Effects of modifying layer cages with solid sides on stress physiology, plumage, pecking and bone strength of hens

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Barnett ◽  
P. C. Glatz ◽  
E. A. Newman ◽  
G. M. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Positive Effect

Summary. This experiment evaluated the welfare of layer hens housed in cages modified with solid sides. Welfare was assessed on the basis of physiological measures of stress [corticosterone concentrations ‘at rest’ and in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios)] and immunological responsiveness, feather condition and cover, bone strength, claw length and between-bird pecking behaviour. Factors examined were cage modification (solid sides v. open sides i.e. standard cages), tier (upper v. lower), birds (1 or 2 birds/cage) and age (commencing at 35 v. 60 weeks of age). The cages provided a floor area of 1504 cm2. Floor pens (2.5 by 2.5 m) with 10 birds/pen served as an external control treatment. Solid sides in cages reduced the level of stress, compared with both standard cages and floor pens, based on lower corticosterone concentrations (2.2 v. 3.4 and 4.4 nmol/L, respectively) and lower heterophil : lymphocyte ratios (1.36 v. 1.66 and 1.66, respectively) (P<0.05). The ACTH response data reflected a lower level of stress in the solid side compared with the pen treatment (P<0.05). Feather condition and cover were improved by the presence of solid sides compared with standard cages (P<0.05), were similar to the floor pen treatment and were probably a consequence of reduced pecking behaviour both within (65%) and between cages (86%) (P<0.05). Solid sides had no effects on immunological responsiveness, claw length or bone strength. The experiment showed that solid sides can have a positive effect on welfare by reducing the level of stress, decreasing between-bird pecking and improving feather condition and cover. However, another study showed mortalities increased in cages with solid sides during hot weather.

Effects of modifying layer cages with perches on stress physiology, plumage, pecking and bone strength of hens

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Barnett ◽  
P. C. Glatz ◽  
E. A. Newman ◽  
G. M. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Tail Feather ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Layer Hens

Summary. This experiment evaluated the welfare of layer hens housed in cages modified with perches. Welfare was assessed on the basis of physiological measures of stress (corticosterone concentrations ‘at rest’ and in response to ACTH and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios) and immunological responsiveness, feather condition and cover, bone strength, claw length and between-bird pecking behaviour. Factors examined were cage modification (perches v. standard cage), tier (upper v. lower), birds (1 or 2 birds/cage) and age (commencing at 35 v. 60 weeks of age). The cages provided a floor area of 1504 cm2 . Floor pens (2.5 by 2.5 m) with 10 birds/pen served as an external control treatment. Perches improved the strength of the femur (P<0.05) compared with standard cages but bone strength was still less than in floor pens (P<0.05). There were no effects of cage modification on any of the physiological variables or liveweight (P>0.05). The only improvement in feather condition and cover within cages due to the presence of a perch was in the condition of the tail feathers which was better (P<0.05) than in a standard cage, but not as good as tail feathers in the pen treatment (P<0.001). Overall, feather condition and cover was better in the pen treatment (P<0.001) and similar in the 2 cage treatments (P>0.05). The presence of a perch resulted in longer claws than in a standard cage and floor pens (P<0.05), and significant (P<0.01) perching activity compared with floor pens. The experiment showed that perches should be considered for use in commercial laying cages as they resulted in an improvement in bone strength; there was also an improvement in tail feather condition, which is considered by some to be an advantage.

scholarly journals Naphthenic acids - alternative rooting stimulators in black locust microshoots

2014 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Branislav Kovacevic ◽  
Slavko Kevresan ◽  
Sasa Orlovic ◽  
Dragana Miladinovic ◽  
Vera Cirin-Novta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Test Treatments ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Positive Effect

