Genetic alternatives to mulesing and tail docking in sheep: a review

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. James
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Significant Opportunity

A genetic solution to breech strike control is attractive, as it is potentially permanent, cumulative, would not involve increased use of chemicals and may ultimately reduce labour inputs. There appears to be significant opportunity to reduce the susceptibility of Merinos to breech strike by genetic means although it is unlikely that in the short term breeding alone will be able to confer the degree of protection provided by mulesing and tail docking. Breeding programmes that aim to replace surgical techniques of flystrike prevention could potentially: reduce breech wrinkle; increase the area of bare skin in the perineal area; reduce tail length and wool cover on and near the tail; increase shedding of breech wool; reduce susceptibility to internal parasites and diarrhoea; and increase immunological resistance to flystrike. The likely effectiveness of these approaches is reviewed and assessed here. Any breeding programme that seeks to replace surgical mulesing and tail docking will need to make sheep sufficiently resistant that the increased requirement for other strike management procedures remains within practically acceptable bounds and that levels of strike can be contained to ethically acceptable levels.

scholarly journals 83 Evaluation of transmammary-delivered firocoxib and an ethyl chloride spray to mitigate pain associated with processing procedures in piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Abbie V Viscardi ◽  
Elizabeth Shirtcliff ◽  
Emily Eppler ◽  
Savannah Miller ◽  
Johann Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Ethyl Chloride ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Piglets raised in commercial production systems in the U.S. undergo painful management procedures, including surgical castration, tail docking and ear notching, without analgesia or anesthesia provision for pain relief. This is a significant animal welfare concern. There is an immediate need to identify the most practical and effective analgesia or anesthesia option for use on-farm. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 2.0mg/kg firocoxib, administered to the sow and delivered transmammary to her piglets, and a vapocoolant spray (ethyl chloride) to reduce processing pain. Five-day old male and female Yorkshire-cross piglets were used. 2.0mg/kg firocoxib was administered to the sow intramuscularly 7h prior to processing piglets. An ethyl chloride spray was applied to the ears, tail and scrotum of the piglets immediately before ear notching, tail docking and surgical castration, respectively. Piglets were assigned to one of four treatment groups: firocoxib and vapocoolant spray (FV; n=32), firocoxib only (F; n=32), vapocoolant spray only (V; n=32), no treatment (CON; n=32). The observation period was from 24h pre- to 48h post-processing (specific time points = baseline, 0h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 7h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h). Preliminary results found piglets displayed significantly more pain-related behaviors at 24h and 30h post-processing than at most other time points (p< 0.05). Piglets had significantly higher cranial temperatures at 7h post-processing than all other time points (p< 0.05). There was a trend in FV and F piglets having a higher cranial temperature at 36h post-processing compared to V and CON piglets (p=0.08). All piglets had significantly higher hair cortisol levels at 4 vs 20-days old (p< .0001); however, there were no significant treatment effects on cranial temperature, hair cortisol or pain behavior, suggesting firocoxib and the ethyl chloride spray were unable to significantly reduce piglet pain post-processing. Further study analysis is needed to confirm these initial findings.

Non-constrained implant arthroplasty for the distal radioulnar joint

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Adams ◽  
J. L. Gaffey
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Distal Radioulnar Joint ◽  
Implant Loosening ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Radioulnar Joint ◽  
Ulnar Head ◽  
Strenuous Activity

A variety of surgical techniques are used to treat the arthritic distal radioulnar joint, which is influenced by aetiology and previous procedures. Four types of ulnar head arthroplasty exist: total ulnar head, partial ulnar head, unlinked total distal radioulnar joint, and linked distal radioulnar joint. Although long-term outcome studies are sparse, short-term clinical and biomechanical studies have shown encouraging results, leading to expanded indications. Based on our experience and a literature review, patients are advised that pain is improved but minor pain is common after strenuous activity. Ulnar neck resorption is common, however, implant loosening is rare. Sigmoid notch erosion is concerning, but appears to stabilize and not affect outcome. A partial ulnar head replacement that retains bony architecture and soft tissue restraints may have benefit over a total ulnar head in appropriate patients. If appropriate selection criteria are met, ulnar head replacement typically produces reliable results, with low revision.

