Influence of nutrition, fibre diameter and fibre length on the fibre curvature of cashmere

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Nutrition Management ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Management Preparation ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Age And Sex

Raw and dehaired Australian and Chinese Liaoning cashmere were evaluated for cashmere fibre curvature, cashmere fibre length, resistance to compression, and mean fibre diameter. Tested cashmere originated from commercial lots, and previous experimental samples. In Australian goats, cashmere fibre curvature was dependent on nutrition. Goats fed to lose weight grew cashmere with significantly (P<0.05) increased fibre curvature compared with goats fed to gain weight (61 v. 47°/mm) but total fibre curvature (fibre curvature × fibre length) was not affected by nutrition treatment. In raw Liaoning cashmere, there was a significant (P<0.001) difference between each age and sex group in fibre curvature (bucks 52; does 65; kid bucks 78°/mm). Increasing Liaoning cashmere staple crimp frequency by 1/cm was correlated with an increase in fibre curvature of 6.5°/mm (r2 = 0.61). In raw and dehaired Australian and Liaoning cashmere, increasing mean fibre diameter and cashmere fibre length was associated with decreasing fibre curvature (for each 3 μm increase in mean fibre diameter fibre curvature declined 10–41°/mm; for each 10 mm increase in cashmere fibre length fibre curvature declined 3–13°/mm). Increasing cashmere mean fibre diameter was positively correlated with dehaired cashmere fibre length (for each 3 μm change in mean fibre diameter there was a change of 7–23 mm in length). In Australian and Liaoning cashmere, the direction of responses to changes in cashmere fibre attributes measured on the fibre curvature was similar. In raw Australian and Liaoning cashmere, increasing the ratio of cashmere fibre length:mean fibre diameter was associated with reduced fibre curvature. It was concluded that the high fibre curvature of Liaoning cashmere may be a consequence of low mean fibre diameter and short fibre length resulting from a production system where goats are relatively poorly fed. The results suggest that for Australian cashmere, only a certain number of crimps are produced. As such, crimp frequency in Australian cashmere is time dependent and not length dependent. Producers can manipulate the fibre curvature attributes of their cashmere by altering cashmere production via nutrition management. Preparation and testing procedures for the selling of raw cashmere and definitions of cashmere may need to be revised to include fibre curvature.

Anatomy of Acacia Mangium Grown in Malaysia

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Hamami Sahri ◽  
Faridah Hanum Ibrahim ◽  
Nor Aini Ab. Shukor
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Plantation Forests ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Average Fibre ◽  
Two Age Groups

A study on the tissue proportions and fibre dimensions of plantation-grown Acacia mangium was carried out. Ten selected trees from two age groups (4- and 8-year-old) were obtained from plantation forests in Selangor. Disks were taken from four sampling heights. Acacia mangium wood is diffuse-porous with mostly solitary vessels. The rays are uniseriate. The average percentage of fibres, vessels and rays of 4-year-old and 8-year-old samples are 85.8%, 9.1%, 5.2% and 84.8%, 9.8%, 5.3%, respectively. Acacia is a shortfibred tropical species. The average fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter and fibre wall thickness are 934, 24, 17 and 3.3 µm for 4-year-old samples and 1017,20, 12 and 4.3 µm for 8-year-old sampies, respectively. The sampies near the pith have the shortest fibres and the length increases toward the bark. Fibre length also tends to decrease with height. The vessel percentage decreases with increasing height.