The study describes the rooting effect of naphthenates and their fractions on in vitro grown Robinia pseudoacacia L. shoots. Natural naphthenic acids have been isolated by alkaline extraction from middle fraction of crude oil type ?Velebit? from Vojvodina, characterized and fractionated. Black locust shoot bases were immersed in ACM medium [Ahuja, 1984] without agar supplemented with either 10, 50 or 100 ?M of basic naphthenate preparation, naphthenate fractions obtained by extraction at different pHs (pH 2, pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9), or indole- 3-butyric acid (IBA). Treated shoots have been then grown on hormone-free medium for four weeks. Significant differences among test treatments were recorded during the third and the fourth week of in vitro cultivation. Final evaluation was performed on the basis of rooting percentage after four weeks of cultivation. The highest rooting percentage (>70%) was achieved after the treatment with solution containing 50 ?M of IBA. However, treatment with 10 ?M of naphthenate preparation achieved also positive effect on rooting (>60%). Average rooting percentage in the control treatment was just 45%. Our results with black locust confirm previous results gained with some other agricultural and forest tree species that naphthenates have the potential to stimulate rooting in shoots and cuttings.

scholarly journals Effect of Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Selected Spring Wheat Lines

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonaisy Mujica Pérez ◽  
Christiane Charest ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Sylvie Séguin ◽  
Xuelian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Activity Yield ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Positive Effect

<p class="sar-body"><span lang="EN-US">An experiment was performed in a completely randomized split-plot design using five lines of spring wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.) (AW-774, AC Carberry, HY-162, Major and AAC Scotia) and two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains (<em>Rhizoglomus irregulare </em>and <em>Glomus cubense</em>). Two different inoculant forms (solid and liquid) for the <em>G. cubense</em> strain were evaluated. The main plot was AMF, and the subplot was spring wheat lines. Data on heading date, plant height, fresh, and dry biomass, yield, grain quality (chemical composition of the seeds, gluten, and sugar), root structure, and colonization by AMF were collected. The results show a positive effect of inoculation in comparison with the control treatment. The liquid and solid <em>G. cubense</em> inoculants provided better results than inoculation with <em>R.</em> <em>irregulare</em>. Fungus indicators were in agreement with root morphological parameters because of the effect induced by AMF activity. Yield increased significantly in the mycorrhizal treatments.</span></p>

scholarly journals Establishing of Optimum Nutrient Ranges for Canola Leaves Affected by Compost and Zinc by DRIS Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Saied El Sayed ◽  
Farid Hellal ◽  
H. I. El-Aila
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
The Status ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Organic Compost

DRIS method is one of the important methods that reflect the status of the nutrients within the plant tissue. Field experiment were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre, Nubaria region, Beheira Governorate, Egypt during 2019/2020 to evaluate leaf nutrient optimum ranges of canola affected by compost addition (0, 2, 4 and 6 ton fed-1) to the soil and foliar application of zinc (0, 50 and 100 ppm) under water regimes at 75 and 40% water holding capacity. A remarkable increase the macronutrient contents due to the addition of compost and had a positive effect, especially with the rates 4 and 6 ton fed-1 + zinc sulfate foliar spraying at a rate of 100 ppm under sufficient and deficit irrigation treatments. Under water stress, in the control treatment as compared to the treatment combination (4 ton/fed compost + 100 ppm Zn), the N index was decreased from (-143.2) to (-76.1) in this time the nitrogen a negative DRIS index indicates that the nutrient level is below the optimum. Phosphorus index was recorded (-98) reduced to (-39.4) and a negative DRIS index indicates that the phosphorus level is below optimum in these treatment combinations. Also, the DRIS index for potassium was recorded (241.2) decrease up to (115.5) and the potassium has a positive DRIS index indicates that the nutrient level is above or near to the optimum. DRIS norms could be used to test the nutritional balance of nutrients in plant and diagnose nutrient requirements through calculating DRIS indices or direct application of physiological diagnosis (PD) chart.  Objective: The objectives this study to evaluation of canola leaf nutrient optimum ranges affected by organic compost addition to the soil and micronutrient such as of zinc foliar application.

scholarly journals Aguas residuales de industria láctea como alternativa sostenible para aumentar la productividad del maíz en Perú

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Del Carpio Salas ◽  
◽  
Midwar Ancco ◽  
Antonio Erick Linares Flores Castro ◽  
Rodolfo Ancco-Loza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Marginal Return ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Positive Effect

