The interactive effects of phosphorus, sulfur and cultivar on the early growth and condensed tannin content of greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus) and birdsfoot trefoil (L. corniculatus)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Kelman
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Low Levels

Although soil phosphorus and sulfur influence the establishment and condensed tannin (CT) content of perennial Lotus species, previous field responses to superphosphate fertiliser applications have been confounded by moisture stress and weed competition, and the association of CT content with soil fertility has not been consistent between sites and species. In a glasshouse experiment, 2 cultivars of L. uliginosus (Grasslands Maku and Sharnae) and 1 cultivar of L. corniculatus (Grasslands Goldie) were grown in sand culture under 3 levels of phosphorus (0.1, 0.2 and 0.7 mmol/L) and 3 levels of sulfur (2.6, 6.4 and 92.4 mmol/L), applied as nutrient solutions, to examine the interaction of cultivar, phosphorus and sulfur on dry weight, CT content and mineral nutrient concentrations. Dry weight of the Lotus cultivars 68 days after sowing was significantly increased by increasing levels of phosphorus and sulfur, and there was a significant phosphorus × sulfur interaction, characterised by a much smaller response to increasing phosphorus at low levels of sulfur compared with the response at intermediate and high levels. Results indicated that positive responses to superphosphate applications at establishment can be expected if weed competition is controlled and that both soil phosphorus and sulfur should be monitored in order to predict responses to superphosphate applications at sowing. In L. corniculatus cv. Grasslands Goldie, low levels of CT were maintained at increasing phosphorus and sulfur treatment levels, whereas the CT content of the L. uliginosus cultivars increased with increasing levels of phosphorus and sulfur and was positively correlated with dry weight accumulation. This result, allied to measurements of CT in grazed swards, suggests that a management strategy of frequent cutting or grazing during the active growth phase will maintain optimal CT levels for grazing in L. uliginosus cultivars.

Short-term effects of soil compaction on growth of Pinuscontorta seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S.S. Conlin ◽  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Compaction Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Water Tables

A growth chamber experiment was conducted with Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. seedlings grown in soil compacted at 0.1, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 MPa pressure. Three moisture regimes were applied factorially to compaction levels by watering from above or by maintaining 2- or 10-cm water tables at the base of the 40-cm soil columns. All treatments were grown at either 22:14 °C or 26:18 °C (light:dark) for 13 weeks. Soil compaction increased bulk density, penetrometer resistance, and soil CO2 and ethylene. The presence of water tables resulted in elevated soil gravimetric water content, which rose with increased compaction and resulted in reduced penetrometer resistance and soil O2. Increased compaction was associated with decreased needle lengths, root dry weights, and net photosynthesis and increased rates of shoot respiration. Compaction had a small effect on height growth, with the tallest seedlings occurring at the greatest compaction rate. Shoot concentrations of mineral nutrients also decreased as soil compaction increased. Within the water table treatments, increased gravimetric soil water content was generally paralleled by a rise in the negative effects of compaction on growth, root/shoot dry weight ratios, and shoot mineral nutrient concentrations.

scholarly journals Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization for Production of Containerized Raphiolepis × delacourii ‘Snow White’

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Amy L. Tillman ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Substrate Solution ◽  
Snow White

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Snow White’ raphiolepis (Raphiolepis × delacourii Andre ‘Snow White’) were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) black plastic containers containing a pine bark:sand (8:1, by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized at every irrigation, for 17 weeks, with a 4:1:2 nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P):potassium (K) nutrient solution containing N at 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, or 240 mg·L−1 (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Maximum top and root dry weights were achieved with N at 145 mg·L−1. Substrate solution electrical conductivity increased linearly with increasing nitrogen application rate (NAR) with maximum growth occurring at 1.28 dS·m−1, whereas substrate solution pH decreased linearly with increasing NAR with a pH of 5.3 at 145 mg·L−1. Increasing the N rate beyond 145 mg·L−1 had minimal effect on top or root dry weight. Leaf area peaked at a NAR of 171 mg·L−1 with a plateau at 524 cm2. Leaf area increased 275% as the NAR increased from 20 to 171 mg·L−1. Specific leaf area increased linearly with increasing NARs. Carbon allocation between tops and roots was unaffected by NARs from 60 to 280 mg·L−1. Root:top ratio decreased 56% between the pooled NARs (60 to 240 mg·L−1) and N at 20 mg·L−1. Leaf area ratio increased linearly with increasing NARs. Foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of N, P, and sulfur increased linearly with increasing NAR, whereas concentrations of K, calcium, magnesium, and copper responded quadratically to increasing NARs. Top growth increased from inadequate at a NAR of 60 mg·L−1 to optimum at 145 mg·L−1, whereas root growth was relatively similar over the same range. At 145 mg·L−1, mineral nutrient concentrations of the top are well within or exceed accepted levels reported, and growers can expect rapid growth of rooted cuttings.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FOLIAR CALCIUM SPRAYS ON ALUMINUM TOXICITY OF PEACH

