Long-term persistence of aluminium-tolerant and sensitive Phalaris lines on acidic soils and associated changes in soil acidity

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
A. L. Avery ◽  
R. N. Oram ◽  
J. Hunter ◽  
J. B. Shovelton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Cover ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Better Than

Persistence of an aluminium (Al)-tolerant phalaris F1 hybrid (Siro 1146 Phalaris aquatica × P.�arundinacea) was compared with that of 3 more Al-sensitive phalaris (P. aquatica L.) lines (cv. Australian and the progenitors of cvv. Sirosa and Sirolan) at 2 sites (Strathbogie and Baddaginnie) in north-eastern Victoria with strongly acidic soils 20 years after sowing. Soil pHCa and extractable aluminium (AlCa) were also measured to 1 m depth under Siro 1146 and annual grass pasture at each site. All grass treatments contained volunteer subclover. Siro 1146 persisted better than the other lines (P<0.05) at Strathbogie where the soil contained high AlCa concentrations down to 50 cm depth. Soils should be sampled and tested to at least this depth to determine their suitability for phalaris. At this site Australian phalaris persisted better than the progenitors of Sirosa and Sirolan (P<0.01), probably because Australian has more spreading ability and tolerance of set stocking than the winter active lines. At Baddaginnie, the soil contained lower concentrations of AlCa below 20 cm depth than at Strathbogie and persistence of the 3 Al sensitive phalaris lines was good despite the lower rainfall. The less drought-tolerant Siro�1146 persisted poorly at Baddaginnie, but had high ground cover due to high lateral spread of the survivors. At Strathbogie, the 10–20 cm layer of soil under Siro 1146 had a higher pHCa and lower AlCa than that under the other 4 phalaris and the annual grass treatments. Soil under Siro 1146 also had higher pHCa and lower AlCa down to 40�cm�depth compared with the annual grass treatment, the differences being significant in the 20–30 cm layer. These differences were reversed at 50–100 cm, but only the effect on Al was significant. Although soils were not sampled at the beginning of the experiment, adequate replication and randomisation of the grass treatments showed that it was statistically improbable for observed final differences to be due to initial soil differences. The final differences may be due to greater amounts of nitrate being taken up from the upper layers by Siro 1146 over its long growing season compared with the annual grasses, leading to greater nitrate leaching from the upper layers and greater nitrate uptake from lower layers under the annuals (i.e. spatial separation of acid generation and consumption processes within the profile). Another possible reason for the greater acidification below 50 cm by the perennial is that its roots may have taken up more cations in this zone. Because of rising concern in some sectors of the public about the off-site, environmental effects of agriculture, the future role of more acid-tolerant phalaris cultivars growing near native vegetation in the high rainfall zone is discussed.

Dispersal and establishment of slender thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L. as affected by ground cover

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Harradine
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Annual Grass

After 3 years of spread from sown infestations, slender thistle density in spring was 0.12 and 4.67 plants m-2 for plots in which the ground cover was dominated by cocksfoot and annual grass species, respectively. On plots maintained free of plants other than slender thistle ('bare plots'), the corresponding density was 47.31 plants m-2. Slender thistle seed was dispersed at least 10 m from the parent plant in the first year of seeding and plants were evenly spread over the bare plots after 2 years. After 3 years, slender thistle ingress was still occurring on the other plots. The results indicate the importance of ground cover, either of living plants or of litter, in reducing seedling establishment and seed dispersal of slender thistle.

scholarly journals Efficacy of preemergence herbicides on three annual grass weeds in different soils

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
T.K. James ◽  
A. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
The Other ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Setaria Verticillata ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Different Soils

Pot experiments evaluated the efficacy of several preemergence herbicides on three annual grasses that are major problem weeds in most maize growing regions Herbicides evaluated included alachlor metolachlor dimethenamid two formulations of acetochlor and proprietary mixes of acetochlor with atrazine or metribuzin Pots were filled with soil collected from the top 10 cm of seven maize (Zea mays) fields with different cropping histories and seeded with test grasses Herbicides were applied immediately after sowing with a precision glasshouse sprayer Additional seeds were sown at 2weekly intervals for 8 weeks Seedlings were counted 2 weeks after each planting Metolachlor was most effective in controlling summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and rough bristle grass (Setaria verticillata) All herbicides were less effective against the large seeded broom corn millet (Panicum miliaceum) than the other grasses All the herbicides except metolachlor were less effective in soils with a long history of maize growing

Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis(Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi], oilseed radish (Raphanus sativusL.), and cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) as living mulches with and without herbicides to control annual grasses in sweet corn (Zea maysL.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Rolland Mensah ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Gilles D. Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Oilseed Radish ◽  
Annual Grasses