Corn (Zea Mays) is the most cultivated cereal in the world and this is a staple food for human beings that is why in recent years they are looking for alternatives to improve their production. On the other hand, whey is a residual effluent from the dairy industry generally eliminated in sewage, however, due to its high organic load it can be used to produce different biofertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on the production of the corn crop when applying a biofertilizer obtained by anaerobic fermentation of whey and bovine manure. The study was conducted between October 2018 and February 2019, in the experimental area of the Calaspam association, located in Majes, Arequipa-Peru. A complete randomized block experimental design was used in a 2×4 factorial scheme composed by three biofertilizer treatments (6.9 and 12 LBF/water) and a control treatment with three replicates applied with an average flow rate of 1.5 Lha-1. Morphological, post-harvest and economic indicators were determined, as well as the chlorophyll content. Results indicate that biofertilizer treatments improved the indicators studied. The third treatment shows higher values in all the indicators compared to the other treatments, being the values of yield (79,29±7,33 103 kgha-1) and marginal return rate (85,73%) the most outstanding. It is concluded that the biofertilizer obtained from bovine manure and whey has a positive effect on corn production and its application is economically viable.

scholarly journals Response of litter decomposition and the soil environment to one-year nitrogen addition in a Schrenk spruce forest in the Tianshan Mountains, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolong Ding ◽  
Xu Liu ◽  
Lu Gong ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Jingjing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
N Application ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractHuman activities have increased the input of nitrogen (N) to forest ecosystems and have greatly affected litter decomposition and the soil environment. But differences in forests with different nitrogen deposition backgrounds. To better understand the response of litter decomposition and soil environment of N-limited forest to nitrogen deposition. We established an in situ experiment to simulate the effects of N deposition on soil and litter ecosystem processes in a Picea schrenkiana forest in the Tianshan Mountains, China. This study included four N treatments: control (no N addition), low N addition (LN: 5 kg N ha−1 a−1), medium N addition (MN: 10 kg N ha−1 a−1) and high N addition (HN: 20 kg N ha−1 a−1). Our results showed that N addition had a significant effect on litter decomposition and the soil environment. Litter mass loss in the LN treatment and in the MN treatment was significantly higher than that in the control treatment. In contrast, the amount of litter lost in the HN treatment was significantly lower than the other treatments. N application inhibited the degradation of lignin but promoted the breakdown of cellulose. The carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) contents of litter did not differ significantly among the treatments, but LN promoted the release of C and P. Our results also showed that soil pH decreased with increasing nitrogen application rates, while soil enzyme activity showed the opposite trend. In addition, the results of redundancy analysis (RDA) and correlation analyses showed that the soil environment was closely related to litter decomposition. Soil enzymes had a positive effect on litter decomposition rates, and N addition amplified these correlations. Our study confirmed that N application had effects on litter decomposition and the soil environment in a N-limited P. schrenkiana forest. LN had a strong positive effect on litter decomposition and the soil environment, while HN was significantly negative. Therefore, increased N deposition may have a negative effect on material cycling of similar forest ecosystems in the near future.

scholarly journals Traits for depression related to agentic and external control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Castiello ◽  
Salha Senan ◽  
Rachel M. Msetfi ◽  
Robin Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Performance Difference ◽  
Global Performance ◽  
Zero Degree ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Situational Perceptions ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Specific Control

Depression has been linked to weakened perceptions of control. The experimental evidence derives from tasks with exposure to stable action-outcome contingencies. One assumption has been that performance represents a general cognitive bias that might manifest itself by a global performance difference. Another view is that people have specific situational perceptions of control reflecting their recent actions and the contingencies to which they are currently experiencing. In an experiment with N = 179, participants acquired one of four action-outcome sequences (Constant or Variable). We measured how learning was reflected in ratings of control and probability of responding in relation to mood. In three experimental treatments, the overall contingency across training involved an average moderate degree of control (∆P = 0.25), but differed in how control varied (Constant or one of two Variable treatments). A fourth, control treatment involved a Constant zero degree of control (∆P = 0.00). Participants rated their control before, during and after each sequence, providing measures of pre-existing bias, ratings of control in specific situations and generalised control perceptions. Specific control ratings were only influenced by the contingency experience and not pre-existing bias. Higher scores on the Beck’s depression inventory were associated with weakened association between action and context ratings. Overall, these data suggest that human agency is related to rates of responding and that mood is related to a difference in sensitivity to the ratings of and responding to the context.