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1108a-1108
Author(s):  
Charles J. Graham ◽  
Gregorv L. Reighard
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Calcium Compounds ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Peaches are often grown on sandy, low pH soils which may predispose plants to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Previous research has shown that peach (Prunus persica, L. Batsch) is not tolerant to Al and toxicity may be associated with occurence of peach tree short life syndrome. Current recommendations to control PTSL include soil calcium (Ca) applications to reduce soil acidity and Al availability. However, these applications often result in inconsistent responses. Objectives of this study were to determine if Ca would ameliorate the effects of Al toxicity and whether different Ca compounds would provide different responses.Rootstock were grown in sand culture supplied with Hoagland's solution containing 16.7 mM aluminum Trees received weekly foliar sprays containing 12.5 uM calcium and 0.1% Chevron X-77 as a spreading agent. Calcium compounds tested included calcium chloride, formate, lactate, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate. Stem dry weights were significantly increased by Ca lactate and sulfate, leaf dry weight by Ca lactate, and Ca formate significantly increased leaf retention. Nutrient concentrations and interactions in leaves, stems, and roots will be discussed.

scholarly journals Mineral Composition of Young Rabbiteye and Southern Highbush Blueberry Exposed to Salinity and Supplemental Calcium

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Wright ◽  
Kim D. Patten ◽  
Malcolm C. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Southern Highbush

`Tifblue' and `Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and `Sharpblue' southern highbush blueberry (primarily V. corymbosum) were treated with 0, 25, and 100 mm Na+ as Na2SO4 or NaCl, and 0, 1, 3, and 10 mm supplemental Ca2+ in sand culture in the greenhouse. For rabbiteye plants salinized with Na2SO4, leaf Na+ concentrations increased 54-fold and the percentage of total plant Na+ found in the leaves increased from 9% to 63% with increasing external Na+. Calcium supplementation reduced the Na+ concentrations in leaves by up to 20%. Leaf Ca2+ concentrations increased with Ca2+ supplementation, but accounted for a decreasing percentage of the total Ca2+ found in the plant, since root Ca2+ concentrations were much higher. Root Na+ concentrations increased with increasing Na+ treatments to a smaller extent than in the leaves and were also reduced by Ca2+ supplements. Potassium concentrations in leaves and roots decreased with increasing Na+ treatment levels, particularly in roots, where K+ concentration was about half at 100 mm Na+ (as Na2SO4.) Leaf Na+ concentrations were up to two times greater when Na was supplied as NaCl compared to Na2SO4. For plants salinized with NaCl, leaf Na+ levels increased to 1.1% and did not decrease when supplemental Ca2+ was applied. Leaf Cl- concentrations also increased greatly with NaCl, reaching >1.0% (dry weight basis.). Root Cl- concentrations also increased with increasing salinity and were not affected by Ca2+ supplements. Ca2+ supplementation led only to a greater Ca2+ concentration in leaves and roots, but this did not alter Na+ concentrations. Nutrient concentrations in `Sharpblue' leaves, stems, and roots were greater than those of the rabbiteye cultivars, but were influenced by salinity and Ca2+ in essentially the same way. Excess Na+, Cl-, or both, together with lowered K+, were likely the cause of extensive leaf necrosis and may be indicative of a lack of a mechanism to control Na+ influx into blueberry leaves.

scholarly journals Changes in Mineral Nutrient Concentrations in Petunia Corollas during Development and Senescence

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Verlinden
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

To observe changes in the nutritional status of corollas during development and senescence, Petunia ×hybrida cv. Mitchell corollas were analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient content, dry weight, fresh weight, and ethylene production. Carbon content decreased at slightly lower rates than dry weight during corolla development between anthesis and senescence, while fresh weight and ethylene production followed patterns expected of climacteric flowers. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content declined during development. Both phosphorus and potassium content gradually declined throughout development with overall losses of about 75% and 40%, respectively. Nitrogen content declined 50% during development but losses occurred only during the final stages of senescence. No significant changes were observed in sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrient content of the corollas during development. Most elements were present in much lower concentrations in corollas than in leaves. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and manganese were about 1-, 5-, and 15-fold lower in corollas than in leaves, respectively. Results indicate that remobilization of selected macronutrients from corollas occurred before and during senescence. Taken together with the presence of low concentrations of macronutrients, my data support the contention that petunia corollas are nutritionally in expensive and therefore easily disposable organs.

