Ewe lamb nutrition during pregnancy affects pregnancy outcome

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Mulvaney ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
D. M. West
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Treatment

This experiment aimed to investigate the impact of pregnancy nutritional treatment on ewe lamb pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss and the liveweight of resulting lambs. Two hundred and forty ewe lambs mated during a 5-day breeding period were randomly allocated to one of three nutritional regimes (‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’). The low (n = 80) treatment group was fed pasture to maintain liveweight during the first 100 days of pregnancy, thereafter feeding was increased to achieve a total liveweight change of 180 g/day. The medium treatment group was fed to ensure a liveweight change equivalent to 100 g/day throughout the entire pregnancy period, while the high treatment group was offered feed ab libitum. The target liveweight changes were achieved in all ewe lamb treatment groups. Fewer (P < 0.05) ewe lambs were scanned pregnant at day 50 of pregnancy and lambed in the high treatment compared with their medium counterparts. In addition, fewer (P < 0.05) low treatment ewe lambs lambed compared with the medium treatment ewe lambs. The lower numbers lambing in the low and high treatment groups were somewhat explained by greater (P < 0.05) pregnancy losses between day 50 and term. Lambs born to low treatment ewe lambs were lighter (P < 0.05) at birth (L0), L53 and L87 and had lower (P < 0.05) survival rates than those born to either medium or high treatment ewe lambs. While the present study was not designed to identify optimal ewe lamb feeding levels in pregnancy, it clearly indicates adverse effects from either a low or high level of pregnancy nutrition beginning in early pregnancy. Therefore, further studies are required to identify the optimal pastoral feeding conditions for the pregnant ewe lamb.

Effect of nutrition pre-breeding and during pregnancy on breeding performance of ewe lambs

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 953 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Mulvaney ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
P. C. H. Morel ◽  
D. M. West
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Breeding Performance ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Breeding Group ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Medium Group

The objective of the present studies was to investigate the effect of differing nutritional levels before breeding and during the pregnancy period on the breeding activity, conception rate (proportion pregnant/ewe lambs bred), pregnancy rate (proportion pregnant/ewe lambs joined with the ram) and the number of fetuses identified at pregnancy diagnosis. In Study 1, ewe lambs were allocated to either ‘medium’ or ‘ad lib’ levels of herbage from 4 days before the start of the breeding period (P –4) to P64. In Study 2, four different pre-breeding nutritional groups (‘maintenance’, ‘medium’, ‘medium/ad lib’ and ‘ad lib’) were utilised from P –17 until P5. The ‘medium/ad lib’ group involved a nutritional switch from the ‘medium’ to the ‘ad lib’ group at P –4 and remained in the ‘ad lib’ until P5. At P5, all ewe lambs that were identified as bred (crayon-marked by ram) were allocated to either ‘medium’ or ‘ad lib’ levels of nutrition until P122. In Study 1, more (P < 0.05) ewe lambs were bred, identified as pregnant at P64 and more fetuses identified at P64 in the ‘ad lib’ group compared with the ‘medium’ group. In Study 2, fewer (P < 0.05) ‘maintenance’ pre-breeding group ewe lambs were bred over the 5-day breeding period compared with the other pre-breeding groups but the proportion of the ewe lambs pregnant at P53 did not differ (P > 0.05). In addition, more (P < 0.05) fetuses were identified at pregnancy diagnosis in the ‘ad lib’ pre-breeding group compared with all other pre-breeding groups. Post-breeding nutrition did not affect (P > 0.05) the proportion of ewe lambs displaying oestrus post-breeding, pregnancy rate or the number of fetuses identified at pregnancy diagnosis per ewe lamb present. This indicates that New Zealand pastoral farmers should aim to allow ad libitum levels of nutrition immediately before the start of the breeding period to pregnancy diagnosis to maximise the number of fetuses at pregnancy diagnosis.

Trimetrexate in malignant mesothelioma: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B Phase II study.

