Osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica napus and B. juncea genotypes in a water-limited environment in south-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Niknam ◽  
Q. Ma ◽  
D. W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Physiological Trait ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica oilseeds was examined at a low rainfall site, Merredin, Western Australia, in 1998 and 1999. Genotypes of B. napus and B. juncea were subjected to rain-fed and irrigated treatments at the seed-fill stage. The B. juncea lines showed small or even no yield reduction under rain-fed conditions, and generally had no yield advantage over the B. napus cultivars where irrigated. In both species, an inverse correlation was found between the magnitude of osmotic adjustment and the percentage of yield reduction. Genotypes with low osmotic adjustment, under rain-fed conditions, had a yield reduction of up to 40%, whereas those with high osmotic adjustment had only 0–10% yield reduction. In contrast, seed oil concentrations decreased from 41% under irrigation to 38% under water deficits and the differences among genotypes were not related to osmotic adjustment. In 1999, osmotic adjustment was again observed for most of the genotypes, but its association with seed yield was not as obvious as in the previous year and usually only the osmotically adjusting B. juncea genotypes maintained a good yield under water deficits. Not all the B. juncea genotypes expressed osmotic adjustment despite the fact that they were generally more drought resistant than the B. napus genotypes. In both years, however, osmotic adjustment was associated with increased harvest indices of B. napus and B. juncea, indicating that this physiological trait can be beneficial to Brassica yield in a water-limited Mediterranean-type environment.

Responses of osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica napus and B. juncea to soil water deficit at different growth stages

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Sharon R. Niknam ◽  
David W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Fill

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a major rotation crop but low yield has limited its adoption by farmers in the low-rainfall regions of southern Australia, where drought events can occur at any stage of crop development. We examined the effect of soil water deficit on osmotic adjustment and seed yield of canola and mustard (B. juncea L.) at the juvenile, elongation, anthesis, or seed-fill stage under glasshouse conditions and post-anthesis drought in the field. At the juvenile and elongation stages, leaves of both canola cv. Monty and mustard line 397-23-2-3-3 adjusted osmotically after exposure to water deficit. In comparison, only the mustard line expressed osmotic adjustment at anthesis and neither genotype adjusted at the seed-fill stage. A single drought event at the juvenile or elongation stage had little effect on growth and seed yield of either genotype, whereas water deficit at anthesis or seed-fill stage reduced seed yield of the canola cultivar by decreasing pod number, seeds per pod, and/or harvest index but largely did not affect the mustard line. In the field where rainfall diminished and plants were subjected to increasing water deficit during the reproductive stages, canola cv. Karoo and mustard line JN25 showed higher osmotic adjustment at anthesis and less yield reduction than the canola cv. Monty. This study suggests that yield sensitivity to water deficit was mainly due to its effect on concurrent formation of yield components, but could be modified by the physiological trait of osmotic adjustment.

Effect of seed source and seed phosphorus concentration on the yield response of yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
M Baker
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Relationship

A field experiment at Medina, Western Australia, was designed to test whether seed produced at different locations and containing different phosphorus (P) concentration in the seed would change the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate drilled with the seed. To produce the seed for the experiment, subsamples of the same source of seed of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Madeira) were grown at Medina and Esperance, Western Australia. Seed of the same size produced at each location, and containing 3 different P concentrations, was sown in the experiment at Medina. Three levels of superphosphate were drilled with the seed. Yields (of dried herbage and seed) were increased 2- to 4-fold as the amount of P drilled with the seed was increased from 5 to 40 kg P/ha. Although the Medina seed contained >0.40% P and the Esperance seed contained <0.40% P, plants grown from Esperance seed produced larger yields than plants grown from Medina seed for each of the 3 levels of P drilled with the seed; yield difference increased from about 14 to 70% as the level of P drilled with the seed increased from 5 to 40 kg P/ha. Higher P concentration in the sown seed increased herbage and seed yields by 35-70% when 5 kg P/ha superphosphate was drilled with the seed, and by about 616% when 40 kg P/ha was P drilled with the seed. Seed grown at Esperance produced larger yields for each seed P concentration than Medina seed; yield differences were about 30-90%. The P concentration measured in dried herbage and seed depended only on the amount of P drilled with the seed. It was unaffected by the P concentration in the seed sown, and for dried herbage, it was unaffected by where the seed sown was produced. However, for seed production, the relationship between yield and P concentration in the seed differed depending on where the seed was grown.