Anatomical properties of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. at five different ages

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-326
Author(s):  
Makrand Gujar ◽  
R. Vishnu ◽  
Jyothi Mandan ◽  
I. Sekar ◽  
E. Anoop
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Vessel Morphology ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Anthocephalus cadamba is an important tree species for pulp and paper industry. Anatomical studies were conducted between trees of different age viz., 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were selected from different plantation. One plus tree from each age was felled for the study. The transverse discs of 10 cm thickness were collected from three different heights of tree representing base, middle and top positions. Anatomical properties like Fibre Length, Fibre Diameter, Fibre Lumen Width, Fibre Wall Thickness, Flexibility, Slenderness ratio, Runkel ratio, Vessel Length, Vessel Diameter, Vessel Area, Vessel Frequency, Ray Height, Ray Width and Ray Frequency were studied. Present study revealed that the average Runkel ratio of Anthocephalus cadamba was 0.48; hence it is suitable for pulp and paper production. Fibre length at the ages of 6, 8 and 10 were at par. Fibre wall thickness were not significantly different at 2, 4, 6 and 8 age but 10 years of age fibre wall thickness differed significantly from other five different ages. Fibre diameter, fibre lumen width and slenderness were at par for all the five ages. Flexibility was at par in the ages of 2, 4, 6, and 8. Best practice of harvesting Anthocephalus cadamba would be at the age of six. Ray and vessel morphology did not show any specific trend from two to ten years old tree.

Effect of the dehairing dromedary hair process on yield, fibre diameter, fibre length and fibre tenacity

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Msahli ◽  
T. Harizi ◽  
F. Sakli ◽  
T. Khorchani
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Diameter Fibre

Environmental responsiveness of fibre diameter in grazing fine wool Merino sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Brown ◽  
B. J. Crook
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Length Growth ◽  
Environmental Responsiveness ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Staple Strength ◽  
Profile Characteristics

Fibre diameter, fibre length, and the ratio of fibre length growth to mean fibre diameter (L/D), fibre diameter profile characteristics, and staple strength were examined in 16 fine wool Merino wethers in a 12-month field experiment. Variations in fibre diameter, fibre length, and L/D were shown to be associated with fibre diameter profile characteristics and staple strength. At constant fibre diameter, L/D was significantly positively related to variation in fibre diameter along the staple. A positive correlation between seasonal variation in L/D and variation in diameter between fibres was also observed. Staple length was significantly positively correlated with along-staple variation in fibre diameter and negatively correlated with variation in fibre diameter among fibres. Among-fibre variation in fibre diameter was not significantly correlated with along-staple variation in fibre diameter. Seasonal variation in fibre length growth, fibre diameter, and the ratio of length to diameter throughout the year was associated with increased variation in fibre diameter along the fibre diameter profile and reduced staple strength in grazing sheep. Seasonal variation in fibre diameter was mostly related to mean fibre diameter, L/D, and seasonal variation in fibre length growth rate. Changes in fibre diameter throughout the year were also related to seasonal changes in body weight, fat depth, and skin thickness.

Cashmere production and fleece attributes associated with farm of origin, age and sex of goat in Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. McGregor ◽  
K. L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
A Minor ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Staple Length

Differences in cashmere production and fleece attributes associated with farm of origin, age and sex were quantified for commercial Australian cashmere goat enterprises. From 11 farms in four states, 1147 does and 97 wethers were monitored, representing 1- to 13-year-old goats. Individual clean cashmere production ranged from 21 to 389 g, with a mean ± standard deviation value of 134 ± 62 g. The mean cashmere production of 2-year-old does from different farms varied from 69 to 225 g and averaged 141 g. Mean ± s.d. greasy fleece weight was 394 ± 123 g, clean washing yield was 90.8 ± 4.1%, clean cashmere yield 33.4 ± 9.4%, cashmere fibre diameter 16.4 ± 1.6 µm, fibre curvature 48 ± 8.7 degrees/mm and staple length 8.7 ± 2.1 cm. There were large, commercially significant differences between farms for clean cashmere weight, mean fibre diameter and other attributes of cashmere. These were much larger than the effects of age and sex. Farm and age accounted for 42 to 67% of the variation in clean cashmere production, mean fibre diameter, fibre curvature, staple length and clean washing yield. Farm of origin affected clean cashmere yield, accounting for 24% of the variation. Sex of the goats had only a minor effect on the staple length of cashmere. The responses to age of clean cashmere weight, mean fibre diameter and the inverse of fibre curvature are very similar. Generally, cashmere production and mean fibre diameter increased with age. For the majority of farms, cashmere fibre curvature declined in a curvilinear manner with increases in age of goat. There were large differences in cashmere staple length from different farms, with means ranging from 7 to 12 cm. Between 1 and 2 years of age, the staple length of cashmere demonstrated a constant proportional increase. At ages older than 2 years, staple length either declined or increased by less than 1 cm with age, depending on the farm of origin. This study demonstrates that there are large gains in productivity that can be achieved from Australian cashmere goats. A better understanding of on-farm factors that influence cashmere production would enable all producers to optimise their production systems.

