Progress in backcrossing between Carica papaya × Vasconcellea quercifolia intergeneric hybrids and C. papaya

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drew ◽  
S. V. Siar ◽  
C. M. O'Brien ◽  
A. G. C. Sajise
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Backcross Populations

Papaya is a major tropical fruit crop worldwide, however, all genotypes are susceptible to Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P). Protocols have been developed to produce large numbers of intergeneric hybrids between Carica papaya L. and Vasconcellea quercifolia, which is PRSV-P resistant. Although pollen fertility of these hybrids was low, backcross populations were produced in both Australia and the Philippines when papaya flowers were pollinated with pollen from 11 hybrid plants that had been identified as having some pollen fertility and were PRSV-P resistant. Plantlets were produced after embryo rescue and culture in vitro. Second backcross generations (BC2) were easier to produce than first backcross (BC1) generations as pollen fertility was >80% in male BC1 plants. Variation in time to PRSV-P symptom expression and severity of virus symptoms in the backcross generations was observed in both countries. Commercially acceptable fruit were produced in the BC2 generation. The results demonstrate that efforts in wide hybridisation to transfer PRSV-P resistance to C. papaya, are better directed towards crosses between C. papaya and V. quercifolia than with other Vasconcellea species.

Breeding for Papaya ringspot virus resistance in Carica papaya via hybridisation with Vasconcellea quercifolia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drew ◽  
S. V. Siar ◽  
C. M. O'Brien ◽  
P. M. Magdalita ◽  
A. G. C. Sajise
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus

Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) is a major threat to the papaya industry worldwide. F1 hybrids have been produced when Carica papaya L. female flowers have been pollinated with pollen of the PRSV-P resistant species Vasconcellea quercifolia. F1 plant production required embryo rescue 90 days post-pollination, and plantlet regeneration in vitro. Three hundred F1 hybrids were grown to maturity in the field and had morphological characteristics that were identical to 1 or both parents, were intermediate between those of the parents, or were greater than either parent. They had a sex ratio of 2 (male) : 49 (hermaphrodite) : 49(female). Eighteen plants (7 male and 11 hermaphrodite) produced some viable pollen. Pollen viability of these plants as measured by germination on agar medium varied between 1.1 and 6.1% (mean of 3.37 ± 0.18) compared with >90% for C. papaya. Cytogenetic studies showed limited homology between C. papaya and V. quercifolia genomes. The intergeneric hybrids varied in their reaction to strains of PRSV-P in Australia and the Philippines. Of the hybrids, 75% were resistant to PRSV-P while 25% produced virus symptoms.

Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum × Leymus multicaulis

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Plourde ◽  
A. Comeau ◽  
G. Fedak ◽  
C.-A. St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Somatic Chromosome Number ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Leymus Multicaulis

Hybrids were obtained at a frequency of 0.53% of the pollinated florets by pollination of Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) cv. Norin 29 with Leymus multicaulis (2n = 4x = 28, JJNN). The hybrid plants were taller than both parents and the floral structure of the hybrid spike resembled a modified wheat spike. The hybrids had the expected somatic chromosome number of 35 (ABDJN). The average bivalent frequency per cell at metaphase I in the meiocytes was very low, 0.59 and 0.45, respectively, for the two hybrids studied, suggesting the absence of homology between the parental genomes. The meiotic abnormalities observed consisted of lagging chromosomes and cytokinesis irregularities, leading to the production of polyads containing micronuclei at the quartet stage. The backcrossing of one hybrid to wheat cv. Fukuho resulted in the production of one plant with 56 chromosomes. Preliminary results on the evaluation of the BC3 and BC2F2 derivatives for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance (BYDV) suggested that the transfer of BYDV resistance genes from L. multicaulis to wheat is possible.Key words: intergeneric hybrids, Leymus, wheat, rye-grass, wild rye, embryo rescue.

A successful application of the embryo rescue technique as a model for studying crosses between Salix viminalis and Populus species

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna ◽  
Maciej Zenkteler ◽  
Elzbieta Zenkteler ◽  
Maria K. Wojciechowicz ◽  
Abdelali Barakat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Hybrid Nature ◽  
Rescue Technique