Water Deficit Effect on the Relationship between Temperature during the Seed Fill Period and Soybean Seed Oil and Protein Concentrations

Crop Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 990-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanza Carrera ◽  
María José Martínez ◽  
Julio Dardanelli ◽  
Mónica Balzarini
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Impact of Sowing Date Induced Temperature and Management Practices on Development Events and Yield of Mustard

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
MSA Khan ◽  
MA Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Mustard Crop ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Sowing

The experiment was conducted at the research field of the Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during rabi season of 2014-2015 to find out the relationship between different development events of mustard crop and sowing dates induced temperature as well as to minimize the yield reduction of the crop by adopting appropriate management practices. The mustard var. BARI Sarisha-15 was sown on 06, 25 November and 14 December 2014. Crop accumulated lower growing degree days (GDD) i.e., 72.15, 521.10 and 1070 to 1154 °C were observed for the events of emergence, 50 % flowering and maturity on 14 December sowing. Late sown plants took minimum time from flowering to maturity (36 days) due to increased temperature and high variability in both maximum and minimum temperature. The highest seed yield (1569 kg ha-1) was recorded from 06 November sowing with high management practices while the lowest seed yield (435 kg ha-1) from 14 December sowing with low management practices. At high management practices the crop yielded 1183 kg ha-1 at 14 December sowing. Yield reduction at late sowing condition was reduced to some extent with high management practices. The seed yield reductions at 14 December sowing as compared to high management practices at 06 November sowing were 72, 43 and 25% under low, medium and high management, respectively.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(2): 45-52

Osmotic adjustment segregates with and is positively related to seed yield in F3 lines of crosses between Brassica napus and B. juncea subjected to water deficit

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Ma ◽  
D. W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Proline Concentration

For osmotic adjustment to be used as a selection criterion for adaptation to drought there is a need to demonstrate its segregation and association with seed yield in a population. This study examined osmotic adjustment and seed yield in F3 lines derived from crosses between Brassica napus (cvv. Karoo, Monty) and B. juncea (line JN25). A clear separation of the level of osmotic adjustment was observed among 20 F3 lines of Karoo × JN25 (7 high and 13 low) and 20 F3 lines of Monty × JN25 (8 high and 12 low) under glasshouse conditions. When the 3 parents and 8 selected F3 lines were grown in a low-rainfall environment in the field, the segregation of osmotic adjustment was largely similar to that observed in the glasshouse. Yield reduction, with irrigated plots as controls, was up to 30% for genotypes with low osmotic adjustment but only 10% for those with high osmotic adjustment. Osmotic adjustment was closely correlated with the accumulation of K+ (r = 0.91), soluble sugars (r = 0.90) and proline (r = 0.96), whereas other solutes (Na+, NH4+, Cl–, NO3–, Mg2+ and Ca2+) made little or no contribution to osmotic adjustment. Proline concentrations were very low in well-watered plants but sharply increased by 5- to 15-fold in plants subjected to water deficit, and net proline accumulation showed a higher association with total seed number (r = 0.86) and yield (r = 0.89) than did the concentrations of K+ (r = 0.75 to 0.82) or soluble sugars (r = 0.68 to 0.72). The study suggests that leaf proline concentration could be a good indicator of osmotic adjustment in Brassica oilseeds.

