Groundwater irrigation and phosphogypsum application: their influence on soil properties and pasture production in northern Victoria

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
D. P. Burrow ◽  
A. Surapaneni
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Microaggregate Stability

Saline–sodic irrigation water [ECiw = 0.1, 0.8, 2.5, 4.5, 7.5 dS/m, SARiw = 3, 5, 11, 17, 29 (mmolc/L)0.5] was applied to lucerne plots over 1991–95 followed by further irrigation [ECiw = 0.1, 0.8, 4.5 dS/m, SARiw = 3, 5, 17 (mmolc/L)0.5] of perennial pasture in 1997–99 with and without added phosphogypsum (PG = 0, 5 t/ha; May 1998). The later irrigation treatments and PG did not decrease exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the B horizon nor alter bulk soil physical properties. Microaggregate stability to wetting decreased with increasing�residual sodicity and decreasing soil electrolyte concentration. The stability of topsoil aggregates was explained by higher organic carbon content while subsoil aggregate instability was related to higher clay content and higher ESP. Pasture yield decreased by 2 t/ha with an associated increase in soil ESP from 9 to 15%. Pasture yield was highest for ECiw = 0.8 dS/m and this treatment marginally increased N uptake in leaves. Higher yields for this treatment could not be readily explained by soil physico–chemical measurements.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

scholarly journals Stability of Fe-oxide nanoparticles coated with natural organic matter under relevant environmental conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2040-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chekli ◽  
S. Phuntsho ◽  
L. D. Tijing ◽  
J. L. Zhou ◽  
J.-H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Fe Oxide ◽  
Coated Nanoparticles ◽  
Aggregation Behaviour ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Stability

Manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) are increasingly released into the environment and thus research on their fate and behaviour in complex environmental samples is urgently needed. The fate of MNPs in the aquatic environment will mainly depend on the physico-chemical characteristics of the medium. The presence and concentration of natural organic matter (NOM) will play a significant role on the stability of MNPs by either decreasing or exacerbating the aggregation phenomenon. In this study, we firstly investigated the effect of NOM concentration on the aggregation behaviour of manufactured Fe-oxide nanoparticles. Then, the stability of the coated nanoparticles was assessed under relevant environmental conditions. Flow field-flow fractionation, an emerging method which is gaining popularity in the field of nanotechnology, has been employed and results have been compared to another size-measurement technique to provide increased confidence in the outcomes. Results showed enhanced stability when the nanoparticles are coated with NOM, which was due to electrosteric stabilisation. However, the presence of divalent cations, even at low concentration (i.e. less than 1 mM) was found to induce aggregation of NOM-coated nanoparticles via bridging mechanisms between NOM and Ca2+.

Preparation of Immobilized Chromium Schiff Base Complexes and their Catalytic Performance for Olefins Epoxidation

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 240-244
Author(s):  
Gong De Wu ◽  
Xiao Li Wang ◽  
Zhi Li Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Schiff Base ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Schiff Base Complexes ◽  
Metal Centers ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Immobilized Complexes ◽  
Mcm 41

A series of transition metal alanine-salicylaldehyde Schiff base chromium (III) complexes immobilized on MCM-41 were prepared and characterized by various physico-chemical measurements such as FIIR, XRD, HRTEM, N2 sorption and elemental analysis. The immobilized complexes were effective and stable catalysts for the epoxidation of styrene and cyclohexene with 30% hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the metal centers were found to play important roles in the catalytic performance of immobilized complex catalysts.

scholarly journals Pasture production under different irrigation depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laísa S. Antoniel ◽  
Giuliani do Prado ◽  
Adriano C. Tinos ◽  
Gabriel A. Beltrame ◽  
João V. C. de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
State University ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Monteith Equation ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Plot Design

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the production of two pasture species, Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã and Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, under different irrigation depths. The experiment was carried out from May to December 2014, at the State University of Maringá, in the municipality of Cidade Gaúcha-PR, Brazil. The experiment was set out in a strip-plot design, with four replicates, six irrigation depths in the plot and two pasture species in the subplot. Irrigation depths were represented by a percentage of reference evapotranspiration (ET0), which was estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation. Four pasture cuts were performed during the studied period and there were no differences between the yields of both evaluated pasture species; however, irrigation depths caused a quadratic response on pasture yield. The maximum values of dry matter yield of the pastures under irrigated conditions were 52.1, 41.6, 26.2 and 25.1% higher than under non-irrigated conditions, for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th cuts, respectively. Irrigation depths that applied water volumes close to ET0 promoted considerable increases in pasture yield.