A study of some wool traits in two coarse wool breeds and their reciprocal crosses

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Guirgis ◽  
N. T. Kazzal ◽  
M. S. Haddadine ◽  
R. K. Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIn a study of two coarse wool breeds (Awassi and Karadi) and their reciprocal crosses, data were obtained on the mean fibre length, mean fibre diameter, fibre type ratio, medullation and on the effect of some environmental factors on these traits. Reciprocal crosses showed intermediate values, in growth rate of fibres, percentages of fibre types and medullation, between those of the parental breeds. Sex exhibited a significant effect at weaning only, on fibre length. Heterosis in fibre length, at the two ages, was small and negative. Maternal influence on fibre length was small and not significant. Fibre length in Karadi sheep showed the highest frequency of bimodal distribution whereas Awassi showed the lowest. Awassi × Karadi was closer to Karadi and Karadi × Awassi had greater affinity to Awassi in the frequency of samples showing bimodal distribution.Reciprocal crosses had larger diameter, at weaning, than those of the parental breeds. At 1 year of age they assumed an intermediate position between the pure bred parents.At weaning, the two reciprocal crosses showed a highly significant heterosis in fibre diameter; its value decreased with advancing age and it showed no significant effect at 1 year of age.Maternal influence on fibre diameter was very small and not significant.Karadi × Awassi and Karadi samples had the highest percentage of samples showing bimodal distribution of fibre diameter.Samples with bimodal distribution of both length and diameter, indicating two coats, had the highest frequency in Karadi followed by Karadi × Awassi; Awassi showed the lowest value.Percentages of fine, coarse and kemp fibres were significantly affected by breed and age of dam. Type of birth showed a significant effect only on percentage of coarse fibres.Karadi wool might be more suitable for carpet manufacturing. It excelled the other groups in the bimodal distribution of both length and diameter as well as in medullation. Cross-breeding increased the bimodality of fibre distribution.

The effect of birth status on the level and efficiency of wool production by new zealand corriedale two-tooth rams and ewes

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Valid Comparison ◽  
Maintain Body Weight

ABSTRACTForty-four single- and twin-born New Zealand Corriedale two-tooth ewes and rams aged 14 months were fed individually, in pens, a pelleted ration adjusted to maintain body weight after allowing for wool growth. The sheep were fed for a 3-month settling period, followed by a 3-month experimental period, during which wool growth, fibre diameter, fibre length and net efficiency of wool growth were measured.Since the wool-growth cycles of the two sexes were found to be out of phase, a valid comparison of the sex data was not possible. Such phase differences may be important in some experimental designs. Significant sex by birth status interactions were identified for all wool production parameters except fibre length, confirming that care must be taken in assigning correction factors during selection of rams and ewes. The general trend was for single-born ewes to produce more and coarser wool more efficiently than twin-born ewes, while the differences between single- and twin-born rams were much smaller. Single-born animals were heavier than twin-born (P<0·01).Individual values for wool growth and net efficiency varied by a factor of three within sex groups, indicating a considerable scope for selection

scholarly journals Selection of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Families for Sustainable Pulpwood Production by Means of Anatomical Characteristics

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Ikumi Nezu ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Sapit Diloksumpun ◽  
Jyunichi Ohshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Sib Families

