Herbicide strategies for reducing nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) density in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield

Summary. A range of herbicides and combinations of herbicides were evaluated for controlling nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) in 5 experiments in irrigated cotton in northern New South Wales. Control was assessed by comparing the density of tubers before and after treatment. Cotton lint yield and ginning percentage were also assessed. Combinations of herbicides, including 2,4-D, were evaluated in an additional experiment in fallow. Multiple in-crop applications of glyphosate reduced tuber density by up to 96% over 2 seasons. This was improved with successive applications of glyphosate. Nutgrass tuber density was also reduced when glyphosate was combined with norflurazon (96%), benfuresate (92%), fluometuron (84%) or EPTC (87%). Similar reductions in nutgrass density were observed with methazole, dimethenamid, atrazine, and the combination of norflurazon + MSMA. Treatments which reduced nutgrass density generally resulted in average or above-average lint yields. From these results, a strategy for controlling nutgrass in cotton can be developed using norflurazon preplanting, and multiple applications of glyphosate and/or MSMA in-crop.

Establishing surface-sown pastures in a Poa labillardieri-Themeda australis association

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
MJ Keys ◽  
RD Murison ◽  
JJ Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After

The effects of time and rate of application of glyphosate, 2,2-DPA and tetrapion on Poa labillardieri and Themeda australis were measured in seven experiments carried out 55 km south of Braidwood, on the southern tablelands of New South Wales between 1980 and 1982. In an eighth experiment (1981) and in a 35-ha demonstration (1983), at the same site, the effects of applying herbicides (before and after the autumn break) and surface-sowing Phalaris aquatica, Festuca arundinacea and Trifiolium repens with fertiliser on the control of P. labillardieri were ascertained. All three herbicides proved effective in reducing the ground cover of P. labillardieri from applications at any time of the year. For T. australis, tetrapion proved effective when applied at any time of the year, while glyphosate and 2,2-DPA were effective in all seasons except winter. Glyphosate at rates between 0.72 and 1.44 kg/ha a.i. was more cost effective than 2,2-DPA (11.1 kg/ha a.i.) and tetrapion (3.75 kg/ha a.i.). Best establishment and development of sown grasses and legumes was attained by applying herbicides after the autumn break but before heavy frosts, and then surface-sowing 1-3 months later. Control of P. labillardieri was best where P. aquatica and F. arundinacea established most densely.

Effects of variable-intensity logging and the influence of habitat variables on the distribution of the Greater Glider Petauroides volans in montane forest, southeastern New South Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney P. Kavanagh ◽  
Rodney P. Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Arboreal Marsupials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Populations of arboreal marsupials were assessed in forests before and after logging at different levels of logging intensity to determine the sensitivity of these species to habitat disturbance. The logging treatments imposed were unlogged controls and two intensities of integrated logging for sawlogs and woodchips. The mean basal area of trees retained in logged blocks ranged from 83% to 35% of pre-logging levels. The objective of the study was to develop better methods for managing arboreal marsupials within the wood production forests of southeastern New South Wales. Seven species of arboreal marsupials were recorded during the study, but the Greater Glider Petauroides volans was the only species recorded in sufficient numbers for analysis (86% of all records). No significant differences were observed between the treatments in counts of the Greater Glider before and after logging. However, given the observed trend and an a priori expectation of a decline in numbers of this species following intensive logging, a one-tailed statistical test was applied which resulted in a significant difference at P = 0.08 for the contrast between the unlogged controls and the most intensively logged treatment. The existence of a threshold in logging intensity within the range of 21 % to 39% retention of tree basal area, below which numbers of the Greater Glider suffer a marked decline, was inferred on the basis of comparisons with the results of other studies. Factors other than logging were important in determining the distribution of the Greater Glider. Elevation, in particular, was a significant environmental variable, with Greater Gliders more likely to occur in forests above 845 m a.s.1. The presence and absence of particular tree species also influenced the distribution of the Greater Glider. Forests containing Manna Gum E. viminalis and Mountain Gum E. dalrympleana were highly preferred compared to forests with a high proportion of E. obliqua. The presence of E. cypellocarpa appeared to improve the quality of habitat for the Greater Glider in forests dominated by E. obliqua. This study has shown that Greater Glider populations can be maintained at or near pre-logging levels when at least 40% of the original tree basal area is retained thoughout logged areas and when the usual practice of retaining unlogged forest in riparian strips is applied.