Mineral Nutrient Composition of Leaves and Fruits of Selected Species of Grevillea From Southwestern Australia, With Special Reference to Grevillea leucopteris Meissn

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Southwestern Australia ◽  
P Content ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

A study was made of mineral nutrient concentrations and distributions in leaves and fruits of 10 species of Grevillea from diverse localities in south-western Australia. Seeds of all species contained high concentrations of mineral nutrients, despite the nutrient-poor soils of their habitats. Leaves and the leathery follicles which contained the seeds typically had very low levels of nutrients. With few exceptions, the concentration and distribution patterns of a particular nutrient in fruits were similar in all the species studied. In these species, over 90% of the P content, and between 50 and 70% of the N, Zn and Cu contents of a fruit were located in seeds. Some species accumulated very high concentrations of a particular nutrient, e.g. Ca in seeds and leaves of G. leucopteris, K in seeds of G. tripartita and Fe in follicles of G. petrophiloides. Ratios of K : Ca concentrations were low (< 1) in seeds of G. candelabroides, G. petrophiloides, G. pinaster and especially G. polybotrya and G. leucopteris, which are characterized by high Ca concentrations in their seeds. In the Grevillea species studied, Na C1 and Fe accumulated in the leathery follicle but not in the seeds. A study of G. leucopteris from 18 localities throughout its ecological and distributional range showed that concentrations and distribution patterns for each nutrient in fruits were similar, irrespective of soil type. It is concluded from the results for G. leucopteris and the other species that there is conservative genetic regulation of seed mineral nutrition in the genus Grevillea.

scholarly journals Characterization of Nutrient Disorders and Impacts on Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin Concentration of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Patrick Veazie ◽  
Paul Cockson ◽  
Josh Henry ◽  
Penelope Perkins-Veazie ◽  
Brian Whipker
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Foliar Tissue

Essential plant nutrients are needed at crop-specific concentrations to obtain optimal growth and yield. Foliar tissue analysis is the standard method for assessing nutrient levels in plants. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency or toxicity occur when the foliar tissue values become too low or high. Diagnostic nutrient deficiency criteria for Brassica rapa var. Chinensis (bok choy) is lacking in the current literature. In this study, green (‘Black Summer’) and purple (‘Red Pac’) bok choy plants were grown in silica sand culture, with control plants receiving a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate solution, and nutrient-deficient plants induced by using a complete nutrient formula withholding a single nutrient. Tissue samples were collected at the first sign of visual disorder symptoms and analyzed for dry weight and nutrient concentrations of all plant essential elements. Six weeks into the experiment, the newest matured leaves were sampled for chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids concentrations for both cultivars, and total anthocyanin concentration in ‘Red Pac’. Compared to control plants, the dry weight of ‘Black Summer’ green bok choy was significantly lower for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), or boron (B) deficiency treatments, and nutrient concentrations were lower for all variables except iron (Fe) deficiency. Dry weight was less in ‘Red Pac’ plants grown without N, potassium (K), Ca, B, or molybdenum (Mo), and nutrient concentrations were lower for all except Mo-deficiency compared to controls. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations were lower in leaves from N−, Fe-, and manganese- (Mn) deficient plants of both cultivars. Leaf anthocyanin concentration was lower only for K-, Ca-, and B-deficiencies in ‘Red Pac’. Our results indicate that visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency are well correlated with nutrient disorders. In contrast, changes in dry weight, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin did not show consistent changes across nutrient disorders.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Southern Seaoats (Uniola paniculata) Grown in the Float System

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Norden ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
David L. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Uniola Paniculata ◽  
Root Area