Sustainable pulpwood production from fast-growing tree plantations is needed for pulp and paper industries. To increase the pulpwood production efficiency, the anatomical characteristics and derived-wood properties of 75 trees from 15 half-sib families of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. planted in Thailand were investigated, and then the family was classified by suitability of wood as raw material for pulp and paper products using principal component analysis and clustering. The mean values of vessel diameter, vessel frequency, fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, and fibre wall thickness at 2 cm from the cambium were 128 µm, 16 no./mm2, 11.1 µm, 7.1 µm, and 1.88 µm, respectively. In addition, the Runkel ratio, Luce’s shape factor, flexibility coefficient, slenderness ratio, solids factor, and wall coverage ratio (i.e., derived-wood properties) were 0.53, 0.42, 0.64, 85.3, 68 × 103 µm3, and 0.34, respectively. Significant differences in fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, and Runkel ratio were found among families. Although significant differences among families were not found for other anatomical characteristics and derived-wood properties, the p-values obtained by an analysis of variance test ranged from 0.050 to 0.088. Based on the results of a principal component analysis and cluster analysis, 15 families were classified into four clusters with different expected pulp and paper characteristics. The suitability of wood from E. camaldulensis half-sib families for pulp and paper can be evaluated by principal component analysis using anatomical characteristics and physical properties as variables. Based on the results, desirable pulp and paper quality may be obtained through the selection of families from this species.

Some wool characteristics of Karadi sheep in northern Iraq

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Ghoneim ◽  
N. T. Kazzal ◽  
R. Kh. Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fibre Strength ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Average Fibre Diameter ◽  
Average Fibre

SUMMARYOne hundred and sixty-eight wool samples were collected from commercial flocks of Karadi sheep raised in the five provinces of northern Iraq. The wool characteristics dealt with were staple and fibre length, crimps, fibre diameter, medullation, fibre strength and elongation.The results showed that the Karadi wool is a long type of carpet fleece with average staple and fibre lengths of 19·3 and 23·5 cm, respectively. It had an average fibre diameter of 48·1 μ and contained 19·45 % medullated fibres. The number of crimps per 2 cm was 2·4. Average fibre strength and elongation were 24·8 g/5 cm and 31·8 % respectively. Phenotypic correlations between wool traits were studied.

The influence of selection and plane of nutrition on the components of fleece weight in Merino sheep

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
RB Dun
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Single Character ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
High Level

The components of clean fleece weight were examined in five experimental flocks of medium-wool Peppin Merinos. Four single-character selection groups – clean fleece weight plus, clean fleece weight minus, crimps per inch plus, and crimps per inch minus – were examined by measuring fleece production in 18-month-old ewe progeny. Measurements were also made on progeny from the "nucleus" flock, which was selected for clean fleece weight with subsidiary selection for crimps per inch and against fold score. Data were collected in 1952 and 1954. The 1954 figures were obtained from a nutrition experiment in which sheep mere grown from weaning to 18 months on a high and on a low plane of nutrition. The mean measurements of the components of clean fleece weight (W) were compared between flocks using the "percentage deviation" technique. Four comparisons were made: (1) Nucleus/Fleece minus; (2) Fleece plus/Fleece minus; (3) Crimps minus/Crimps plus; (4) high nutritional plane/low nutritional plane. In comparisons (1) , (2), and (3), difference in weight of wool per unit area of skin (w) accounted for nearly all the difference in W. Body weight (S) made a small contribution while difference in fold score (R) was negligible. Fibre density (N) accounted for +86 per cent., and fibre cross-sectional area (A) for –28 per cent., of the difference in W in comparison (1). In comparison (2) the figures were N +47 per cent., A +21 per cent., while the figures for comparison (3) were N –26 per cent., A +121 per cent. The increase in fleece weight was invariably accompanied by a decrease in crimps per inch. In all three comparisons primary density (P) was the major cause of change in N. Fibre length (L) made a uniform contribution of approximately +15 per cent. in the three comparisons.The relative importance of the components of fleece weight was similar at both high and low levels of nutrition.The effect of a high level of nutrition was to produce large increases in A, L, and S. The increase in S was compensated by an equal decrease in P. The increase in fibre diameter was not associated with any change in crimps per inch.

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