Decadal trends in shark catches and effort from the New South Wales, Australia, Shark Meshing Program 1950 - 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Reid ◽  
W. D. Robbins ◽  
V. M. Peddemors
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Galeocerdo Cuvier ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Size And Sex Composition ◽  
Over Time

The New South Wales (NSW) government has operated a program of netting beaches for the protection of swimmers and surfers against shark attack since 1937 in Sydney, and since 1949 in Newcastle and Wollongong. The scope and directives of the Shark Meshing Program have remained constant since its inception, with operational modifications in net specifications in 1972, changes in spatial deployment in 1972, 1987 and 1992, and the elimination of winter netting since 1989. This markedly increased meshing effort in 1972, and again in 1987. In the present study, we examine the trends in catch and effort for the period from 1950–1951 to 2009–2010 over this 200-km section of the NSW coast. Significant temporal trends in species, size and sex composition are described herein. Catches were consistently dominated by three shark taxa, hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), whaler sharks (Carcharhinus spp.) and Australian angel sharks (Squatina australis), although their relative contributions to catches varied over time. Catch per unit effort has significantly declined for five of the most abundant shark taxa over the study period, increasing only for a single taxon, the sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). Catches of larger, potentially dangerous white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) saw fewer large animals being caught over time. This pattern was not observed across other taxa. Four different monthly trends were observed in landings of the most abundant eight taxa, reflecting differences in the biology of the catch species. The current study also provides useful information on catches and sizes of grey nurse (Carcharias taurus) and white sharks before and after their protection in NSW waters in 1984 and 1998, respectively.

Chemical fractionation of soil nitrogen in six soils from southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Before And After

The nitrogen in six surface soils from southern New South Wales was chemically fractionated into the mineral nitrogen; hydrolysed ammonium + amino sugar; hydrolysed non-distillable acid soluble nitrogen; intercalary ammonium and insoluble humin nitrogen fractions. These fractions were determined before and after a glasshouse study in which ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown. There was no significant relationship between any of the fractions and the dry matter producion of ryegrass at three harvest dates. The levels of each fraction varied between the soils ; however, each fraction as a percentage of the total nitrogen showed little variation, either before or after plant growth. In four soils the hydrolysed ammonium + amino sugar fraction was increased during the glasshouse study, while the hydrolysed non-distillable acid soluble fraction was decreased on three soils, increased on two, and was unchanged in the remaining soil. Two methods of hydrolysis were compared and found to give significantly different results for some soils. On the basis of the data presented, the chemical fractionation of soil nitrogen following acid hydrolysis was of no practical value as a predictor of plant yield.

Induction of labour practices in New South Wales hospitals: Before and after a statewide policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya A. C. Nippita ◽  
Christine L. Roberts ◽  
Michael C. Nicholl ◽  
Jonathan M. Morris
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Induction Of Labour ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After

Effect of otter prawn trawling on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum in a New South Wales estuary

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Gibbs ◽  
AJ Collins ◽  
LC Collett
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Otter Trawl ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Preliminary Step ◽  
Quantitative Sampling ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sandy Substratum

The effect of the use of otter trawling gear (of the type commonly employed for prawn fishing in New South Wales estuaries) on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum was studied. The effect was assessed by direct quantitative sampling of the macrobenthos at three treatment sites and one control site on three occasions: before and after intensive trawling, prior to the opening of the commercial prawning season. and again at the close of the commercial season. Underwater observations of otter trawl nets were also made. The similarity of sites was examined using numerical clustering techniques as a preliminary step to statistical comparisons of epifaunal, infaunal and 'whole' faunal community indices (No. of individuals. No. of species and Shannon species diversity) by analysis of variance. From both the quantitative sampling and underwater observations, it was shown that the otter praazn trawling gear used did not cause any detectable changes in the macrobenthic fauna of the trawl grounds.