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1436-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
N J Vogelzang ◽  
L B Weissman ◽  
J E Herndon ◽  
K H Antman ◽  
M R Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Phase Ii Study ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Large Trial ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group B ◽  
Leukemia Group

PURPOSE Folic acid antagonists are reported to have activity against mesothelioma. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) undertook this phase II study of the new antifolate, trimetrexate (TMTX), to evaluate its response rate and toxicity in chemotherapy-naive patients with malignant mesothelioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-two patients were accrued to this protocol. Because of concerns about TMTX toxicity in patients with malignant effusions and/or hypoalbuminemia, the first 17 patients were treated at a dose of 6 mg/m2 daily for 5 days every 21 days. Because minimal toxicity was observed, the subsequent 35 patients were treated at a dose of 10 mg/m2. RESULTS Two of 17 patients (12%) in the 6-mg/m2 treatment group had a partial response (PR) and four of 34 eligible patients (12%) in the 10-mg/m2 treatment group had a PR or regression (R) of assessable disease. No patient achieved a complete response (CR). Median survival durations were 5.0 and 8.9 months in the 6- and 10-mg/m2 treatment groups, respectively, while the 2-year survival rates were identical at 18%. At the 10-mg/m2 dose, toxicity was tolerable, with one toxic death from sepsis and a 12% rate of grade 4 thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. CONCLUSION In this large trial, TMTX showed minor activity in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Myelosuppression was mild and dose-related. Future studies of higher doses of TMTX should be considered.

scholarly journals Ontogeny-Specific Skeletal Deformities in Atlantic Haddock Caused by Larval Oil Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål A. Olsvik ◽  
Elin Sørhus ◽  
Sonnich Meier ◽  
Ingrid Torvanger ◽  
Maja Thorbjørnsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Oil Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Treatment

Bone deformities are one of the main effects of crude oil exposure in marine fish larvae. Craniofacial and jaw deformities, if severe enough, may restrict feeding and ultimately kill the developing larvae. This study aimed to examine the impact of dispersed crude oil on bone development in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae, a fish species spawning in areas approached for oil and gas exploration in the North Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic haddock larvae were exposed to low (60 μg oil/L), high (600 μg oil/L), or pulsed (0–600, average 60 μg oil/L over time) dispersed crude oil from 0 to 18 days post hatch (dph). Endpoints included survival and growth, bone integrity, and transcriptional parameters, which were assessed during (0–18 dph) and after exposure until the fish reached 8 months of age (243 dph). The results showed that the larvae in the high treatment group had reduction in growth at 2–19, 44, 134, and 243 dph. Craniofacial abnormalities were most severe at 8 and 19 dph. These deformities were not present at 44 dph, possibly because the larvae with deformed jaws failed to feed properly and died. Higher prevalence of spinal deformities was observed in haddocks that survived for 243 dph. Three genes encoding proteins critical for osteoblast function, sp7, postn, and col10a1, were downregulated in the high treatment group larvae. We discuss possible mechanisms of action in the developing larvae after oil exposure. In conclusion, this study shows that larval exposure to oil can potentially have long-term effects on growth and bone integrity in Atlantic haddock.

Effect of timing of exposure to vasectomised rams and ewe lamb body condition score on the breeding performance of ewe lambs

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Cave ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
S. T. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Breeding Performance ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Timing Of Exposure

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of exposing Romney ewe lambs (8–9 months of age) to vasectomised rams across three studies in the February–March period and to determine the influence of body condition score (CS) in two of the studies on their reproductive performance. In all studies, ewe lambs exposed to vasectomised rams had greater (P < 0.05) conception rates to the first 17 days of breeding by 6–12 percentage points. However, Studies 2 and 3 indicated that exposing ewe lambs to vasectomised rams did not increase (P > 0.05) the percentage of ewe lambs conceiving over a 34-day breeding period, nor did it increase the number of fetuses per ewe lamb presented for breeding. The results of Study 1 suggest that there is a limit to how early in the year ewe lambs can be exposed to vasectomised rams. In Study 2, a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of Teased CS 2.0 or 2.5+ ewe lambs conceived during the first 17 days of breeding than those which were Unteased. This effect was not observed (P > 0.05) in CS 1.5 ewe lambs. In Study 3, a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of CS 2.5+ ewe lambs conceived over the 34-day breeding period than ewe lambs of lower CS. In Studies 2 and 3, ewe lambs with a CS of 2.5+ had a greater (P < 0.05) number of fetuses per ewe lamb presented for breeding than CS 1.5 ewe lambs. In conclusion, exposing ewe lambs to vasectomised rams in the late February or March period increased the proportion of ewe lambs successfully bred in the first 17 days of breeding. Further achieving higher CS and heavier liveweights of ewe lambs at breeding should result in improved reproductive performance.

