split applications of Cytolin. High concentrations of Cytolin followed by NAA resulted in a high proportion of pygmy fruit but there were no pygmy fruit at the lower Cytolin rates. In general, split applications of Cytolin improved fruit typiness better than single applications. Cytolin alone had no effect on seed numbers, whereas addition of either NAA or CyLex to the program reduced seed numbers. Fruit firmness was improved by the CyLex treatments. Return bloom decreased with increasing concentration of Cytolin. Thinning and fruit quality can be improved with the recommended label rate of Cytolin (25 mg/L) applied as a split application (12.5 mg/L applied at king petal stage and 12.5 mg/L 3 days later) followed by 3 mg/L NAA at full bloom or by CyLex as a post-bloom thinner. The improvement in fruit firmness and increase in soluble solids by CyLex compared with NAA may make this combination preferable for long-term storage fruit although further assessment is needed.

Preliminary examination of thinning strategies on young ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Pink Lady’ apples

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Jones ◽  
S. A. Bound ◽  
C. R. Summers ◽  
M. J. Oakford
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Quality Outcomes ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Preliminary Examination

Summary. Strategies were examined for thinning 5-year-old apple trees of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Pink Lady’ with chemical thinners. Both cultivars were left unthinned (control), hand-thinned at 20 days after full bloom (DAFB) or chemically thinned. The chemical treatments consisted of full bloom (FB) sprays of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/L or ethephon at 25, 50 or 100 mg/L or combination treatments of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg NAA/L at FB followed by 50 mg ethephon/L at 7 DAFB. In addition 5 mg NAA/L or 50 mg ethephon/L were followed by 150 mg CyLex/L (6-benzyladenine, Abbott Laboratories) at 20 DAFB. Neither NAA, ethephon alone or NAA followed by ethephon were effective at the 2 lower concentrations. The highest level of NAA with ethephon did some thinning of ‘Pink Lady’ but overthinned ‘Jonagold’. The CyLex combination treatments were the most effective. Combining NAA and CyLex did not thin enough to increase fruit size in ‘Pink Lady’ and slightly overthinned ‘Jonagold’. The most effective treatment of ethephon and CyLex removed about half the crop load compared with the control for both cultivars. This resulted in a 29% increase in fruit weight and a 48% increase in fruit size for ‘Jonagold’. ‘Pink Lady’ increases were less, being 16% for fruit weight and 38% for fruit size. All mean fruit weight and size outcomes for the ethephon–CyLex treatment exceeded provisional targets. The ethephon–CyLex combination had important fruit quality outcomes other than fruit weight and size. Fruit soluble solids were increased by this treatment by 10% for ‘Jonagold’ and 6% for ‘Pink Lady’ and fruit firmness by 11% for ‘Jonagold’ and 5% for ‘Pink Lady’. The overall results for the ethephon–CyLex combination were most encouraging for both cultivars. Further work is required to substantiate these results.

scholarly journals Investigation and Prevention of Cork Spot Disorder in ‘Akizuki’ Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-xin Duan ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Ran Wang ◽  
Chun-hui Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Pear Cultivar ◽  
Asian Pear ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Potential Tool

‘Akizuki’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is a dominant Asian pear cultivar with gradually increasing cultivation area in Shandong province. However, this cultivar is found susceptible to cork spot disorder in recent years. In this study, we explored the physiological-biochemical mechanism of cork spot disorder in pear fruit, and investigated the effectiveness of spraying calcium (Ca), boron (B) solution or prohexadione calcium (P-Ca) on cork spot incidence. Cork spotted fruit had the characteristics of significantly larger fruit size with shorter fruit pedicels. Compared with normal fruit, cork spotted fruit had lower content of total soluble solids, soluble and reducing sugar, and vitamin C. In addition, cork spotted fruit accumulated much higher levels of N and Mg, and lower levels of K and P. However, Ca deficiency was not observed in cork spotted fruit, on the contrary, we determined high concentrations of Ca and free Ca2+ in disordered fruit. At the same time, the ratios of K/Ca, Mg/Ca, and (K+Mg)/Ca were significantly lower in cork spotted fruit as compared with normal fruit. Among all treatments, spraying with 3500 times dilution of P-Ca at 15-day intervals from 30 to 90 days after full bloom showed promise for reducing cork spot incidence in ‘Akizuki’ pear without affecting fruit quality attributes. This research herein reveals the physiological-biochemical characteristic of cork spot disorder, and implicates P-Ca as a potential tool to reduce cork spot incidence in Asian pear cultivar Akizuki.