Angled BIO-RSA leads to better inclination and clinical outcomes compared to Standard BIO-RSA and eccentric reaming: A comparative study

2021 ◽  
pp. 175857322110671
Author(s):  
Edoardo Franceschetti ◽  
Edoardo Giovannetti de Sanctis ◽  
Pietro Gregori ◽  
Michele Paciotti ◽  
Alessio Palumbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Glenoid Component ◽  
Defect Correction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tilt Correction ◽  
Forward Flexion

Background Two surgical techniques were compared : Standard BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid eccentric reaming along with a cylindric bone graft augmentation vs. the Angled BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid concentric reaming and a defect correction with an angled bone graft. Methods Patients undergoing RSA from January 2016 to April 2019, with one of the two techniques being performed, were retrospectively reviewed. Glenoids were classified according to Favard. Clinical (Constant-Murley, VAS and ROM) and radiographic (superior tilt correction) data were collected pre-operatively and at 12 months post-operatively. Results 141 shoulders were included. Angled BIO-RSA group showed statistically significant better outcomes in terms of forward flexion (149.9° Vs 139.3°) and abduction (136.4° Vs 126.7°). The use of an Angled BIO-RSA showed a statistically significant better superior tilt correction (1.252° Vs 4.09°). Angled BIO-RSA, leads to a better inclination correction and a mean postoperative tilt value inferior to 5° in E1 and E3 differently from standard BIO-RSA. Discussion Both techniques were able to correct glenoid superior inclination with excellent postoperative short-term results. However, angled BIO-RSA technique appears to be more effective in ensuring a correct inclination of the prosthetic glenoid component with better clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Inbreeding in a Population of Polish Holstein-Friesian Young Bulls Before and After Genomic Selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Piotr Topolski ◽  
Wojciech Jagusiak
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Pedigree Analysis ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Dynamics Of Population ◽  
The Mean

AbstractInbreeding was analysed in a population of 14,144 Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian (PBWHF) young bulls born between 1994 and 2017 and bred under both conventional and genomic breeding programmes. The inbreeding coefficients were computed using a model with genetic groups, according to the algorithm given by VanRaden. It was found that in the analysed population all bulls are inbred (100% of the population), with the mean coefficient of inbreeding ranging from 0.09% to 26.95%. Pedigree analysis also showed a relationship between the changing number of bulls over the years and the dynamics of population inbreeding. These trends are connected with changes in the breeding scheme, related to the implementation of genomic selection in the breeding programme for PBWHF cattle in 2014. The increasing number of weaned young bulls in Poland was paralleled by a fairly consistent increase in the mean inbreeding, but the inbreeding dynamics were relatively small. A reverse trend was observed in the group of young bulls born after 2013. As the number of bulls very rapidly decreased in successive birth years, the mean inbreeding for successive birth-year groups very rapidly increased. As a result, the estimated linear trend was equal to 0.02% inbreeding per year of birth in the group of bulls raised before genomic selection (~20 birth-year) whereas in the group of bulls raised after genomic selection (~4 birth-year) the trend was much higher and amounted to 0.56% inbreeding per year of birth. The high mean inbreeding found in the group of the genomically selected young bulls may translate into higher inbreeding in the whole population of PBWHF cattle, because these bulls are now intensively used as sires. The results of our study also show that the implementation of genomic selection in the breeding programme caused a very rapid increase in the inbreeding rate per birth-year in young bulls.

