Dietary preferences of cows offered choices between white clover and 'high sugar' and 'typical' perennial ryegrass cultivars

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Francis ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
B. J. Leury
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Partial Preference

An experiment was conducted to compare dietary preferences of cows offered simple choices between spatially separated monocultures of perennial ryegrass cvv. AberDawn (AD) and AberElan (AE), and white clover (WC) under strip grazing. AberDawn was bred to express high water soluble carbohydrate concentrations, whereas AE has typical levels. The proposed hypotheses were that cows would exhibit a partial preference for the ryegrass cultivar with a higher concentration of non-structural carbohydrates, and that there would be an interaction between the non-structural carbohydrate concentration of the ryegrass and strength of preference for WC. Non-lactating cows were offered a pasture allowance of about 20 kg DM each day for 9 days in 3 ‘choice’ treatments: AD + WC, AE + WC and AD + AE. All pastures had similar estimated metabolisable energy contents, but AD had a higher crude protein (136 v. 118 g/kg DM) and slightly lower neutral detergent fibre (480 v. 497 g/kg DM) concentration than AE, and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations were similar in both grasses. White clover had higher crude protein (236 v. 127 g/kg DM), and lower neutral detergent fibre (317 v. 489 g/kg DM) and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations (140 v. 183 g/kg DM), and contained less dead material (60 v. 242 g/kg DM) than the grasses. AberDawn contained less (P<0.05; 578 v. 698 g/kg DM) green ryegrass than AE. Pre-grazing pasture mass (1870 v. 2010 kg DM/ha), pasture allowance (23 v. 25 kg DM/cow), and residual pasture mass (1610 v. 1710 kg DM/ha) were lower for AD than AE, and for WC were lower (P<0.05) than for both grasses. Dry matter intake, intake rate and bite size were lower (P<0.05) on AD + AE than on treatments containing WC. Cows grazing AD + AE ruminated longer (P<0.05), ruminated more (P<0.05) boli, and had more (P<0.05) ruminating chews than those on treatments including WC. The cows on AD + AE had more (P<0.05) total chews than those on AD + WC or AE + WC, but grazing time was not always significantly different between choice treatments. It is suggested that the longer ruminating times and greater number of boli processed in cows grazing only grass may reflect the slower digestion rates of ryegrass compared with clover. Cows grazing the AD + WC or AE + WC choice treatments showed a partial preference for WC, spending more (P<0.001) time grazing and consuming more (P<0.001) WC than ryegrass. Within the AD + AE choice treatment, cows spent more (P<0.05) time grazing and consumed more (P<0.05) AE than AD. Using the mean of 2 methods of estimation, the partial preferences for AD + WC, AE + WC and AD + AE were 39 : 61, 41 : 59 and 45 : 55, respectively.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. R. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dietary Origin

SUMMARYThe extents and sites of digestion of organic matter (OM), and its constituent watersoluble carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein have been studied in sheep prepared with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and fed four fresh herbage diets, Ruanui perennial ryegrass, Tama Westerwolds ryegrass, Pitau white clover and Fakir sainfoin, at each of two levels of intake.The water-soluble carbohydrate, organic acids and pectin of all diets were almost completely digested within the rumen. Some 10% of water soluble carbohydrate reached the duodenum on each diet, though this may not have been of dietary origin. Only on legume diets, where pectin concentration was higher, did measurable amounts of pectin reach the intestine, accounting for some 5% of the pectin.Hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities differed between diets, being lowest for sainfoin, and next lowest for clover. Between 79 and 94% of digestible hemicellulose was digested in the stomach, but diet and intake had no significant effect on this partition. Of the digestible cellulose, 87–97% was digested in the stomach.Digestibility of N was lowest for sainfoin and highest for Tama ryegrass. There were no significant differences between herbage species or intake in the percentage of digested N digested in the stomach or intestines. The tannin contained in sainfoin had no effect on nitrogen digestion.Data from this and other studies reported in the literature were examined as a basis for establishing prediction equations whereby the partition of digestion of the major carbohydrate and nitrogenous constituents in stomach and intestines might be estimated from data obtainable from standard digestibility trials. Regressions were developed for predicting the amounts of OM, cellulose, and hemicellulose digested in the stomach. There are not yet enough suitable data available to predict the amount of nitrogen entering the small intestine.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