scholarly journals Simulating Biotic Stress with Terbacil on Apple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 779F-779
Author(s):  
J. A. Flore ◽  
Edgardo Disegna
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Photosynthetic Inhibition ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Dose Dependent

Terbacil an inhibitor of photosynthesis was applied to 10-year-old `Redchief' apple trees in the field carrying a heavy or light fruit crop, or to trees in pots. This simulated the effect of photosynthetic inhibition (PN-I) by either biotic or abiotic stress. Current as well as the next season's crop and physiology were determined. The magnitude and duration of photosynthetic inhibition was dose-dependent. A concentration of 63 mg·liter–1 was applied at 15-day intervals from bloom through harvest. Photosynthesis was in inhibited by 50% to 80% within 24 h of application, but recovered to control levels 10 to 14 days later. Terbacil at 15 and 30 DAFB induced fruit abscission, but not at later dates. The earlier the application the greater the effect on current seasons yield and fruit size. There was also a significant interaction with crop load. There were no significant effects on fruit soluble solids, fruit firmness, fruit density, or fruit color at harvest. Terbacil did not affect cold acclimation, deep winter hardiness, or deacclimation. Pn inhibition at 30, 60, 80, and 100 DAFB reduced return bloom.

scholarly journals CPPU Influences Fruit Quality, Fruit Set, Return Bloom, and Preharvest Drop of Apples

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Curry ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Return Bloom

CPPU was applied to whole spur `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in central Washington at 0,6.25,12.5,25, or 50 mg·liter-1 at full bloom (FB) or FB plus 2 weeks. At both application times, the flesh firmness of treated fruit linearly increased with increasing concentration. CPPU applied at 0,5,10,15, or 20 mg·liter-1 to spur `Delicious' trees in Massachusetts at king bloom resulted in a linear increase in flesh firmness at harvest and following 28 weeks in air storage at 0C. CPPU did not affect the incidence of senescent breakdown, decay, or cork spot. Fruit length: diameter (L/D) ratios generally increased at all doses. Fruit weight was not influenced at either location. All CPPU concentrations reduced return bloom on `Delicious' apples in Massachusetts in 1989. Of the 10, 20, or 40 mg·liter-1 treatments for `Empire' apples, only CPPU at 40 mg·liter-1 reduced return bloom. CPPU applied to `Empire' apples in Massachusetts did not effect fruit set, soluble solids concentration, L/D, or firmness; however, fruit weight increased linearly with concentration. CPPU applied at 100 mg·liter-1 retarded preharvest fruit drop of `Early McIntosh' in Massachusetts for ≈7 days but was not as effective as NAA at 20 mg·liter-1. In a larger semicommercial trial, `Delicious' fruit treated with CPPU at 5,10, or 15 mg·liter-1 at FB, petal fall (PF), or PF plus 1 week, respectively, were harvested and graded over a commercial packing line. Malformities caused by CPPU at the highest doses reduced packout, although all CPPU application rates reduced the percent fruit culled due to poor color. CPPU increased packed fruit size, since the size of fruit (64 mm in diameter) in the >150-fruit/box size decreased, while the size of fruit (72 mm in diameter) in the 100- and 130-fruit/box sizes increased. Treated fruit stored for 7 months at 1C were firmer than nontreated controls. Chemical names used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N' -phenylurea (CPPU); 1 naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA).