scholarly journals The VIRI (Virtual, Interactive, Real-Time, Instructor-Led) Classroom: The Impact of Blended Synchronous Online Courses on Student Performance, Engagement, and Satisfaction

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Anthony Francescucci ◽  
Mary Foster
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Course Offerings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Blended Course ◽  
Virtual Interactive

Previous research on blended course offerings focuses on the addition of asynchronous online content to an existing course. While some explore synchronous communication, few control for differences between treatment groups. This study investigates the impact of teaching a blended course, using a virtual, interactive, real-time, instructor-led (VIRI) classroom, on student engagement, performance, and satisfaction. We use an experimental design with both a control group and a treatment group. Up to 90 students in a large urban university are randomly assigned by the registrar into two sections of an introductory marketing course. Using a pre- and post-semester questionnaire, the study measures student engagement, performance, and satisfaction. There are no statistical differences in student performance between the control and treatment groups. The only student engagement factor with a statistically significant difference between groups is student interest in their courses. Compared with the control group, the treatment group appears to be more interested (+10%) in their courses at the end of the semester. Finally, fewer than 2 in 10 students express dissatisfaction with their participation in a VIRI course. Blended course offerings are increasing in importance in marketing and business education. The study provides guidance for fine-tuning the features of those course offerings by demonstrating how a VIRI classroom leverages the capabilities of technology without compromising learning outcomes.  

Grazing alternative herbages in lactation increases the liveweight of both ewe lambs and their progeny at weaning

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Corner-Thomas ◽  
P. D. Kemp ◽  
S. T. Morris ◽  
P. R. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Farm Profit ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clover Pasture

Breeding ewe lambs is a management tool that can be used to increase farm profit. However, there are potential negative impacts on the liveweight of progeny at weaning and the liveweight of the ewe lamb at the following breeding. A potential method of minimising these impacts is through the provision of quality herbages such as lucerne or a herb mix containing chicory, plantain, and red and white clover. The aim of this 2-year study was to examine the impact of offering ewe lambs either a traditional ryegrass and white clover pasture (Pasture), Herb-mix or Lucerne throughout the lambing period and in lactation. During lactation in both years of the study, ewe lambs offered the Herb-mix or Lucerne treatments were heavier (P < 0.05) than those offered Pasture. In addition, progeny of ewe lambs offered the Herb-mix or Lucerne treatment were also heavier (P < 0.05) in lactation than those born onto ryegrass white clover. Interestingly, in one of the 2 years, the ewes and their progeny on the Lucerne treatment were heavier (P < 0.05) in lactation than those in the Herb-mix treatment. Combined, these results indicated that offering either Herb-mix or Lucerne increases the performance of the young dam and her progeny above that found on a ryegrass and white clover sward.