scholarly journals Criteria for Judging the Quality of a Publication on Physicochemical Stability of Ready to Use Injectable Drugs

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Daniel Hecq ◽  
Benoit Bihin ◽  
Jacques Jamart ◽  
Laurence Galanti
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Pharmacist ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Compatibility Study ◽  
Injectable Drugs ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Testing And Measurement ◽  
The Stability

AbstractIn hospitals, a major part of the drugs is administered via the intravenous route. When one wants to evaluate or know the stability of a drug in solution, it is necessary to know several physico-chemical parameters. Several reference works are available to help the hospital pharmacist with this research. However, reading these different sources can make you discover conflicting data. It is therefore necessary at this time to obtain the publications with contradictory results and to read them again. Seven criteria have been identified for judging the quality of a publication on physicochemical stability: full description of equipment, methods and analytical conditions of molecules studied; complete description of the procedures used to validate the analytical method; full indication of time testing and measurement bases or control; documentation on the analytical reproducibility; adequate statistical analysis; appropriate conclusions; appropriate references. In conclusion, everything in a compatibility study is important.

scholarly journals Nanosuspensions – An Update on Recent Patents, Methods of Preparation, and Evaluation Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harpreet Kaur Khanuja ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi ◽  
Meenu Mehta ◽  
Saurabh Satija ◽  
Alaa AA Aljabali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Loading ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Passive Targeting ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Preparation And Evaluation

Background: Nanosuspensions are colloidal systems consisting of pure drug and stabilizers, without matrix or lyophilized into a solid matrix. Nanosuspensions improve the solubility of the drug both in the aqueous and organic phases. Nanosuspensions are also known as brick dust molecules, as they increase the dissolution of a system and improve absorption. Methods: Extensive information related to nanosuspensions and its associated patents were collected using PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Over the last decade nanosuspensions have attracted tremendous interest in pharmaceutical research. It provides unique features including, improved solubility, high drug loading capacity, and passive targeting. These particles are costeffective, simple, and have lesser side effects with minimal dose requirements. However, the stability of nanosuspensions still warrants attention. Conclusion: Nanosuspensions plays a vital role in handling the numerous drug entities with difficult physico-chemical characteristics such as solubility and can further aid with a range of routes that include nasal, transdermal, occular, parenteral, pulmonary etc. This review highlights the relevance of nanosuspensions in achieving safe, effective and targeted drug delivery.

scholarly journals Polynuclear coordination precursors compounds for M3Fe5O12 garnets (M=Y, Eu, Gd and Er), Part I: Synthesis of the precursors

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luminita Patron ◽  
Oana Carp ◽  
Ioana Mindru ◽  
Gabriela Marinescu ◽  
Nicolae Stanica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Chemical Analysis ◽  
New Compounds

Anew type of complexes compounds (NH4)6[M3Fe5(C4O5H4)6(C4O5H3)6]. 16H2O (where M(III) = Y, Eu, Gd, Er), (NH4)6[M3Fe5(C4O6H4)6(C4O6H3)6]. 16H2O (where M(III) = Gd, Er) and (NH4)6[M3Fe5(C6O7H10)6(C6O7H9)6]. xH2O (where M(III) = Y; x = 8; M(III) = Eu, Er; x = 22) [C4O5H4 2? = malate anion C4O6H42? = tartarate anion, C6O7H11 ? = gluconate anion_ have been synthesized and characterised by elemental chemical analysis and physico-chemical measurements (IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and magnetic determinations). The synthetic possibilities offered by the use of these new compounds as potential precursors for garnets have been suggested.