Effect of long-fallow on soil quality and cotton lint yield in an irrigated, self-mulching, grey Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
J. L. Cooper ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
D. B. Nehl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales

Reduced crop growth rates (‘long-fallow disorder’) can be a feature of long-fallow cotton (cotton, alternating with a bare fallow, is sown every other year). This is usually attributed to decreased development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), although associated soil physical, chemical, and biological properties are very rarely reported. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1997 in a grey, self-mulching Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales to characterise soil properties under long-fallow cotton with a view to identifying soil factors other than AM that could contribute to cotton growth rate reductions. Soil quality indicators monitored were compaction (bulk density and air-filled porosity), strength (cone resistance), plastic limit, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of AM, and incidence of cotton root diseases. In comparison with continuous cotton, long-fallow cotton had lower soil strength, and lower plastic limit. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were higher with continuous cotton only in 1994. Higher nitrate-N was also observed with long-fallow during the first fallow phase of the experiment. Long-fallow did not have any significant effect on soil organic carbon. However, a net decline in soil organic C and exchangeable Mg occurred with both treatments. During the cotton phase, subsoil nitrate-N and incidence of black root rot were lower with long-fallow cotton. Uptake of nitrogen by continuous cotton may have been reduced by greater severity of black root rot. Vegetative and reproductive growth, water extraction, and cotton lint yields in long-fallow cotton plots were higher than those in continuous cotton plots. AM development was similar with continuous cotton and long-fallow cotton. Compared with long-fallow cotton, the lower lint yield in continuous cotton was thought to be due to the interactive effects of declining nutrient availability, higher soil strength, and greater severity of black root rot causing decreases in nutrient and water uptake.

Population recovery of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby following fox control in New South Wales and South Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Sharp ◽  
Melinda Norton ◽  
Chris Havelberg ◽  
Wendy Cliff ◽  
Adam Marks
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Species Recovery ◽  
Introduced Herbivores ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fox Control

Context Introduced herbivores and carnivores have significantly altered ecosystems across Australia and have been implicated in the decline and extinction of many species, particularly in the arid and semiarid zones. The experimental confirmation of agents of decline is a fundamental step in threatened species management, allowing for an efficient allocation of resources and effective species recovery. Aims Following unsuccessful attempts to increase the abundance of yellow-footed rock-wallaby populations through concerted goat control across the southern extent of their range, the primary aim of our study was to determine whether fox predation was limiting the recovery of wallaby populations. Methods Intensive fox-control programs (1080 baiting) were initiated around wallaby subpopulations in New South Wales and South Australia. Wallaby numbers were monitored for a three-year period before and after the initiation of fox control, and ANCOVA used to examine for differences between the subpopulation’s rate of increase (r). Observational data were used to determine the demographic effects of fox predation on wallaby colonies in New South Wales. Key results Wallaby subpopulations that were treated with fox control increased significantly, while experimental control subpopulations remained at consistently low levels. Juvenile and subadult wallabies were apparent within the treated New South Wales subpopulation, but almost absent from the control subpopulation, suggesting that fox predation focussed primarily on these age classes. Conclusions Fox predation is a major limiting factor for southern wallaby populations and fox control should be the primary management action to achieve species recovery. Implications Although a significant limiting factor, the regulatory effect of fox predation was not assessed and, as such, it cannot be confirmed as being the causal factor responsible for the historic declines in wallaby abundance. The determination of whether fox predation acts in a limiting or regulatory fashion requires further experimentation, but its resolution will have significant implications for the strategic allocation of conservation resources.

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