Blossom Thinning in Pome and Stone Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 553b-553
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
Bud Initiation

Early thinning of apples is important because of its impact on fruit size and next season's flower bud initiation. In the past, apple cultivars were often sprayed with the blossom thinner sodium dinitro-ortho-cresol(Elgetol) during full bloom, followed by a post-bloom application of a fruit thinner such as carbaryl with or without naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Elgetol was removed from the market in 1989 because of the high cost of re-registration. Full-bloom sprays of sulfcarbamide (Wilthin), pelargonic acid (Thinex), and endothalic acid (Endothal), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or petal fall spray of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) were developed as replacements for Elgetol. Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and other chemicals have been used to eliminate or to reduce chilling requirements of peaches grown under the warm desert conditions. HC applied at “pink bloom” stage was observed to reduce the number of open blooms in `Florda Prince' peach; therefore, it was first used for blossom thinning in this cultivar in Arizona. Later, HC was also found to be an effective blossom thinner for plums in Idaho. HC has recently been found to effectively thin apple and peach blossoms. Armothin has also been an effective blossom thinner for peach in California.

Interaction Between CPPU and NAA on Fruit Thinning and Fruit Development in Selected Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513c-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Jerome Hull ◽  
John C. Neilsen ◽  
Michael Schroeder ◽  
Georg Noga
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Return Bloom

NAA is used extensively for fruit thinning of apples to increase fruit size and to promote return bloom. In some cultivars, even if thinning is achieved, fruit size at harvest may be less than expected based on crop load. CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N.-phenylurea, has been shown to increase fruit growth in apples, grapes, and kiwi. We evaluated combinations of NAA and CPPU on thinning, fruit growth and return bloom in Redchief `Delicious', `Elstar', and `Gloster'. CPPU was applied at 5 mgμL–1 (based on 0 to 10 mgμL–1 response curve) in combination with 15 mgμL–1 NAA as high-volume sprays at 7 to 10 mm KFD. Yield and fruit size distribution (on total yield) were used as index of response. In `Delicious', CPPU (3-year study) increased % large (70 mm+) fruit, but in the presence of NAA % large fruit was reduced 2 of the 3 years. CPPU did not induce significant thinning. There were no significant effects on color or soluble solids; firmness was increased slightly and seed number reduced. The L/D ratio was increased and uneven lobe and carpel development was common. CPPU had no significant effect on return bloom in presence or absence of NAA, but NAA increased bloom in both the presence and absence of CPPU. With `Elstar' (2-year study) there was no significant thinning with either chemical, but CPPU increased mean fruit size and % large (70–80 mm) fruit over nonthinned, but not significantly greater than NAA alone. There were no significant differences in firmness, color, soluble solids or seed number. NAA + CPPU did not inhibit fruit growth or cause excessive uneven carpel development. Frost damage reduced crop load in `Gloster' where results were similar to `Elstar' except seed number was reduced by the NAA + CPPU combination.

scholarly journals Daminozide, Root Pruning, Trunk Scoring, and Trunk Ringing Effects on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of `McIntosh' Apple

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Storage Behavior

A midsummer foliar daminozide (DZ) application (750 mg a.i./liter) to `Macspur McIntosh'/M.7 apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) reduced preharvest drop and retarded flesh firmness loss and starch hydrolysis when tested at harvest; DZ also reduced fruit ethylene production at harvest and after 19 weeks of storage at 0.5C. Root pruning at full bloom (May) resulted in increased soluble solids concentration (SSC) and firmer flesh and less starch hydrolysis at harvest, but not consistently each year. Full-bloom root pruning reduced the incidence of stem-cavity browning and brown core, but again not each year. Full-bloom root pruning did not influence ethylene evolution at harvest but did reduce post-storage ethylene evolution in two of three seasons. Full-bloom root pruning generally was less effective than DZ in altering fruit behavior, while root pruning later than full bloom had virtually no effect. Trunk scoring or ringing increased SSC and retarded loss of flesh firmness before harvest and following storage, but had little effect on starch hydrolysis. Scoring or ringing decreased incidence of some disorders and reduced post-storage ethylene evolution, although these treatments had little effect on ethylene production at harvest. Trunk scoring influenced some fruit characteristics more strongly than DZ. Fruit size was not affected by any treatment in any year. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2 -dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