Annual grasses are difficult to control in sweet corn in Canada due to the scarcity of registered herbicides with grass activity. In addition to the potential soil health benefits, over-seeding living mulches into the cropping system may help sweet corn growers improve annual grass control by increasing competitive ground cover. To test this hypothesis, trials were established at three locations in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, in 2008 and 2009. At each location, sweet corn was over-seeded at the 4–6 leaf stage with one of three living mulches alone or in combination with an herbicide. The living mulch/herbicide pairings were adzuki bean (linuron + S-metolachlor), cereal rye (saflufenacil), and oilseed radish (pendimethalin). All living mulch treatments were compared with an untreated control and an industry standard (S-metolachlor/atrazine). When sweet corn was over-seeded with living mulches alone, the most effective annual grass control was provided by the cereal rye. The least effective living mulch was adzuki bean, but the combination of adzuki bean plus a herbicide was the most effective for annual grass suppression. The final marketable yields in all living mulch treatments were always lower than the industry standard. In spite of effective annual grass control, reduced yields may make the adoption of the tested living mulch species less attractive to conventional sweet corn growers.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

MUNDANE MIRACLES IN AWADH. ENCOUNTERS WITH THE REVEALED AND THE HIDDEN

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Maxim B. Demchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Local People ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
The Public ◽  
British Raj ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Other World ◽  
Better Than

The sphere of the unknown, supernatural and miraculous is one of the most popular subjects for everyday discussions in Ayodhya – the last of the provinces of the Mughal Empire, which entered the British Raj in 1859, and in the distant past – the space of many legendary and mythological events. Mostly they concern encounters with inhabitants of the “other world” – spirits, ghosts, jinns as well as miraculous healings following magic rituals or meetings with the so-called saints of different religions (Hindu sadhus, Sufi dervishes),with incomprehensible and frightening natural phenomena. According to the author’s observations ideas of the unknown in Avadh are codified and structured in Avadh better than in other parts of India. Local people can clearly define if they witness a bhut or a jinn and whether the disease is caused by some witchcraft or other reasons. Perhaps that is due to the presence in the holy town of a persistent tradition of katha, the public presentation of plots from the Ramayana epic in both the narrative and poetic as well as performative forms. But are the events and phenomena in question a miracle for the Avadhvasis, residents of Ayodhya and its environs, or are they so commonplace that they do not surprise or fascinate? That exactly is the subject of the essay, written on the basis of materials collected by the author in Ayodhya during the period of 2010 – 2019. The author would like to express his appreciation to Mr. Alok Sharma (Faizabad) for his advice and cooperation.

Temperature Effects during Endodormancy Induction on Subsequent Anthesis and Growth of Peach Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 452c-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schuyler D. Seeley ◽  
Raymundo Rojas-Martinez ◽  
James Frisby
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nighttime Temperatures ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Better Than

Mature peach trees in pots were treated with nighttime temperatures of –3, 6, 12, and 18 °C for 16 h and a daytime temperature of 20 °C for 8 h until the leaves abscised in the colder treatments. The trees were then chilled at 6 °C for 40 to 70 days. Trees were removed from chilling at 40, 50, 60, and 70 days and placed in a 20 °C greenhouse under increasing daylength, spring conditions. Anthesis was faster and shoot length increased with longer chilling treatments. Trees exposed to –3 °C pretreatment flowered and grew best with 40 days of chilling. However, they did not flower faster or grow better than the other treatments with longer chilling times. There was no difference in flowering or growth between the 6 and 12 °C pretreatments. The 18 °C pretreatment resulted in slower flowering and very little growth after 40 and 50 days of chilling, but growth was comparable to other treatments after 70 days of chilling.

Nglyc: A Random Forest Method for Prediction of N-Glycosylation Sites in Eukaryotic Protein Sequence

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesan Pugalenthi ◽  
Varadharaju Nithya ◽  
Kuo-Chen Chou ◽  
Govindaraju Archunan
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eukaryotic Protein ◽  
Random Forest Method ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Better Than

Background: N-Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational mechanisms in eukaryotes. N-glycosylation predominantly occurs in N-X-[S/T] sequon where X is any amino acid other than proline. However, not all N-X-[S/T] sequons in proteins are glycosylated. Therefore, accurate prediction of N-glycosylation sites is essential to understand Nglycosylation mechanism. Objective: In this article, our motivation is to develop a computational method to predict Nglycosylation sites in eukaryotic protein sequences. Methods: In this article, we report a random forest method, Nglyc, to predict N-glycosylation site from protein sequence, using 315 sequence features. The method was trained using a dataset of 600 N-glycosylation sites and 600 non-glycosylation sites and tested on the dataset containing 295 Nglycosylation sites and 253 non-glycosylation sites. Nglyc prediction was compared with NetNGlyc, EnsembleGly and GPP methods. Further, the performance of Nglyc was evaluated using human and mouse N-glycosylation sites. Results: Nglyc method achieved an overall training accuracy of 0.8033 with all 315 features. Performance comparison with NetNGlyc, EnsembleGly and GPP methods shows that Nglyc performs better than the other methods with high sensitivity and specificity rate. Conclusion: Our method achieved an overall accuracy of 0.8248 with 0.8305 sensitivity and 0.8182 specificity. Comparison study shows that our method performs better than the other methods. Applicability and success of our method was further evaluated using human and mouse N-glycosylation sites. Nglyc method is freely available at https://github.com/bioinformaticsML/ Ngly.