Effects of season and time since defoliation on the nutritive characteristics of three irrigated perennial pasture species in northern Victoria 1. Energy, protein and fibre

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The study reported here compared the nutritive characteristics of the 3 most common irrigated perennial pasture species grown in northern Victoria as they regrew after defoliation at various times during the year. In addition, the relative influence of changes to the proportions of morphological components and the nutritive characteristics of the individual components on the quality of whole plants was examined. The nutritive characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Ellet) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were examined at weekly intervals on 4 occasions during spring–autumn, 1993–94. On each occasion, pastures were defoliated with a drum mower and allowed to regrow for up to 9 weeks; defoliation dates were 24 September, 26 November, 28 January and 25 March. The variation in estimated metabolisable energy [obtained from in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility], crude protein and detergent fibre concentrations within species was significantly (P<0.01) less than between clover and the grasses. White clover was consistently high in metabolisable energy (9.3–11.2 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (17.7–27.7% DM), and low in neutral detergent fibre (27.8–39.8% DM) in all periods. At the other extreme, paspalum had a metabolisable energy content that peaked at 9.3 MJ/kg DM, and fell as low as 7.4 MJ/kg DM. Paspalum also had low protein (7.5–14.7% DM) and very high neutral detergent fibre (61.9–69.9% DM) concentrations. Ryegrass varied greatly in metabolisable energy concentration between the 4 periods, being high in autumn (average of 10.2 MJ/kg DM) and low in summer–autumn (average of 8.4 MJ/kg DM). Metabolisable energy apart, there were few differences in the crude protein and detergent fibre contents of ryegrass and paspalum. Perennial ryegrass is generally considered a superior feed to paspalum, but the data indicate this is not always the case under irrigation in northern Victoria. The nutritive characteristics of the plant fractions (leaf, stem, dead, inflorescence) were analysed separately to give an indication of the limits to selection by grazing cows. Differences in metabolisable energy between leaf and stem in both white clover and perennial ryegrass suggested that grazing dairy cows could consume a pasture diet which is likely to be slightly higher in energy than that in the herbage on offer. With paspalum, this is unlikely to be the case because differences in energy content between plant parts were small. However, with all species, cows should be able to consume herbage that is significantly higher in protein, and lower in detergent fibre, than that on offer because of differences in their concentrations in leaf and stem. The nutritive characteristics of morphological components of each species remained relatively constant throughout the study. Therefore, it would seem that it is the proportions of these fractions in the plant, together with severity of grazing, that will largely determine the degree of selection that can occur.

Nitrogen fertiliser effects on nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass during late autumn, and mid- and late winter in western Victoria

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

A study determined the effects of differing rates of nitrogen fertiliser [0 (N0), 25 (N1), 50 (N2) and 75�kg N/ha (N3)] during late autumn (T1) and mid- (T2) and late (T3) winter on the nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass over a 28-day period after each application. All nitrogen applications were made to pastures with a post-grazed residual mass (dry matter) of 1400 kg/ha. Changes in metabolisable energy followed similar patterns for all treatments within a given period. Metabolisable energy was highest in T1, ranging from 11.8 to 13.1 MJ/kg dry matter, followed by T2 (11.5-12.3 MJ/kg dry matter) and T3 (10.6-11.5 MJ/kg dry matter). Changes in crude protein for all treatments at each application time were similar, irrespective of rate of nitrogen application. At the commencement of treatment application times, the existing crude protein content (%DM) was highest in N3 (T1�19, T2 23, T3 22), followed by N2 (T1 18, T2 21, T3 21), N1 (T1 17, T2 20, T3 20) and N0 (T1 16, T2 17, T3 18). During both T1 and T2, neutral detergent fibre content decreased by 4 percentage units and increased by a similar amount during T3. Generally, neutral detergent fibre content (%DM) was highest during T3 (53-58%), followed by T2 (45-54%) and T1 (43-49%). Water-soluble carbohydrate content (%DM) increased during all treatment periods with the highest level observed during T1 (18-31%) followed by T2 (3-14%) and T3 (1-6%). Nitrate content (measured as nitrate-nitrogen) decreased throughout T1, primarily due to dry conditions, while during T2, levels for N3 and N2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for N1 and N0 following nitrogen fertiliser application. During T3, nitrate content increased for all treatments throughout the 28-day period, with highest nitrate levels being observed during T3. The effect of applied nitrogen on mineral content was variable within and across treatment periods. The study indicates that nitrogen fertiliser did not affect metabolisable (apart from N3 elevating metabolisable energy during T3), neutral detergent fibre or water-soluble carbohydrate contents of perennial ryegrass during the 28 days after nitrogen application, but increased crude protein content. Also, nitrogen fertiliser elevated nitrate content in perennial ryegrass. While the elevated nitrate content observed may result in subclinical effects, these levels are not considered fatal for dairy cows. Crude protein content was generally above 20% of dry matter throughout the study and close to 30% of dry matter for short periods during T2. Minimising the effect of excess nitrogen ingested by the grazing animal may require appropriate supplementation of low crude protein containing feeds such as cereal grains. It is argued that the effects of rain and temperature, which impact on soil nitrogen mineralisation, may have a greater influence on perennial ryegrass nitrate content than nitrogen fertiliser.