Embryos and plants from the crosses Salix viminalis L. as the female parent and Populus alba L., P. violascens Dode or P. tremula L. as the male parent were obtained by in vitro embryo rescue technique. F1 intergeneric progeny were obtained by overcoming post-zygotic barriers caused by the deficiency of endosperm as nutritive tissue during the first stage of embryo development. Ovules containing immature heart-stage embryos as well as early cotyledonary embryos were isolated and rescued in modified 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose to ensure maturity. Seedlings were cultured under in vitro conditions in 1/2 MS medium that contained 0.2 mg l–1 naphtaleneacetic acid and plantlets after rooting were transferred first into pots and subsequently to the experimental field in the Botanical Garden in Poznań, Poland. After 2 years, the putative hybrid nature of the plants was checked by analysing morphological characters and molecular markers. Scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry and random amplification of polymorphic DNA screening of individuals confirmed the hybrid nature of the S. viminalis × P. alba and S. viminalis × P. violascens progeny and of 25% of the analysed plants from the cross S. viminalis × P. tremula. This study showed the feasibility of overcoming pre- and post-fertilisation barriers to achieve intergeneric hybrids between species from two genera of Salicaceae. The in vitro system to produce hybrids with characters of both parents could be of great importance for increasing biomass production. This study also opens new opportunities to improve other traits in trees, such as resistance to pathogens inherited from one parent.

scholarly journals Culture of Embryo with a Segment of Ovary Improved Germination and Crossability of Distant Hybrids in Indica Rice

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Bindeshwar Prasad Sah ◽  
Raj Kumar Niroula ◽  
Hari Prasad Bimb
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Distant Hybridization ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Hybrid Embryo

Distant hybridization in the genus Oryza is realized as an efficient Biotechnological tool for plant breeding work to introgress useful gene/s from diverse array of wild relatives into cultivated rice. This study was carried out to improve the germination frequency of hybrid embryo to enhance the crossability between O. sativa sub spp. indica and wild species. Three cultivars of indica rice viz. IR 64, Radha 4 and IR 69618 - CMS A line (cytoplasmic male sterile A line) were pollinated with the pollen of O. latifolia, O. minuta and O. officinalis. Hybrid caryopsis containing embryos were rescued at tenth day of pollination. In vitro germination frequency of rescued embryos were compared by culturing embryo alone and embryo with a bit of ovary during 2005-06 at Biotechnology Unit, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Culture was maintained at 25±1°C under dark until germination and there after continuous light. In majority of the cross combinations, the germination frequencies were found to be higher when embryo excised and cultured with small portion of ovary. This technique yielded up to 100 per cent germination which were later employed to study the crossability between species. Depending upon the cultivars of O. sativa, the frequencies of crossability varied from 0.53 to 3.08 per cent with highest for Radha 4/O. minuta. A total of 38 hybrid plants were successfully produced from 88 cultured embryos isolated from 2644 pollinated florets. Inclusion of a bit of ovary along with embryo in in vitro culture was found to be an effective method not only to improve the germination frequency of hybrid embryo, but also to increase the crossability between cultivars of cultivated rice and their distant relatives. Key words: Embryo rescue; Interspecific hybrid; Oryza sativa; Wild species; O. latifolia; O. minuta; O. officinalis. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2655 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 46-50

Induction and Culture of Apex of Axillary Shoots of Papaya in Vitro from Mature Field-grown Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 462f-463
Author(s):  
S. Guzman ◽  
J. Jiménez ◽  
J. FarÌas ◽  
G. Löpez
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Cultural Requirements ◽  
Old Trees

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit tree grown in many coastal region of Colima. The experiments were conducted to optimize cultural requirements for induction and culture of shoot of C. papaya cv. Red Lady in vitro. The crown, fruits, and leaves were removed from 1-year-old trees in the field for stimulate growth of lateral shoots with application of 289 μM gibberellic acid solution along steam surface. Apex (2 × 2 mm) of the shoots induced were established in Drew and Smith (DS) medium containing 1 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). After 90 days of establishment, the explants were transferred to a multiplication medium consisting of DS medium containing different concentrations of BAP and NAA (0:0, 2:0.1, 2:0.5, 2.5:0.5 and 3:0.5 μM, respectively). Individual shoots were excised from the proliferating cultures and subcultured onto fresh medium at 30- to 40-day intervals. The shoot number induced of trees in the field was of 47.5 per plant. After three subculture of shoot the best multiplication factor per subculture (6.9) was when 2 or 2.5 uM of BAP and 0.5 μM of NAA were added to DS medium.