scholarly journals 102 Impact of weaning strategy on beef cow-calf behavior and activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 62-62
Author(s):  
Molly Alexander ◽  
Carrie L Pickworth ◽  
Mikayla Moore ◽  
Matt H Poore
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Group A ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of three weaning strategies on cow and calf behavior and activity. Research has shown that weaning imposes stress on both the cow and the calf that can alter behavior, activity, and growth performance. Angus-based cow-calf pairs (n = 147) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, abrupt weaning on d0 (Abrupt, n=50), fence-line contact for 7 days and then relocation of the cow on d7 (Fence, n=50), and late weaning by abrupt separation on d84 (Late, n = 47). Both cow and calf behaviors were observed over 7d prior to weaning and 7d post weaning activity for each treatment group. A single observer recorded activity and vocalizations for each animal twice in morning and evening on observation days. Calf activity was also continuously measured using accelerometers secured to collars worn by five calves per treatment group. Observation and activity data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05&lt; P ≤0.10. The average activity units per day (AU/d) prior to weaning were similar among treatment groups. On d1 of weaning, Fence calves, who still had a visual contact with their dam, tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.09) than the Abrupt calves and maintained a higher level of activity through d14 (P &lt; 0.001). Late calves tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.10) than Abrupt or Fence on d0-1 after their weaning. No difference in vocalizations (P = 0.41) by calves 7d post weaning were observed (1% Abrupt, 0% Fence, and 4% Late). More cows on Fence paced (1%) than Abrupt (0%) or Late (0%) (P &lt; 0.05) in the 7d of fenceline contact. Late cows (2%) vocalized more than Abrupt (1%) or Fence (0%) when their calves were still with them (P &lt; 0.05), but not after (P &gt; 0.05) when no vocalizations were recorded. These results differ from the previous year study; therefore, further investigation of the impact of weaning strategy on cow-calf behavior and activity is warranted.

scholarly journals Fecal and Ruminal Microbiome Components Associated With Methane Emission in Beef Cattle.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno G.N. Andrade ◽  
Haithem Afli ◽  
Flavia A. Bressani ◽  
Rafael R. C. Cuadrat ◽  
Priscila S. N. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The impact of extreme changes in weather patterns in the economy and humanity welfare are some of the biggest challenges that our civilization is facing. From the anthropogenic activities that contribute to climate change, reducing the impact of farming activities is a priority, since its responsible for up to 18% of greenhouse gases linked to such activities. To this end, we tested if the ruminal and fecal microbiomes components of 52 Brazilian Nelore bulls, belonging to two experimental groups based on the feed intervention, conventional (A) and byproducts based diet (B), could be used as biomarkers for methane (CH4) emission.Results: We identified a total of 5,693 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) in the Nelore bulls microbiomes from the experimental group B. Statistical analysis showed that the microbiome populations were significantly different among treatment groups. Differential abundance (DA) analysis with the ANCOM approach identified 30 bacterial and 15 archaea ASVs as DA among treatment groups. Random forest models, using either bacteria or archaea ASVs as predictors, were able to predict the treatment group with high accuracy (r2>0.85). Association analysis using Mixed Linear Models indicate that bacterial and archaea ASVs are linked to the CH4 emission phenotype, of which the most prominent were the ruminal ASV 40 and fecal ASV 35. These ASVs contributed to a 9.7% increase and 7.3% decrease of the variation in CH4 emission, respectively, which indicated their potential as targets for feed interventions and/or biomarkers.Conclusion: The feed composition induced significant differences in abundance and richness of ruminal and fecal microbial populations. The dietary treatment based on industrial byproducts applied had an impact on the microbiome diversity of bacteria and archaea, but not on protozoa. Microbiome components (ASVs) of bacteria and archaea can be successfully used to predict the treatment group, thus giving support to the hypothesis that the feed intervention modulate microbiome abundance and diversity. Microbiome components were associated with CH4 emission in both microbiomes. Therefore, both ruminal and fecal ASVs can be used as biomarkers for methane production and emission.