scholarly journals Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
L.A. Box ◽  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain. Keywords: chicory, clover, crude protein, plantain, ryegrass, water soluble carbohydrate

Effects of irrigating forage turnips, Brassica rapa var. rapa cv. Barkant, during different periods of vegetative growth. 2. Nutritive characteristics of leaves and roots

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Rowe ◽  
J. E. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Leaves And Roots

The effects of irrigating spring-sown forage turnips, Brassica rapa var. rapa cv. Barkant, during four discrete but consecutive periods of vegetative growth on the nutritive value of both leaves and roots of turnip was measured three times in 4 weeks in two field experiments conducted in north-west Tasmania during the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 spring and summer seasons. The harvests commenced ~10 weeks after sowing and near the maximum growth rate of the turnip. The harvests coincided with times when turnip would normally be grazed by dairy cows in mid lactation. The aim was to quantify both the effects of applying irrigation during four discrete but consecutive periods of vegetative growth and advancing maturity on metabolisable energy, neutral detergent fibre, crude protein and non-structural carbohydrate in both the leaves and roots. Irrigation applied during the four periods of vegetative growth produced relatively small and sometimes inconsistent effects on the nutritive characteristics of turnip leaf and root as the crop matured. However, their cumulative effect was to reduce both crude protein and the crude protein : non-structural carbohydrate ratio despite increasing total nitrogen uptake, and to increase leaf water-soluble carbohydrate and starch above rainfed turnip. These cumulative effects became more pronounced as the crop maturity increased from 27 to 75 days after the onset of root expansion. The cumulative effects on metabolisable energy and neutral detergent fibre were small and of no agricultural importance. Nutritive values were sufficient to meet the requirement of lactating dairy cows in mid lactation except for fibre and root crude protein.

Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Oram ◽  
K. F. Lowe ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

Effects of feeding additional pasture hay in autumn to dairy cows grazing irrigated perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture and supplemented with barley grain

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Wales ◽  
D. W. Dellow ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
A. R. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Clover Pasture