Cortisol and β-endorphin responses to physical and psychological stressors in lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Mears ◽  
F. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Potential Use

Plasma cortisol, β-endorphin, T3 and T4 were determined in lambs before, during and after exposure to stress in order to evaluate the potential use of these hormones to objectively measure stress responses. Lambs were exposed to tail-docking, castration, weaning, isolation, and restraint stress. Twelve ewe and 24 ram lambs were assigned to the experiment, with 12 of the ram lambs surgically castrated when 3-wk old. Tail docking within 24 h of birth did not (P > 0.05) elevate either plasma cortisol or β-endorphin. Castration markedly elevated (P < 0.001) plasma cortisol and β-endorphin within 15 min of surgery. Both hormones were highly elevated for the first 4 h. Plasma cortisol returned to control levels by 24 h whereas β-endorphin was still elevated (P < 0.05) 24 h after castration. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated for the first 60 min following weaning (P < 0.005) and again at 24 h after dam removal (P < 0.001). Plasma β-endorphin was not elevated (P > 0.05) any time during the 72 h following weaning. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.001) and β-endorphin (P < 0.05) were elevated during the first 60 min following the start of 1 h of isolation. Results were similar for partial and total isolation. No effects of isolation were found for the next 23 h. Plasma cortisol (P < 0.005) was elevated during the first 30 min following 4 min of shearing-like restraint, whereas plasma β-endorphin was elevated only at 7 min (P < 0.05) after restraint began. No further effects of restraint were found prior to termination of sample collection at 24 h. None of the stressors employed affected plasma concentrations of T3 and T4. This study has shown that measurements of plasma cortisol and β-endorphin in blood samples obtained before, during and after stress are useful in assessing stress in lambs. The painful stressor, castration, induced marked and prolonged elevations of both hormones, whereas psychological stressors elicited graded, short-term cortisol responses and limited β-endorphin responses. Key words: Cortisol, β-endorphin, physical stress, psychological stress, lambs

scholarly journals Left ventricular unloading during veno-arterial ECMO: a review of percutaneous and surgical unloading interventions

Perfusion ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk W. Donker ◽  
Daniel Brodie ◽  
José P.S. Henriques ◽  
Michael Broomé
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Mechanical Support ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cardiac Recovery ◽  
Major Shortcoming ◽  
Va Ecmo ◽  
Broad Interest

Short-term mechanical support by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is more and more applied in patients with severe cardiogenic shock. A major shortcoming of VA ECMO is its variable, but inherent increase of left ventricular (LV) mechanical load, which may aggravate pulmonary edema and hamper cardiac recovery. In order to mitigate these negative sequelae of VA ECMO, different adjunct LV unloading interventions have gained a broad interest in recent years. Here, we review the whole spectrum of percutaneous and surgical techniques combined with VA ECMO reported to date.

On the Role of Underwater Parks and Sanctuaries in the Management of Coastal Resources in the Southeastern United States

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Protected Natural Areas

Aquatic resources in parks and reserves are not as adequately protected as comparable terrestrial resources. Thus the values of protected aquatic ecosystems as standards for comparison, reservoirs of genetic materials, and ‘emotional’ reserves, are apt to be greatly diminished.Even seemingly static ecosystems such as coral reefs are dynamic, changing dramatically in response to natural short-term environmental variations. Such ecosystems require protected natural areas as dynamic standards that will allow distinctions to be drawn between effects of exploitation or pollution and normal variation. Furthermore, fisheries harvests may reduce the size at which exploited species mature, and reduce the amount and variability of genetic material produced by exploited populations.The seven underwater parks or sanctuaries established since 1935 in Florida and the U.S. Virgin Islands exhibit wide variations in the degree of protection accorded to aquatic resources, a range being apparent from nearly complete protection in the first parks to be established to virtually no protection at all in the recently-established parks.The consequences of permitting consumptive uses of aquatic resources in parks and reserves need to be objectively evaluated. Unless these consumptive uses are severely curtailed or eliminated, the primary values of the parks and reserves may never be realized.

scholarly journals Evaluation of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) genotypes under coastal ecosystem of Tamil Nadu

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
C T Sathappan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Basic Factor ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Geographical Locations