Relationship between net blotch (Drechslera teres) and losses in grain yield of barley in Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
TN Khan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Multiple Point ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Drechslera Teres ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Equation

Losses in the yield of cv. Dampier due to net blotch (Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem.) were examined in six environments in Western Australia. Based on comparison between least diseased and most diseased treatments, there was an overall yield reduction of 21% (P < 0.05). Three models (Critical Point, Area Under Curve and Multiple Point) were used to study the relationship between net blotch infection and percentage yield loss. All models gave similar results. Because of its simplicity, the Critical Point Model based on mean net blotch infection on the top three leaves at GS 75 was chosen. The percentage yield loss in cv. Dampier was defined to be 37% of the mean diseased area on leaves 1 (flag), 2 and 3 at GS 75. This relationship is very similar to that developed earlier for scald, and a common equation for both scald and net blotch was suggested.

Stabilization of pH in Solid-matrix Hydroponic Systems

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 981-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Frick ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Resin Bead ◽  
Resin Beads ◽  
Hydroponic Systems ◽  
Ethanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Substrate Ph

2-[N-morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer or Amberlite DP-1 (cation-exchange resin beads) were used to stabilize substrate pH of passive-wicking, solid-matrix hydroponic systems in which small canopies of Brassica napus L. (CrGC 5-2, genome: ACaacc) were grown to maturity. Two concentrations of MES (5 or 10 m m) were included in Hoagland 1 nutrient solution. Alternatively, resin beads were incorporated into the 2 vermiculite: 1 perlite (v/v) growth medium at 6% or 12% of total substrate volume. Both strategies stabilized pH without toxic side effects on plants. Average seed yield rates for all four pH stabilization treatments (13.3 to 16.9 g·m-2·day-1) were about double that of the control (8.2 g·m-2·day-1), for which there was no attempt to buffer substrate pH. Both the highest canopy seed yield rate (16.9 g·m-2·day-1) and the highest shoot harvest index (19.5%) occurred with the 6% resin bead treatment, even though the 10 mm MES and 12% bead treatments maintained pH within the narrowest limits. The pH stabilization methods tested did not significantly affect seed oil and protein contents.

Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Seed Yield in Dry Edible Beans Grown on High-pH Calcareous Soils

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 444f-445
Author(s):  
J.W. Gonzales ◽  
D.P. Coyne ◽  
W.W. Stroup
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Iron Deficiency Chlorosis ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
High Ph ◽  
The Third ◽  
Content Index

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) can cause significant seed yield reduction in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high-pH calcareous soils. To determine the effects of FeDC on seed yield, and the effect of Fe-spray as a correction factor for FeDC, 22 breeding lines/cultivars were planted on high-pH (8.0), calcareous (3.2–3.5 calcium carbonate equivalent), and low-Fe (1.8–4.2 ppm DTPA) sandy clay loam Tripp soils at Mitchell and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska. A split-plot design was used with Fe treatments as main plots and breeding lines/cultivars as subplots. Three foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (2.4 kg·ha–1) were applied at V4, R5, and R7 dry bean growth stages, during 1996 and 1997. Leaf chlorosis was measured simultaneously by using a Minolta Chroma-meter (CIE L* a* b* color space system), a Minolta Chlorophyll-meter (chlorophyll content index), and by visual ratings (1 = normal green to 5 = severe chlorosis). In 1996 no significant Fe-spray × line interaction (P = 0.776) and Fe-spray effect (P = 0.884) on seed yield was observed. Breeding lines showed significant differences in seed yield (P = 0.0001) with WM2-96-5 being the highest-yielding line (4047 kg·ha–1). In 1997 a significant Fe spray × line interaction (P = 0.029) was observed. The cultivar Chase without Fe spray (3375 kg·ha–1), and lines WM2-96-5 (3281 kg·ha–1), WM2-96-8 (3171 kg·ha–1) with Fe spray were the highest yielding entries under those treatments. Differences in visual ratings after the third Fe spray in 1997 were significant (P = 0.004) for Fe spray × line interaction. In 1996 visual ratings were different only for breeding lines. Chlorophyll content index showed a significant Fe spray × line interaction after the second Fe spray (P = 0.022) and after the third Fe spray (P = 0.0003) in 1997.