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: models and challenges

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lénaïc Pardon ◽  
Cécile Bessou ◽  
Nathalie Saint-Geours ◽  
Benoît Gabrielle ◽  
Ni’matul Khasanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

Abstract. Oil palm is the most rapidly expanding tropical perennial crop. Its cultivation raises environmental concerns, notably related to the use of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and associated pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While numerous and diverse models exist to estimate N losses from agriculture, very few are available for tropical perennial crops. Moreover, there has been no critical analysis of the performances of existing models in the specific context of tropical perennial cropping systems. We assessed the capacity of 11 models and 29 sub-models to estimate N losses in a typical oil palm plantation over a 25-year-growth cycle, through leaching and runoff, and emissions of NH3, N2, N2O, and NOx. Estimates of total N losses were very variable, ranging from 21 to 139 kg N ha−1 yr−1. On average, 31 % of the losses occurred during the first three years of the cycle. Leaching comprised about 80 % of the losses. Based on a comprehensive Morris sensitivity analysis, the most influential variables were soil clay content, rooting depth and oil palm N uptake. We also compared model estimates with published field measurements. Many challenges remain to model more accurately processes related to the peculiarities of perennial tropical crop systems such as oil palm.

The Influence of the Mineral Composition of Alcoholic Beverages of Grape Origin on their Bottling Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Дарья Владиславовна Андриевская ◽  
Екатерина Владимировна Ульянова
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Stability

В настоящее время известны основные причины формирования различных видов помутнений в спиртных напитках виноградного происхождения. В значительной степени изучены компоненты образующихся при этом осадков. Вместе с тем одна из часто возникающих проблем современного производства заключается в потере стабильности продукции при транспортировании и хранении, что влечет дополнительные расходы предприятий по возврату и технологическим обработкам забракованной продукции. Целью настоящей работы стало сравнительное исследование минерального состава обработанных коньяков и их стабильности к различным видам помутнений. Объекты исследований - образцы обработанных коньяков отечественного производства, которые были разделены в зависимости от возраста на четыре группы: 1 группа - 3-летние, 4-летние и 5-летние; 2 группа - выдержанные «КВ» и выдержанные высшего качества «КВВК»; 3 группа - старые «КС», 4 группа - очень старые «ОС». На 1-м этапе было проведено исследование физико-химических и органолептических показателей продукции. В результате установлено, что все образцы соответствовали требованиям ГОСТ 31732-2014. Тесты на склонность к различным видам помутнений показали стабильность образцов к обратимым коллоидным, белковым и кальциевым помутнениям. Установлено, что качественный состав минеральных веществ обработанных коньяков различного возраста идентичен. При этом массовая концентрация отдельных компонентов варьирует в широком диапазоне. Доля образцов обработанных коньяков, в которых были превышены уровни концентраций отдельных ионов, гарантирующих стабильность продукции, составила в среднем 15%. Сравнительный анализ количественного состава катионов и анионов в обработанных коньяках дает основание предположить, что образцы с высоким содержанием ионов Са2+, Na+ и SO42- имеют высокий риск потери стабильности в дальнейшем. Таким образом, результаты проведенных исследований показали необходимость совершенствования методики определения склонности коньяков к различным видам помутнений в части расширения контролируемых показателей. Currently, the main reasons for the formation of various types of turbidity in alcoholic beverages of grape origin are known. The components of the precipitation formed during this process have been studied to a large extent. At the same time, one of the frequently occurring problems of modern production is the loss of product stability during transportation and storage, which entails additional costs for enterprises to return and process rejected products. The purpose of this work was a comparative study of the mineral composition of processed cognacs and their stability to various types of turbidity. The objects of research were samples of processed cognacs of domestic production, which were divided depending on age into four groups: group 1 - three-year-old, four-year-old and five-year-old; group 2 - aged «KV» and aged of the highest quality «KVVK»; group 3 - old «KS», group 4 - very old «OS». At the first stage, a study of the physico-chemical and organoleptic parameters of the products was carried out. As a result, it was found that all samples met the requirements of GOST 31732-2014. Tests for the propensity to various types of turbidity showed the stability of the samples to reversible colloidal, protein and calcium turbidity. It is established that the qualitative composition of the minerals of processed cognacs of different ages is identical. At the same time, the mass concentration of individual components varies in a wide range. The share of samples of processed cognacs in which the concentration levels of individual ions guaranteeing the stability of products were exceeded averaged 15%. A comparative analysis of the quantitative composition of cations and anions in processed cognacs suggests that samples with a high content of Ca2+, Na+ and SO42- ions have a high risk of loss of stability in the future. Thus, the results of the conducted studies have shown the need to improve the methodology for determining the propensity of cognacs to various types of turbidity in terms of expanding the controlled indicators.

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