Abstract Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage in July 2004, surface disinfested with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min, and sown in styrofoam tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) float trays (flats) filled with a vermiculite-based hydroponic substrate. Trays were floated in plastic tubs (one tray per tub) containing a complete nutrient solution with nitrogen (N) at 10, 60, 120, 180, or 240 mg·L−1 (ppm) from a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio (8N–32P2O5–5K2O) liquid slow-release fertilizer. After 10 weeks the study was terminated and data recorded. Total plant, top, leaf, stem, and root dry weights increased quadratically with increasing nitrogen application rate (NAR) with maximum dry weights calculated to occur with N at 140 to 150 mg-L−1, respectively. Other growth indexes of leaf area, root length, root area, plant height, crown growth index, tiller number, and leaf number also increased quadratically with increasing NAR similar to dry weight data. Leaf area, root length, and root area were maximized with N at 157, 140, and 140 mg-L−1, respectively. Root to top ratio and specific leaf area were both unaffected by NAR. Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations of N and phosphorus responded quadratically with increasing NAR whereas, foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of potassium, calcium, sulfur, sodium (Na), manganese, zinc, and copper responded linearly to increasing NARs. With the exception of Na and iron, foliar nutrient content for all analyzed nutrients increased quadratically with increasing NAR. Calculated leaf N concentration at maximum top dry weight was 31 mg·g−1. Southern seaoats can be grown successfully using the float system with optimum N rates of 140 to 150 mg·L−1 provided by a fertilizer having a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio.

scholarly journals Response of Forsythia × itermedia `Spectabilis' to Uniconazol. I. Growth; Dry-matter Distribution; and Mineral Nutrient Content, Concentration, and Partitioning

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Uniconazole was applied as a foliar spray at 0, 90, 130, 170, or 210 mg·liter-1 to rooted stem cuttings of `Spectabilis' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.) potted in calcined clay. Plants were harvested 0, 40, 80, 120, and 369 days after treatment (DAT). Treatment with uniconazole at 90 to 210 mg·liter suppressed leaf area and dry weight an average of 16% and 18%, respectively, compared to the nontreated controls when averaged over all harvest periods. Stem and root dry weight suppression was greatest at 80 DAT, 47% and 37%, respectively. Uniconazole suppressed root length from 15% to 36% and root area from 15% to 33% depending on harvest date. Internode length and stem diameter of uniconazole-treated plants were suppressed at all harvests except 369 DAT. Uniconazole resulted in increased and decreased root: shoot ratios 40 and 80 DAT, respectively; while root: shoot ratios were not affected for the remainder of the study. Relative growth rates of leaves, stems, and roots decreased with increasing uniconazole concentration; however, no relative growth rates were suppressed beyond 80 DAT. Generally, mineral nutrient concentrations increased as a result of uniconazole application. The proportion of mineral nutrients allocated to leaves and roots was not affected while the proportion of nutrients allocated to stems decreased with uniconazole application compared to the controls. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).

scholarly journals Effects of Nutrient Solution Concentration and Daily Light Integral on Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Several Basil Species in Hydroponic Production

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellie J. Walters ◽  
Christopher J. Currey
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Tissue Nutrient Concentrations

Our objective was to quantify the effect of mineral nutrient concentration of a nutrient solution on the growth of basil species and cultivars grown under high and low photosynthetic daily light integrals (DLIs). Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum ‘Nufar’), lemon basil (O. ×citriodorum ‘Lime’), and holy basil (O. tenuiflorum ‘Holy’) seedlings were transplanted into nutrient-film technique (NFT) systems with different nutrient solution electrical conductivities (EC; 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 dS·m–1) in greenhouses with a low (≈7 mol·m–2·d–1) or high (≈15 mol·m–2·d–1) DLI. Although nutrient solution EC did not affect growth and morphology, increasing DLI did. For example, when sweet basil was grown under a high DLI, the fresh and dry weight, height, and node number increased by 144%, 178%, 20%, and 18%, respectively, compared with plants grown under the low DLI, and branching was also stimulated. In contrast, DLI had little effect on tissue nutrient concentration, although nutrient solution did. Most tissue nutrient concentrations increased with increasing EC, with the exception of Mg and Ca. For example, N in sweet basil increased by 0.6% to 0.7% whereas Mg decreased by 0.2% as EC increased from 0.5 to 4.0 dS·m–1. Across treatments and basil species, tissue nutrient concentrations were generally within recommended ranges with no visible deficiencies. Based on our results, nutrient solution concentrations for hydroponic basil production can be selected based on factors such as other species grown in the same solution or by reducing fertilizer inputs.

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