Cytological analysis of hybrid embryos of intergeneric crosses between Salix viminalis and Populus species

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna ◽  
Maria K. Wojciechowicz ◽  
Maciej Zenkteler ◽  
Stanisław Jeżowski ◽  
Elżbieta Zenkteler
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridisation

Intergeneric hybridisation between Salix viminalis L. as the female and four Populus species (Populus trichocarpa, P. tremula, P. × canadensis and P. simonii) as male pollen donors was performed by in vitro stigma pollination. To overcome postzygotic barriers, transfer of hybrid embryos to new medium is necessary. We carried out detailed ultrastructural analyses to establish: (i) at which stage of embryo development the first signs of programmed cell death (PCD) could be detected; and (ii) at which stage the lack of serious or irreversible changes guaranteed that advanced development of hybrid plants could occur after embryo rescue. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the presence of both developing and degenerating embryos. Developing globular, heart-shaped, and early cotyledonary embryos contained cells of correct ultrastructure. The only sign of intergeneric hybridisation was a delay in development for a few days, in comparison with control embryos. The earliest indicators of embryo degeneration were noted at 9 days after pollination (DAP). The most common indicators were excessive embryo vacuolisation, which was characterised by a large number of vesicles and formation of small vacuoles, as well as enlarged central vacuoles. Extended plastid thylakoids, folding of the cell wall, and autophagosomes were observed. Our detailed investigation of PCD in hybrid embryos enabled us to conclude that the embryo rescue technique was most effective in intergeneric willow × poplar crosses if applied between 9 and 16 DAP.

scholarly journals Sex Identification of in vitro Plants of Carica papaya L. MSXJ Hybrid through Molecular Markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nieto-Soriano ◽  
María E. Galindo-Tovar ◽  
Miriam C. Pastelín Solano ◽  
Luis A. Solano Rodríguez ◽  
Otto R. Leyva Ovalle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Unwanted Sex ◽  
Running Water ◽  
In Vitro Plants ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Ctab Method

Objective: To identify the sex of in vitro plants of papaya (Carica papaya L.) MSXJhybrid obtained via somatic organogenesis, through SCAR type molecular markers. Design/Methodology/Approach: Eight-month old MSXJ papaya hybrid plants in thefructification stage were collected in Cotaxtla, Veracruz, Mexico. They weresuperficially disinfected with abundant running water, detergent during 30 min, andthen alcohol at 70% was added for one minute, commercial chlorine at 30% for 30min, and they were rinsed with sterile distilled water; then the meristems werecultivated in MS medium and after 30 d a subculture was made. The DNA extractionwas made with the CTAB method, and the DNA PCR was done with the Deputy et al.(2002) method, and the primers T1, T12 and W11 were used.Results: The T1 primer was the positive control and the T12 and W11 primersallowed the amplification of fragments that identify hermaphrodite, feminine and maleplants, while the T12 and W11 primers were specific for hermaphrodite plants.Study Limitations/Implications: It is required to standardize the method for it to beinexpensive.Findings/Conclusions: The sexuality of papaya plants can be differentiated until thestage of flowering, which is why the implementation of molecular markers wouldfacilitate plant selection if it is implemented at a large scale. Costs, maintenance timeand elimination of plants of unwanted sex are reduced this way.

Cytoplasmic Granules in Lymphocytes from Rats Dosed with SK&F 14336-D

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
T. G. Merrill ◽  
B. J. Payne ◽  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Storage ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Neurovisceral Lipidosis

Rats given SK&F 14336-D (9-[3-Dimethylamino propyl]-2-chloroacridane), a tranquilizing drug, developed an increased number of vacuolated lymphocytes as observed by light microscopy. Vacuoles in peripheral blood of rats and humans apparently are rare and are not usually reported in differential counts. Transforming agents such as phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen induce similar vacuoles in in vitro cultures of lymphocytes. These vacuoles have also been reported in some of the lipid-storage diseases of humans such as amaurotic familial idiocy, familial neurovisceral lipidosis, lipomucopolysaccharidosis and sphingomyelinosis. Electron microscopic studies of Tay-Sachs' disease and of chloroquine treated swine have demonstrated large numbers of “membranous cytoplasmic granules” in the cytoplasm of neurons, in addition to lymphocytes. The present study was undertaken with the purpose of characterizing the membranous inclusions and developing an experimental animal model which may be used for the study of lipid storage diseases.

Synergistic in-vitro anthelmintic potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Delile stem and Carica papaya Lin. seeds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Quartey ◽  
A Oppong ◽  
I Ayensu ◽  
J Apenteng ◽  
D Mintah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina

Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Michael Russelle Alvarez ◽  
Paolo Robert Bueno ◽  
Raymond Oliver Cruz ◽  
Richard Macapulay ◽  
Francis Jayson Vallesfin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. ­Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested ­positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

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