pLoc_bal-mEuk: Predict Subcellular Localization of Eukaryotic Proteins by General PseAAC and Quasi-balancing Training Dataset

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Chen Chou ◽  
Xiang Cheng ◽  
Xuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Eukaryotic Proteins ◽  
Validation Tests ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Better Than

<P>Background/Objective: Information of protein subcellular localization is crucially important for both basic research and drug development. With the explosive growth of protein sequences discovered in the post-genomic age, it is highly demanded to develop powerful bioinformatics tools for timely and effectively identifying their subcellular localization purely based on the sequence information alone. Recently, a predictor called “pLoc-mEuk” was developed for identifying the subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins. Its performance is overwhelmingly better than that of the other predictors for the same purpose, particularly in dealing with multi-label systems where many proteins, called “multiplex proteins”, may simultaneously occur in two or more subcellular locations. Although it is indeed a very powerful predictor, more efforts are definitely needed to further improve it. This is because pLoc-mEuk was trained by an extremely skewed dataset where some subset was about 200 times the size of the other subsets. Accordingly, it cannot avoid the biased consequence caused by such an uneven training dataset. </P><P> Methods: To alleviate such bias, we have developed a new predictor called pLoc_bal-mEuk by quasi-balancing the training dataset. Cross-validation tests on exactly the same experimentconfirmed dataset have indicated that the proposed new predictor is remarkably superior to pLocmEuk, the existing state-of-the-art predictor in identifying the subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins. It has not escaped our notice that the quasi-balancing treatment can also be used to deal with many other biological systems. </P><P> Results: To maximize the convenience for most experimental scientists, a user-friendly web-server for the new predictor has been established at http://www.jci-bioinfo.cn/pLoc_bal-mEuk/. </P><P> Conclusion: It is anticipated that the pLoc_bal-Euk predictor holds very high potential to become a useful high throughput tool in identifying the subcellular localization of eukaryotic proteins, particularly for finding multi-target drugs that is currently a very hot trend trend in drug development.</P>

scholarly journals Epistatic Control of Non-Mendelian Inheritance in Mouse Interspecific Crosses

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1739-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Montagutelli ◽  
Rowena Turner ◽  
Joseph H Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Mus Spretus ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Strong Deviation ◽  
Marker Loci

Abstract Strong deviation of allele frequencies from Mendelian inheritance favoring Mus spretus-derived alleles has been described previously for X-linked loci in four mouse interspecific crosses. We reanalyzed data for three of these crosses focusing on the location of the gene(s) controlling deviation on the X chromosome and the genetic basis for incomplete deviation. At least two loci control deviation on the X chromosome, one near Xist (the candidate gene controlling X inactivation) and the other more centromerically located. In all three crosses, strong epistasis was found between loci near Xist and marker loci on the central portion of chromosome 2. The mechanism for this deviation from Mendelian expectations is not yet known but it is probably based on lethality of embryos carrying particular combinations of alleles rather than true segregation distortion during oogenesis in F1 hybrid females.

scholarly journals Chance or Necessity—The Fungi Co−Occurring with Formica polyctena Ants

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Igor Siedlecki ◽  
Michał Gorczak ◽  
Alicja Okrasińska ◽  
Marta Wrzosek
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formica Polyctena ◽  
Ant Nests ◽  
Mutualistic Fungi ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Better Than

Studies on carton nesting ants and domatia−dwelling ants have shown that ant–fungi interactions may be much more common and widespread than previously thought. Until now, studies focused predominantly on parasitic and mutualistic fungi–ant interactions occurring mostly in the tropics, neglecting less−obvious interactions involving the fungi common in ants’ surroundings in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants by identifying nearly 600 fungal colonies that were isolated externally from the bodies of F. polyctena workers. The ants were collected from mounds found in northern and central Poland. Isolated fungi were assigned to 20 genera via molecular identification (ITS rDNA barcoding). Among these, Penicillium strains were the most frequent, belonging to eight different taxonomic sections. Other common and widespread members of Eurotiales, such as Aspergillus spp., were isolated very rarely. In our study, we managed to characterize the genera of fungi commonly present on F. polyctena workers. Our results suggest that Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mucor, Schwanniomyces and Entomortierella are commonly present in F. polyctena surroundings. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests environment better than the other fungal groups, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects in nests.

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