Two experiments were undertaken to investigate responses by dairy cows grazing irrigated perennial pastures in autumn to supplementation with barley grain and pasture hay. Cows in late lactation were offered limited amounts of perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture at 26 kg DM/cow. day. Supplements were offered as nil or 6.0 kg DM/cow.day plus perennial pasture hay at 0, 0.5, 1.2, 2.0 or 3.0 kg DM/cow. day in a replicated experiment with 6 treatments using 36 cows (3 cows/treatment replication). The second experiment, which was conducted concurrently with experiment 1, measured aspects of rumen function and blood parameters in 3 groups of 3 rumen fistulated lactating cows grazing at the same herbage allowance and supplemented with barley (6.0 kg DM/cow. day) and 0, 1.0 or 3.0 kg DM of pasture hay daily. The in vitro DM digestibility and crude protein and neutral detergent fibre content of the barley and perennial pasture hay was 863 and 640 g/kg DM, 134 and 87 g/kg DM and 192 and 615 g/kg DM, respectively. In experiment 1, the cows from all treatments consumed herbage (mean s.d.) with an in vitro DM digestibility of 811 21.8 g/kg DM, crude protein content of 233 26.0 g/kg DM and neutral detergent fibre content of 404 39.4 g/kg DM compared with the pregrazed herbage on offer of 710, 152 and 526 g/kg DM, respectively. The mean pregrazing herbage mass of 3.75 t DM/ha in experiment 1 consisted of perennial ryegrass (580 g/kg DM), white clover (100 g/kg DM), weeds (110 g/kg DM) and dead material (210 g/kg DM). Without supplements, cows consumed 10.0 kg DM/day of this pasture with a neutral detergent fibre intake of 4.43 kg/day. The herbage grazed in experiment 2 was similar. Herbage intake did not decline to a large degree when barley was included in the diet indicating a very low substitution rate under the prevailing conditions where herbage allowance was only 26 kg DM/cow. day. Inclusion of hay progressively decreased (P<0.05) herbage intake, with substitution averaging 1.2 kg DM of herbage/kg DM of hay. Total DM intakes (15.5 kg DM/cow. day) were similar for the barley and the barley plus hay treatments up to 2.0 kg DM hay/cow. day; total DM intake was higher (P<0.05) for the 3.0 kg hay treatment. Milk production increased (P<0.05) with grain and hay supplementation, the marginal response being 0.8–1.0 kg milk/kg DM supplement, however, there was no significant difference between the 5 supplemented treatments. Supplementation with hay had no significant effect (P>0.05) on milk fat or milk protein contents which averaged 44.6 and 35.2 g/kg milk, respectively. The ratio of acetate + butyrate:propionate was 4.1:1 when cows consumed 6.0 kg barley, which was around the critical ratio of 4:1 for milk fat of 40 g/kg. Increasing the amount of hay in the diet did not alter this ratio. Because of the high levels of substitution of hay for pasture, changes in neutral detergent fibre intake were small between supplemented treatments. The rumen pH, ammonia-N concentration and volatile fatty acid concentration were relatively stable during the day because of a relatively slow rate of eating (1.5 kg DM/h) and long rumination time (about 6.8 h/day). Ruminal pH was rarely below 6.0, even when barley was given alone, suggesting that fibre digestion was not compromised. Additional fibre as supplemental hay to cows in late lactation grazing irrigated pasture did not improve milk production when the neutral detergent fibre content of the diet was above an average of 336 g/kg DM. Use of hay as a means of providing additional fibre could reduce herbage utilisation.

Seasonal variations in the chemical composition and nutritive value of five pasture species in south-western Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Walsh ◽  
HA Birrell
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

The dry matter digestibility (DMD), grinding energy, and the concentration of neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus in 5 pasture species were monitored over 2 years from pasture which was grazed at 14.8 sheep/ha in south-western Victoria. The species were: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Victorian), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian), Yorkshire fog grass (Holcus lanatus), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Mount Barker), and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). Perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover were the dominant species and contributed 50 and 20% DM, respectively, to the sward in winter and the opposite in spring. The DMD of the 5 pasture species did not vary greatly throughout the vegetative phase of growth (autumn-mid spring). In winter, fog grass was slightly less digestible (70-74% DMD), while the other grasses were similar (76-79% DMD). Subterranean clover was not digested (72-75% DMD) as thoroughly as the other species until after late spring; then it retained its digestibility while the digestibility of the others fell. None of the species provided digestible herbage above 65% DMD in the summer. The energy required for grinding herbage was lowest in the autumn-winter, and increased with a corresponding increase in neutral detergent fibre content as pastures matured in late spring. The crude protein content of all species declined from 27-30% in autumn to 18-20% in spring, while the soluble carbohydrate contents increased from about 54% in autumn to 10-13% by spring. The implications on animal production of these seasonal changes in nutritive value are discussed. Higher soluble carbohydrate contents in spring herbage than in autumn herbage possibly explain the better performance of animals when grazing spring pasture. The levels of magnesium, sodium and potassium were adequate for the dietary requirements of ruminants; however, on grass dominant pasture, shortages of calcium (0.14-0.25% DM) and phosphorus (0.11-0.24% DM) were likely in the summer when energy and protein were also deficient. The problem of a calcium deficiency is greatly reduced by the presence of legumes. Capeweed is an accumulator of minerals, but it is only occasionally eaten and is rarely present in summer; hence its presence is of marginal benefit to stock.

scholarly journals Development of white clover populations with higher concentrations of water soluble carbohydrate

2010 ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
J.L. Ford ◽  
B.A. Barret ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) provides readily available energy in the rumen that improves the efficiency of crude protein (CP) utilisation, partitioning of dietary N towards animal growth, and reduces the loss of N as urea.

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