Factors that contribute to urban–rural gradients in risk of schizophrenia: Comparing Danish and Western Australian registers

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110096
Author(s):  
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽  
Patsy Di Prinzio ◽  
John J McGrath ◽  
Preben B Mortensen ◽  
Vera A Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Indigenous Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Australian

Introduction: An association between schizophrenia and urbanicity has long been observed, with studies in many countries, including several from Denmark, reporting that individuals born/raised in densely populated urban settings have an increased risk of developing schizophrenia compared to those born/raised in rural settings. However, these findings have not been replicated in all studies. In particular, a Western Australian study showed a gradient in the opposite direction which disappeared after adjustment for covariates. Given the different findings for Denmark and Western Australia, our aim was to investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and urbanicity in these two regions to determine which factors may be influencing the relationship. Methods: We used population-based cohorts of children born alive between 1980 and 2001 in Western Australia ( N = 428,784) and Denmark ( N = 1,357,874). Children were categorised according to the level of urbanicity of their mother’s residence at time of birth and followed-up through to 30 June 2015. Linkage to State-based registers provided information on schizophrenia diagnosis and a range of covariates. Rates of being diagnosed with schizophrenia for each category of urbanicity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates. Results: During follow-up, 1618 (0.4%) children in Western Australia and 11,875 (0.9%) children in Denmark were diagnosed with schizophrenia. In Western Australia, those born in the most remote areas did not experience lower rates of schizophrenia than those born in the most urban areas (hazard ratio = 1.02 [95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.29]), unlike their Danish counterparts (hazard ratio = 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.66]). However, when the Western Australian cohort was restricted to children of non-Aboriginal Indigenous status, results were consistent with Danish findings (hazard ratio = 0.46 [95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.72]). Discussion: Our study highlights the potential for disadvantaged subgroups to mask the contribution of urban-related risk factors to risk of schizophrenia and the importance of stratified analysis in such cases.

scholarly journals The relationship between CD204 M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and microglial activation in glioblastoma microenvironment: a novel immune checkpoint receptor target

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maher Kurdi ◽  
Badrah Alghamdi ◽  
Nadeem Shafique Butt ◽  
Saleh Baeesa
Keyword(s):  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Idh1 Mutation ◽  
High Expression ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Expression

Abstract Background Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered dominant cells in glioblastoma microenvironment. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of CD204+ M2-polarized TAMs in glioblastomas and their relationship with CD4+TILs, Iba+microglia, and IDH1 mutation. We also exploreed the prognostic value of these markers on the recurrence-free interval (RFI). Methods The expressions of CD204+TAMs, CD4+TILs, and Iba1+microglia were quantitively assessed in 45 glioblastomas using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox hazards were used to examine the relationship between these factors. Results CD204+TAMs were highly expressed in 32 tumours (71%) and the remaining 13 tumours (29%) had reduced expression. CD4+TILs were highly expressed in 10 cases (22%) and 35 cases (77.8%) had low expression. There was an inverse correlation between CD204+TAMs and CD4+TILs, in which 85% of tumours had a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in IDH1 mutation status between the two groups (p = 0.779). There was a significant difference in Iba1+microglial activation between IDH1mutant and IDH1wildtype groups (p = 0.031). For cases with a high expression of CD204+TAMs and a low expression of CD4+TILs, there was a significant difference in RFI after treatment with chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy (p = 0.030). Conclusion Glioblastoma with a dense CD204+TAMs and few CD4+TILs is associated with IDH1wildtype. These findings suggest that TAMs masks tumour cell and suppress T-cell tumoricidal functions via immunomodulatory mechanisms. Blockade of the CD204-TAM receptor may prevent this mechanism and allow the evolution of TILs.

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