Thinning Golden Delicious apples with pre-bloom naphthalene acetic acid and later carbaryl sprays

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (126) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Jones ◽  
TB Koen ◽  
RJ Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Golden Delicious

A trial in southern Tasmania examined the thinning effects of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on Golden Delicious apples. The NAA was applied at pink bud or balloon blossom at 12, 18 and 24 ppm, with or without carbaryl at 1800 ppm applied 10 d after full bloom. Carbaryl was also applied alone 10 and 20 d after full bloom, and a hand thinned treatment was included. The higher concentrations of NAA did the most thinning but only the hand-thinned and 24 ppm NAA at balloon blossom with carbaryl treatment thinned enough to produce the required fruit size. The NAA sprays at balloon blossom thinned considerably more than those at pink bud. Neither NAA nor carbaryl alone was as effective as the combination. Reduction of fruit numbers increased mean fruit weight from 101 g in the control to 149 g in the 24 ppm NAA at balloon blossom with carbaryl. There was no evidence that increasing the concentration of NAA reduced mean fruit weight. This trial demonstrates that the effect of balloon stage sprays of NAA combined with later carbaryl sprays on Golden Delicious is similar to that achieved by the normal practice of spraying with NAA 7-14 d after full blossom, followed by carbaryl at 20 d. Reduction from 128 fruit/ 100 blossom clusters in the control to 76 after spraying at balloon blossom is still outside present aims of 30-50 fruit and is not considered to be severe enough thinning to assure adequate fruit size.

Control of pudding spot in Crofton apple

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
KM Jones ◽  
SA Bound ◽  
MJ Oakford ◽  
TB Koen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Thinning Effect

Regularly cropped Crofton apple trees in southern Tasmania were thinned using sprays of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 10 mg/L or ethephon at 200 mg/L at balloon blossom (BB), full bloom (FB), 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) or 20 DAFB. These treatments were compared with hand thinning and an unthinned control. Ethephon had a uniformly mild thinning effect (about 30% compared to control), except at 10 DAFB, where no thinning occurred. NAA was inconsistent, thinning well at BB (50%), overthinning at both FB (85%) and 10 DAFB (88%), and underthinning at 20 DAFB (similar to the control). Ethephon applied at BB and FB increased both mean fruit weight (12 and 22%) and fruit size (28 and 79%), but later applications did not. NAA applications generally resulted in increased mean fruit weight and size, except for the 20 DAFB treatment, which was similar to the control. All ethephon treatments had a low incidence (43%) of pudding spot similar to the controls and hand-thinned treatments. Most NAA treatments showed significantly higher levels of pudding spot than the other treatments. It is concluded that ethephon is a more predictable thinner for Crofton than NAA, and its use to control pudding spot is recommended.

‘SPC136’ (Suite Note™) sweet cherry

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1555-1558
Author(s):  
Cheryl Hampson ◽  
Richard MacDonald ◽  
Darrell-Lee McKenzie ◽  
Linda Herbert ◽  
Christopher Pagliocchini
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Cherry Blossom ◽  
Solids Content

Hampson, C., MacDonald, R., McKenzie, D.-L., Herbert, L. and Pagliocchini, C. 2014. ‘SPC136’ (Suite Note™) sweet cherry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1555–1558. ‘SPC136’ (Suite Note™) is a new early-season sweet cherry being released for commercial production by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada sweet cherry breeding program at Summerland, BC, Canada. Harvest timing in Summerland (Jul. 09) is similar to that of ‘Bing’ or ‘Van’ but fruit size is much larger (over 12 g). Fruit firmness, soluble solids content and susceptibility to rain splitting resemble those of other cultivars of similar harvest timing, but stem detachment force is higher. The trees are not self-fertile and bloom late in the cherry blossom season.

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