Genetic variability existing among genotypes is the prime and basic factor for the improvementof any character in a successful breeding programme of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.).Though the attempts made so far to exploit the available variability have culminated in therelease of a few improved region specific selections as varieties from different centers inIndia, still, varieties suited to coastal eco-system are yet to be identified. Hence, an experimentwas laid out to study the performance of 21 genotypes of Polianthes tuberosa L. collected fromvaried geographical locations. The trial was conducted in the floriculture unit of the Departmentof Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University under randomized block designreplicated thrice to assess the genetic variability for eleven economic characters. The resultsshowed that the genotype PT-15 recorded relatively superior mean performance with respectto all characters. High PCV and GCV were observed for number of leaves per plant, plantheight and rachis length. Low variability in terms of PCV and GCV was observed for length ofthe flower and time taken for flowering. High PCV and GCV values of more than 60 per centwas observed for bulb volume followed by yield of flowers per plant, rachis length and durationof flowering. The genotypes viz., PT-15 (Kuzhumani, Thiruchirappalli District), PT-3(Ravanthavadi, Dharmapuri District) and PT-10(Perumalpatti, Dindugul District) were identifiedas superior genotypes which are suitable for the coastal region based on per se values and canbe utilized for future breeding programmes.

Knowledge and attitudes are important factors in farmers’ choice of lamb tail docking length

2020 ◽  
Vol 186 (10) ◽  
pp. 319-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Eloise Woodruff ◽  
Rebecca Doyle ◽  
Grahame Coleman ◽  
Lauren Hemsworth ◽  
Carolina Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Farmer Knowledge ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Future Education

BackgroundTail docking is common practice in the sheep industry to prevent soiling of the breech and flystrike. To ensure optimal healing after tail docking and reduce the risk of arthritis, perineal cancers and prolapses, it is recommended to dock tails equivalent to the length of the vulva. However, recent studies have found that some tails are docked too short (24–86 per cent).MethodsTo address this issue, this study aimed to identify key drivers behind tail docking length decisions. Two focus groups, phone (n=30) and online surveys (n=21) were conducted in regional Victoria, Australia to examine farmer knowledge of and attitudes towards appropriate lamb tail length and barriers to best practice. The focus group data were analysed qualitatively, and the surveys were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively.ResultsIn total, 57 per cent of farmers were classed as docking tails short. Short tail docking appeared to be influenced by unawareness of the recommended length and docking at a length that shearers approve of. Other potential factors included lack of knowledge of negative health consequences associated with short tails, importance placed on dag and flystrike prevention, and impracticality of measuring where to dock.ConclusionAddressing these factors in future education and intervention programmes may improve tail docking practice and sheep welfare.

scholarly journals Side-to-side esophagogastric anastomosis for minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy: operative technique and short-term outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manrica Fabbi ◽  
Stefano De Pascale ◽  
Filippo Ascari ◽  
Wanda Luisa Petz ◽  
Uberto Fumagalli Romario
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Anastomotic Leak ◽  
Anastomotic Stricture ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ivor Lewis ◽  
Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy

AbstractTotally minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (TMIIL) is associated to lower rate of post-operative complication, decreases length of hospital stay and improves quality of life compared to open approach. Nevertheless, adaptation of TMIIL still proceeds at slow pace, mainly due to the difficulty to perform the intra-thoracic anastomosis and heterogeneity of surgical techniques. We present our experience with TMIIL utilizing a stapled side-to-side anastomosis. We retrospectively evaluated 36 patients who underwent a planned TMIIL from January 2017 to September 2020. Esophagogastric anastomoses were performed using a 3-cm linear-stapled side-to-side technique. General features, operative techniques, pathology data and short-term outcomes were analyzed. The median operative time was 365 min (ranging from 240 to 480 min) with a median blood loss of 100 ml (50–1000 ml). The median overall length of stay was 13 (7–64) days and in-hospital mortality rate was 2.8%. Two patients (5.6%) had an anastomotic leak, without need for operative intervention and another patient developed an anastomotic stricture, resolved with a single endoscopic dilation. Chylothorax occurred in three patients; two of these required a surgical intervention. Pulmonary complications occurred in six patients (16.7%). Based on Comprehensive Complications Index (CCI), median values of complications were 27.9 (ranging from 20.9 to 100). The results of our study suggest that TMIIL with a 3-cm linear-stapled anastomosis seems to be safe and effective, with low rates of post-operative anastomotic leak and stricture.

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