scholarly journals Curcuma alismatifolia vase life

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Bruno Trevenzoli Favero ◽  
Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima ◽  
John Dole
Keyword(s):  
Deionized Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Industry Needs ◽  
Positive Effect

Cut curcuma stem has a reported vase life of 7 to 21 days and this difference in vase life is probably due to a combination of different factors such as growing conditions and postharvest treatments. However, the cut flower industry needs key postharvest information for new species and cultivars to be able to effectively market the flowers. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of commercial hydrator and holding solutions, commercial growth regulator formulation, floral foam, ethylene and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the postharvest handling of C. alismatifolia cultivars. Control treatment (deionized water) had better vase life than the combinations of the commercial hydrator for 4h and commercial holding solution for 44h. Floral foam reduced vase life to 17 days from 23 days for the control treatment. The growth regulators gibberellin plus benzyladenine (GA4+7 + BA) had a positive effect on the fresh weight keeping parameter, but further studies are necessary. STS did not improve vase life, nor did ethylene at 1 µL L-1 reduce it. The curcuma cultivars tested were not positively affected by vase solution composition and had an average vase life in deionized water of 21 days.

Skin Conductance Feedback Meditation: Evaluation of a Novel Physiology-Assisted Meditation Style

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Thilo Hinterberger ◽  
Felicitas Baierlein ◽  
Natalie Breitenbach
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Feedback Questionnaire ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Positive Effect

Background: Mindfulness meditation (MM) can be regarded as a practice for calming the mind, while the focus on their breathing can help meditators maintain a state of mindful presence. We have developed and evaluated an alternative method for reaching conscious states of pure being without the aid of a focus of attention. Methods: Skin conductance feedback was provided in real-time during meditation sessions (SCFM) and the practicability of this novel approach was evaluated. 30 participants - 15 meditation experts and 15 non-meditators - attended 6 sessions of meditation over the course of 3 days; 4 SCFM and 2 ordinary MM sessions were conducted. Each session was evaluated with physiological measures and a feedback questionnaire assessing subjective changes in body-related, emotional, and mental self-perception. Results: On average, 78.3% of the participants felt more integrated and connected, 84.2% perceived themselves as more calm and balanced, and 50% felt vitalized after SCFM sessions, while only 5% or less felt more agitated or depressed after the sessions. SCFM was not significantly different from MM. The positive effect of SCFM correlated positively with mindfulness self-ratings. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SCFM is a viable method for performing a satisfying and consciousness-expanding meditation session.

scholarly journals Optimal bone mechanical and material properties require a functional glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

2013 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Mabilleau ◽  
Aleksandra Mieczkowska ◽  
Nigel Irwin ◽  
Peter R Flatt ◽  
Daniel Chappard
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Collagen Matrix ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Positive Effect

Bone is permanently remodeled by a complex network of local, hormonal, and neuronal factors that affect osteoclast and osteoblast biology. Among these factors, a role for gastrointestinal hormones has been proposed based on the evidence that bone resorption dramatically falls after a meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is one of these gut hormones, and despite several reports suggesting an anabolic effect of GLP1, or its stable analogs, on bone mass, little is known about the effects of GLP1/GLP1 receptor on bone strength. In this study, we investigated by three-point bending, quantitative X-ray microradiography, microcomputed tomography, qBEI, and FTIRI bone strength and bone quality in male Glp1r knockout (Glp1r KO) mice when compared with control WT animals. Animals with a deletion of Glp1r presented with a significant reduction in ultimate load, yield load, stiffness, and total absorbed and post-yield energies when compared with WT animals. Furthermore, cortical thickness and bone outer diameter were significantly decreased in deficient animals. The mineral quantity and quality were not significantly different between Glp1r KO and WT animals. On the other hand, the maturity of the collagen matrix was significantly reduced in deficient animals and associated with lowered material properties. Taken together, these data support a positive effect of GLP1R on bone strength and quality.

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