Impact of Jaundice On Adults with Sickle Cell Anemia

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 4753-4753
Author(s):  
Alecia C. Nero ◽  
Timothy L. McCavit ◽  
Leah M. Adix ◽  
Bonnie L. Davis ◽  
Beena S. Mathew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Reticulocyte Count ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 4753 Introduction For many patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA), jaundice, yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, may be the most visible manifestation of their disease. The degree to which jaundice impacts the daily lives of patients with SCA has not been previously described. This study aims to assess the effect of jaundice on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults living with SCA. Methods This study was a cross-sectional survey of patients with SCA. A convenience sample of patients age > 17 years with SCA were approached during routine clinic visits to Parkland Memorial Hospital or UT Southwestern University Hospitals. Consenting patients completed a 15 question survey instrument. The survey was divided into three subscales (personal, relational, and behavioral) where individual items were presented in a 5-point Likert scale. This instrument was reviewed by non-study hematologists, nurses and patients for face validity. No other assessment of reliability or validity was performed. Additional data collected included serum total bilirubin (TB), hemoglobin, reticulocyte count (%) and patient self-report of current treatment for SCA (hydroxyurea [HU], chronic blood transfusions, or other). We tested for associations between survey subscales and TB, reticulocyte count, or hemoglobin using Spearman correlation coefficients. We compared the Spearman correlations of the survey subscales and TB between treatment and non-treatment groups using the Fisher's z transformation. Gender and age adjustments were made using linear regression. TB was transformed by natural log for regression analysis. Results We surveyed 100 subjects (58% female) with SCA. The median age was 25 years (range: 18–63), and the median TB was 2.5 mg/dL (range: 0.4–13.8). Nearly half of patients reported receiving treatment with 28% on HU and 14% on chronic transfusions. The majority of patients reported a history of jaundice, with 79% listing responses of ‘sometimes’, ‘often’, or ‘always’. Summary results for the remainder of the survey are listed in the table. TB was positively correlated with the 3 subscales (personal, r=0.32, p=0.002; relational, r=0.38, p=0.0002; behavioral, r=0.31, p=0.003). We compared these correlations between ‘treatment’ and ‘no treatment’ groups and observed strong correlations in the ‘no treatment’ group (personal, r=0.55, p<0.0001; relational, r=0.63, p<0.0001; behavioral, r=0.52, p=0.0002). TB was not correlated with the subscales in the ‘treatment’ group. After adjusting for age, gender, and disease-modifying therapy, the three subscales were associated with TB (personal, β = 0.066, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.027, 0.104], p=0.001; relational, β = 0.061, 95% CI [0.031, 0.092], p=0.0001; behavioral, β = 0.104, 95% CI [0.045, 0.164], p=0.0009). Conclusion Jaundice negatively impacts the lives of many adults with SCA. The personal and relational subscales suggest more impact on the self-image of respondents, but only a few reported behavioral changes. The impact of jaundice appears to be mitigated by disease-modifying therapy for SCA (HU or chronic transfusions); however, this study was not created to determine the effectiveness of these reported treatments. Despite the fact this instrument was not validated, our study results suggest jaundice should be well-represented in HRQOL assessment tools in adults with SCA. Moreover, prospective studies are needed to clarify potential benefits of disease-modifying therapies, particularly HU, on the burden of jaundice in SCA. Disclosures: Buchanan: HemaQuest Pharmacuetical, Inc.: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Impact of mcr-1 on the Development of High Level Colistin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Qing Zhu ◽  
Yi-Yun Liu ◽  
Renjie Wu ◽  
Haoliang Xun ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 generally confers low-level resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of mcr-1 on the development of high-level colistin resistance (HLCR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. In this study, mcr-1-negative K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains and their corresponding mcr-1-positive transformants were used to generate HLCR mutants via multiple passages in the presence of increasing concentrations of colistin. We found that for K. pneumoniae, HLCR mutants with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin from 64 to 1,024 mg/L were generated. Colistin MICs increased 256- to 4,096-fold for mcr-1-negative K. pneumoniae strains but only 16- to 256-fold for the mcr-1-harboring transformants. For E. coli, colistin MICs increased 4- to 64-folds, but only 2- to 16-fold for their mcr-1-harboring transformants. Notably, mcr-1 improved the survival rates of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains when challenged with relatively high concentrations of colistin. In HLCR K. pneumoniae mutants, amino acid alterations predominately occurred in crrB, followed by phoQ, crrA, pmrB, mgrB, and phoP, while in E. coli mutants, genetic alterations were mostly occurred in pmrB and phoQ. Additionally, growth rate analyses showed that the coexistence of mcr-1 and chromosomal mutations imposed a fitness burden on HLCR mutants of K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, HLCR was more likely to occur in K. pneumoniae strains than E. coli strains when exposed to colistin. The mcr-1 gene could improve the survival rates of strains of both bacterial species but could not facilitate the evolution of high-level colistin resistance.

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